radiopharmaceuticals

radioisotopes

1. RADIO PHARMACEUTICALSRADIO PHARMACEUTICALS
Handling and packagingHandling and packaging
ByBy
Nagaraju BNagaraju B

2. DEFINITIONDEFINITION
Radiopharmaceuticals are the radioactive Radiopharmaceuticals are the radioactive
substances or radioactive drugs for substances or radioactive drugs for
diagnostic or therapeutic interventionsdiagnostic or therapeutic interventions

3. COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
a radioactive isotope that can be injected
safely into the body, and
a carrier molecule which delivers the isotope
to the area to be treated or examined.

5. RadioisotopeRadioisotope
•A version of a chemical element that has A version of a chemical element that has
an unstable nucleus and emits radiation an unstable nucleus and emits radiation
during its decay to a stable form. during its decay to a stable form.
• All isotopes are not radioisotopes.All isotopes are not radioisotopes.

6. how does it work?

7. UsesUses
•TherapeuticTherapeutic
•DiagnosingDiagnosing

8. •Designed to deliver therapeutic dose of Designed to deliver therapeutic dose of
ionizing radiation to specific disease site, ionizing radiation to specific disease site,
such as cancerous tumors, with high such as cancerous tumors, with high
specificity in the body.specificity in the body.

•Historically, used to treat Thyroid cancer, Historically, used to treat Thyroid cancer,
Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism, and Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism, and
bone pain pallitation associated with bone pain pallitation associated with
skeletal metastasis.skeletal metastasis.

9. •used to derive detailed description of the used to derive detailed description of the
morphology and dynamic functioning of morphology and dynamic functioning of
the various internal organs of the body.the various internal organs of the body.

10. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
•It can be used as diagnosis and treatment It can be used as diagnosis and treatment
of patientsof patients
•It is common cure to cancersIt is common cure to cancers
•Can treat multiple disease sitesCan treat multiple disease sites
•Widely available mode of treatmentWidely available mode of treatment
•Directly treats tumor, especially useful for Directly treats tumor, especially useful for
bone metastasisbone metastasis

11. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
•Can provide fast onset of pain reliefCan provide fast onset of pain relief
•Single dose is effective for some patientsSingle dose is effective for some patients
•Nuclear medicine tests can be performed Nuclear medicine tests can be performed
on childrenon children
•Nuclear medicine procedures are cost Nuclear medicine procedures are cost
effective and painlesseffective and painless
•Nuclear medicine procedures have no Nuclear medicine procedures have no
side effects and are completely safeside effects and are completely safe

12. •Nuclear medicine tests are not Nuclear medicine tests are not
recommended for pregnant women recommended for pregnant women
because unborn babies have a greater because unborn babies have a greater
sensitivity to radiation than children or sensitivity to radiation than children or
adultsadults
•Filling in patients' teeth, dental braces and Filling in patients' teeth, dental braces and
permanent bridges may cause some permanent bridges may cause some
distortion around the mouth areadistortion around the mouth area

13. SNSN
OO
DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION
RADIOACTIVRADIOACTIV
EE
ISOTOPEISOTOPE
USESUSES
AMMONIUM BROMIDEAMMONIUM BROMIDE
CALCIUM CHLORIDECALCIUM CHLORIDE
Chromium EDTAChromium EDTA
Colloidal goldColloidal gold
Chromium chlorideChromium chloride
Human serum albuminHuman serum albumin
Potassium chloridePotassium chloride
TriolenTriolen
82Br82Br
45Ca45Ca
51Cr51Cr
198Au198Au
51Cr51Cr
125I125I
24Na24Na
125I125I
STUDY OF EXTRACELLULAR STUDY OF EXTRACELLULAR
MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT
Study of ca metabolismStudy of ca metabolism
Determination of glomerular filtration Determination of glomerular filtration
raterate
Treatment of neo-plastic conditions Treatment of neo-plastic conditions
and general investigation of and general investigation of
reticuloendothelial cellsreticuloendothelial cells
Studies of GIT protein loss in vivo Studies of GIT protein loss in vivo
labelling and absorption studieslabelling and absorption studies
Study of cardiac cavity imaging Study of cardiac cavity imaging
scanning of sub-arachnoid spaces scanning of sub-arachnoid spaces
detection of brain tumoursdetection of brain tumours
Determination of exchangeable Determination of exchangeable
poassiumpoassium
Fat absorption studiesFat absorption studies

14. •Technetium 99mTc :Technetium 99mTc : possesses a relatively possesses a relatively
short half life of 6 hours , which allows short half life of 6 hours , which allows
administration of higher amounts of activity for administration of higher amounts of activity for
faster and clearer images while exposing the faster and clearer images while exposing the
patient to a low radiation dose. it offers an patient to a low radiation dose. it offers an
abundance of gamma photons for imagingabundance of gamma photons for imaging
•99mTc exametazime- 99mTc exametazime- cerebral perfusion radio cerebral perfusion radio
labelinglabeling
•99mTcmacroaggregated albumin- 99mTcmacroaggregated albumin- pulmonary pulmonary
perfusionperfusion
•99mTcmedronate-99mTcmedronate- bone imaging bone imaging
•99mTcpertechnetate-99mTcpertechnetate- imaging of thyroid salivary imaging of thyroid salivary
glands, glands,
•99mTcsulfurcolloid-99mTcsulfurcolloid- imaging of reticulo imaging of reticulo
endothelial system bone marrowendothelial system bone marrow

15. GENERAL PRECAUTIONSGENERAL PRECAUTIONS
A radioisotope administration A radioisotope administration
sheet is placed in the medical sheet is placed in the medical
record by the isotope record by the isotope
administrator at the time of administrator at the time of
treatment and is to remain treatment and is to remain
there permanently as an there permanently as an
isotope to sign at the entrance isotope to sign at the entrance
of the room or unit by the of the room or unit by the
administratoradministrator
The isotope administrator will The isotope administrator will
provide a substitute who may provide a substitute who may
be contacted in care the be contacted in care the
administrator is not readilyadministrator is not readily
Abc HOSPITAL Abc HOSPITAL
Radioactive isotope administrationRadioactive isotope administration
Tracer therapyTracer therapy
Isotope____ Isotope____
Effective half life______Effective half life______
Dose_______ Dose_______
Route of administration_______________Route of administration_______________
The patient received radio isotope on_______The patient received radio isotope on_______
all precautions must be meticulously observed if all precautions must be meticulously observed if
there is spillage make no attempts to clean the area. there is spillage make no attempts to clean the area.
Notify at once to the undersigned and the Notify at once to the undersigned and the
radiological house radiological house
signed______M.Dsigned______M.D
radiocative isotope administrator radiocative isotope administrator

16. NUCLEAR PHARMACYNUCLEAR PHARMACY
• it’s a relatively newer branch of pharmacy that involves it’s a relatively newer branch of pharmacy that involves
the procurement , compounding , dispensing and quality the procurement , compounding , dispensing and quality
control of radioactive pharmaceuticals intended to be control of radioactive pharmaceuticals intended to be
used for investigation or treatment of some diseases in used for investigation or treatment of some diseases in
humans or animalshumans or animals
•PRACTICE OF NUCLEAR PHARMACYPRACTICE OF NUCLEAR PHARMACY
• nuclear pharmacy is a patient oriented service that nuclear pharmacy is a patient oriented service that
embodies the scientific knowledge and professional embodies the scientific knowledge and professional
judgment required to improve and promote health judgment required to improve and promote health
through assurance of safe and officious use of drugs for through assurance of safe and officious use of drugs for
diagnosis and therapy diagnosis and therapy
•General activities of nuclear pharmacy areGeneral activities of nuclear pharmacy are

17. Procurement and storageProcurement and storage
•Because of the short life of the radiopharmaceuticals the nuclear Because of the short life of the radiopharmaceuticals the nuclear
pharmacist will order the drug directly from manufacturer usually pharmacist will order the drug directly from manufacturer usually
through over night deliverythrough over night delivery
•In addition knowledge of calibration time shipping/ delivery In addition knowledge of calibration time shipping/ delivery
schedules and radio active decay associated with the ordered radio schedules and radio active decay associated with the ordered radio
pharmaceutical weigh heavily in the ordering processpharmaceutical weigh heavily in the ordering process
•Isotope storage areas should be as per the rules. there should be a Isotope storage areas should be as per the rules. there should be a
separate lab for the manipulation and preparation of radio separate lab for the manipulation and preparation of radio
pharmaceutical dosage and another for calibration of doses. pharmaceutical dosage and another for calibration of doses.
treatment room must also be differenttreatment room must also be different

18. Preparation of the radio Preparation of the radio
pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical
•Radio nuclide generator can be defined as convenient means of Radio nuclide generator can be defined as convenient means of
producing in lab a plentiful supply of short lived radio producing in lab a plentiful supply of short lived radio
pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical
•If this radio nuclide has the same atomic number as one of the If this radio nuclide has the same atomic number as one of the
nuclides already present in the molecule, the addition or substitution nuclides already present in the molecule, the addition or substitution
is termed as isotope labeling ( eg sodium o-iodohippurate in is termed as isotope labeling ( eg sodium o-iodohippurate in
which some of the iodine -127 atoms have been replaced by iodine which some of the iodine -127 atoms have been replaced by iodine
-125 atoms)-125 atoms)
•On the other hand a substance may be selected as a medium for On the other hand a substance may be selected as a medium for
introducing into subject a radionuclide having an atomic number introducing into subject a radionuclide having an atomic number
which differs from any other nuclide already present in substance which differs from any other nuclide already present in substance
which is called as non –isotopic labelling or sometimes foreign which is called as non –isotopic labelling or sometimes foreign
labellinglabelling

19. 99mtc is formed by the decay of 99mo 99mtc is formed by the decay of 99mo
in a radionuclide generatorin a radionuclide generator

20. Formulation issueFormulation issue
•The radio pharmaceuticals have very short usable The radio pharmaceuticals have very short usable
life of the radio active product compared with life of the radio active product compared with
injectable pharmaceuticals . In contrast to ordinary injectable pharmaceuticals . In contrast to ordinary
pharmaceutical many radio pharmaceuticals have pharmaceutical many radio pharmaceuticals have
to be manufactured and quality tested and then to be manufactured and quality tested and then
administered to the patient within a short period of administered to the patient within a short period of
time, often within the same working day from time, often within the same working day from
dispensing point of view the presence of dispensing point of view the presence of
radioactivity in a pharmaceutical has following radioactivity in a pharmaceutical has following
connotationsconnotations
•A) the radio active properties must be specified on the labelA) the radio active properties must be specified on the label
•B) in controlling the conventional pharmaceutical qualitiesB) in controlling the conventional pharmaceutical qualities

21. •Formulation of radio pharmaceuticals is Formulation of radio pharmaceuticals is
therefore a bit more complex than normal therefore a bit more complex than normal
pharmaceuticals. Good Radiation pharmaceuticals. Good Radiation
Practices (GRPs) and Good Practices (GRPs) and Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) should Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) should
be strictly followed during manufacturing be strictly followed during manufacturing
and dispensing operationsand dispensing operations

22. Code of good radiation practices Code of good radiation practices
(GRP)(GRP)
•Strict personnel hygieneStrict personnel hygiene
•Avoidance of risk methodologyAvoidance of risk methodology
•Operations only in the recommended zones of the hot Operations only in the recommended zones of the hot
lablab
•Proper techniques of distance and shielding Proper techniques of distance and shielding
•Isolated storage , refrigeration of radionuclides and Isolated storage , refrigeration of radionuclides and
labelled compounds labelled compounds
•Trial run using dummy or inactive sourceTrial run using dummy or inactive source
•Adequate washing facilities including showersAdequate washing facilities including showers
•Proper in service training of qualified personnel Proper in service training of qualified personnel

23. •Drawing out a manual of standardized procedures of Drawing out a manual of standardized procedures of
safe handling and step by step processing , testing safe handling and step by step processing , testing
and waste disposal of radio active compounds and and waste disposal of radio active compounds and
animalsanimals
•Facilities of minimizing radiation levels , removal of Facilities of minimizing radiation levels , removal of
surface and air borne contaminants , calibration and surface and air borne contaminants , calibration and
maintenance of instruments for radioactivity maintenance of instruments for radioactivity
measurementsmeasurements
•Provision of appropriate personnel monitoring and Provision of appropriate personnel monitoring and
protective devicesprotective devices
•Periodic inspection of protective devices for wear Periodic inspection of protective devices for wear
and tear and performanceand tear and performance
•Establishment of well understood emergency Establishment of well understood emergency
proceduresprocedures
•Proper documentation system is required by law Proper documentation system is required by law

24. Code Of Good Manufacturing Code Of Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMP)Practices (GMP)
•Proper selection and in service training of Proper selection and in service training of
qualified personnelqualified personnel
•Drawing out of in house specifications for Drawing out of in house specifications for
raw materials raw materials
•Generating test and storage standardsGenerating test and storage standards
•Drawing out a manual of standardized Drawing out a manual of standardized
procedures of safe handling and step by procedures of safe handling and step by
step processing ,testing and waste step processing ,testing and waste
disposaldisposal

25. •Assignment of responsibilities in writingAssignment of responsibilities in writing
•Facilities for minimizing of surface and Facilities for minimizing of surface and
airborne contamination routine airborne contamination routine
•Periodic inspection of protective devices Periodic inspection of protective devices
for wear and tear and performancefor wear and tear and performance
•Establishment of well understood Establishment of well understood
emergency proceduresemergency procedures
•Proper documentation system is required Proper documentation system is required
by law by law

26. Dispensing of radiopharmaceuticalsDispensing of radiopharmaceuticals
• the dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals should be safe, the dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals should be safe,
straightforward and reliablestraightforward and reliable
•An important factor in radiopharmaceutical dispensing An important factor in radiopharmaceutical dispensing
has been the production of ready to use kits or cold kits has been the production of ready to use kits or cold kits
which provide individual/ multiple doses and can be which provide individual/ multiple doses and can be
reconstituted by the addition of the radionuclide at the reconstituted by the addition of the radionuclide at the
time of intended use. time of intended use.
•chemical reagents are prepared in a sterile environment chemical reagents are prepared in a sterile environment
using apyrogenic raw materials and dispensed into using apyrogenic raw materials and dispensed into
single/multiple unit dose containers . The preparation of single/multiple unit dose containers . The preparation of
individual doses can be carried out rapidly and safely individual doses can be carried out rapidly and safely
when required with minimum manipulation when required with minimum manipulation

27. •The cold kit preparation should be capable The cold kit preparation should be capable
of terminal sterilization preferably by of terminal sterilization preferably by
autoclaving or if not by membrane filtration autoclaving or if not by membrane filtration
for removal of microbesfor removal of microbes
•Radio pharmaceuticals never go directly to Radio pharmaceuticals never go directly to
the patient they are provided to trained the patient they are provided to trained
health care professionals at the hospital or health care professionals at the hospital or
clinic and then administered to the patientclinic and then administered to the patient

28. Compounding of radio pharmaceuticals Compounding of radio pharmaceuticals
requires receipt (or anticipation) of:requires receipt (or anticipation) of:
•a valid prescription/drug ordera valid prescription/drug order
•appropriate components, supplies, and appropriate components, supplies, and
equipmentequipment
•a suitable environment, especially for sterile a suitable environment, especially for sterile
dosage forms dosage forms
•appropriate recordkeeping, including witten appropriate recordkeeping, including witten
procedures and lot-specific in formation to procedures and lot-specific in formation to
ensure traceability;ensure traceability;
•Validation/verification of the compounding Validation/verification of the compounding
procedure, storage conditions, and expirationprocedure, storage conditions, and expiration

29. Directions while compoundingDirections while compounding
•Involves reconstituting reagent kits, radio labeling, and Involves reconstituting reagent kits, radio labeling, and
strict aseptic technique must be followed during strict aseptic technique must be followed during
compounding.compounding.
•A kit involves pre-packed set of sterile ingredients.A kit involves pre-packed set of sterile ingredients.
•The freeze-dried kit is reconstituted by aseptically The freeze-dried kit is reconstituted by aseptically
transferring the necessary activity of sodium transferring the necessary activity of sodium
pertechnetate using a sterile syringe and needle.pertechnetate using a sterile syringe and needle.
•The reconstituted kit is aseptically subdivided to provide The reconstituted kit is aseptically subdivided to provide
each patient dose with a sufficient activity after each patient dose with a sufficient activity after
administration.administration.
•A diluents may be added to the final dose to give the A diluents may be added to the final dose to give the
desired radioactive concentration.desired radioactive concentration.

30. Radiopharmaceutical productRadiopharmaceutical product

31. •Radiopharmaceuticals are generally expected to Radiopharmaceuticals are generally expected to
conform to specifications under the following conform to specifications under the following
heading:heading:
a.a.Radionuclide concentrationRadionuclide concentration
b.b.Radiochemical purityRadiochemical purity
c.c.Chemical purityChemical purity
d.d.SterilitySterility
e.e.ApyrogenicityApyrogenicity
f. Absence of foreign particulate matter
g. Particle size (if appropriate)
h. pH
i. Biological distribution
•

32. LabellingLabelling
All products should be clearly identified by label which must All products should be clearly identified by label which must
remain permanently attached to the containers under all remain permanently attached to the containers under all
storage conditionstorage condition
The label on the container should show the;The label on the container should show the;
a). Name of the drug product and product code, b). The a). Name of the drug product and product code, b). The
name of radio nuclide, c). The name of manufacturer or name of radio nuclide, c). The name of manufacturer or
the company, d). The radioactivity per unit dose, e). The the company, d). The radioactivity per unit dose, e). The
route of administration, f). The expiry date, g). The route of administration, f). The expiry date, g). The
amount of radioactivity at dispatch time and h). In case amount of radioactivity at dispatch time and h). In case
of cold kits; -the direction of preparing and -a statement of cold kits; -the direction of preparing and -a statement
of shelf life of the prepared radio pharmaceutical andof shelf life of the prepared radio pharmaceutical and
-the radiation dose that the patient would receive -the radiation dose that the patient would receive

33. Production and distribution recordsProduction and distribution records
•The processing records of regular production The processing records of regular production
batches must provide a complete account of the batches must provide a complete account of the
manufacturing history of each batch of a radio manufacturing history of each batch of a radio
pharmaceutical, showing that it has been pharmaceutical, showing that it has been
manufactured, tested, dispersed into containers manufactured, tested, dispersed into containers
and distributed in accordance.and distributed in accordance.
•Separate records for the recent storage, use and Separate records for the recent storage, use and
disposal of radio active products must be disposal of radio active products must be
maintained.maintained.
•Distribution records should be kept since the Distribution records should be kept since the
return of radioactive products is not practical, the return of radioactive products is not practical, the
purpose of recall procedures for such products purpose of recall procedures for such products
is to prevent their use rather than actual return.is to prevent their use rather than actual return.

34. –DispensingDispensing
 Recommends dosage levels based on Recommends dosage levels based on
patient history, age, weight, surface area, patient history, age, weight, surface area,
and/or other factorsand/or other factors
 Dispenses prescriptions in conjunction with Dispenses prescriptions in conjunction with
applicable pharmacy law and keeps applicable pharmacy law and keeps
appropriate recordsappropriate records

35. -Dispensing-Dispensing
 Develops policies and procedures to ensure that the Develops policies and procedures to ensure that the
correct drug in the correct dosage and dosage form is correct drug in the correct dosage and dosage form is
received by the correct patient at the correct time via received by the correct patient at the correct time via
the correct route of administrationthe correct route of administration
 Develops policies and procedures, supervises, and Develops policies and procedures, supervises, and
reviews the activities of non-pharmacist personnel reviews the activities of non-pharmacist personnel
under the pharmacist's supervisionunder the pharmacist's supervision

36. -Distribution-Distribution
Complies with all applicable regulations concerning packaging, Complies with all applicable regulations concerning packaging,
labeling, and transportation of radioactive and other materials labeling, and transportation of radioactive and other materials
(e.g., biohazards), demonstrating knowledge of:(e.g., biohazards), demonstrating knowledge of:
DOT regulations concerning packaging, labeling, and DOT regulations concerning packaging, labeling, and
transportation of radioactive and other materials.transportation of radioactive and other materials.
Proper procedures and use of equipment necessary to Proper procedures and use of equipment necessary to
verify that package meet DOT requirementverify that package meet DOT requirement

37. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
AllergiesAllergies
• If you will be receiving albumin in the form of If you will be receiving albumin in the form of
radioiodinated albumin, technetium Tc 99m albumin radioiodinated albumin, technetium Tc 99m albumin
aggregated, technetium Tc 99m albumin colloid, or aggregated, technetium Tc 99m albumin colloid, or
technetium Tc 99m albumin for your test, tell your doctor technetium Tc 99m albumin for your test, tell your doctor
if you if you
•have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to
products containing products containing
•human serum albumin.human serum albumin.

38. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
PregnancyPregnancy
•
Radiopharmaceuticals usually are not recommended Radiopharmaceuticals usually are not recommended
for use during pregnancy. This is to avoid exposing the for use during pregnancy. This is to avoid exposing the
fetus to radiation. fetus to radiation.
•This is especially important with radiopharmaceuticals This is especially important with radiopharmaceuticals
that contain radioactive iodine, which can go to the that contain radioactive iodine, which can go to the
baby's thyroid gland and, in high enough amounts, may baby's thyroid gland and, in high enough amounts, may
cause thyroid damage.cause thyroid damage.

39. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
Breast-feedingBreast-feeding
• Some radiopharmaceuticals pass into the Some radiopharmaceuticals pass into the
breast milk and may expose the baby to breast milk and may expose the baby to
radiation. If you must receive a radiation. If you must receive a
radiopharmaceutical, it may be necessary for radiopharmaceutical, it may be necessary for
you to stop breast-feeding for some time after you to stop breast-feeding for some time after
receiving it. receiving it.

40. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
ChildrenChildren
• For most radiopharmaceuticals, the amount For most radiopharmaceuticals, the amount
of radiation used for a diagnostic test is very low of radiation used for a diagnostic test is very low
and considered safe.and considered safe.

41. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
•Side effectsSide effects
•When radiopharmaceuticals are used in very When radiopharmaceuticals are used in very
small doses to study an organ of the body, side small doses to study an organ of the body, side
effects are rare and usually involve an allergic effects are rare and usually involve an allergic
reaction. These effects may occur almost reaction. These effects may occur almost
immediately or a few minutes after the immediately or a few minutes after the
radiopharmaceutical is given.radiopharmaceutical is given.

42. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
> Are radiopharmaceuticals safe?> Are radiopharmaceuticals safe?
•Absolutely. Like any medicine, with great care. Absolutely. Like any medicine, with great care.
Before they or tested carefully.Before they or tested carefully.
• The quantity of the pharmaceutical part of The quantity of the pharmaceutical part of
the radiopharmaceutical is very small, generallythe radiopharmaceutical is very small, generally
1/10th of a millionth of an ounce. The risk of a 1/10th of a millionth of an ounce. The risk of a
reaction is 2-3 incidents per 100,000 injections, reaction is 2-3 incidents per 100,000 injections,
over 50% of which are rashes, as comparedover 50% of which are rashes, as compared to to
2000-3000 per 100,000 injections of x-ray 2000-3000 per 100,000 injections of x-ray
contrast media.contrast media.

43. HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
>Is the radioactivity harmful?
•Although exposure to radioactivity in very Although exposure to radioactivity in very
large doses can be harmful, the large doses can be harmful, the
radioactivity in radiopharmaceuticals is radioactivity in radiopharmaceuticals is
carefully selected by the nuclear medicine carefully selected by the nuclear medicine
physician to be safe.physician to be safe.

44. RADIATION SAFETY RADIATION SAFETY
PROCEDURESPROCEDURES
•RadiationRadiation Safety is a term applied to concepts Safety is a term applied to concepts
requirements, technologies and operations related to requirements, technologies and operations related to
protection of people against the harmful effects of protection of people against the harmful effects of
ionizing radiation.ionizing radiation.
Safe Handling of Radio Isotopes :Safe Handling of Radio Isotopes :
•Good radiation practices GRP needs to be strictly Good radiation practices GRP needs to be strictly
followed for operations with unrelated sources to reduce followed for operations with unrelated sources to reduce
the chances of getting unwanted and avoidable the chances of getting unwanted and avoidable
radiation exposure.radiation exposure.

45. •It is necessary to mark the area in which the It is necessary to mark the area in which the
radio active work is carried out and it should be radio active work is carried out and it should be
monitored regularly at periodic intervals.monitored regularly at periodic intervals.
•Unnecessary movements of persons or Unnecessary movements of persons or
materials should be avoided in the hot laboratory materials should be avoided in the hot laboratory
or radiopharmacy.or radiopharmacy.
•All the radiation workers must wear suitable All the radiation workers must wear suitable
protective clothing and radiation monitoring protective clothing and radiation monitoring
devices.devices.
•Surgical gloves is necessary. When not in use, Surgical gloves is necessary. When not in use,
the radionuclides must be kept in sealed the radionuclides must be kept in sealed
containers.containers.
•The area should be surveyed regularly for both The area should be surveyed regularly for both
contamination and exposure hazards. contamination and exposure hazards.

46. •Do not pipette by mouth. Work areas should be Do not pipette by mouth. Work areas should be
covered with a plastic glass or stainless tray with covered with a plastic glass or stainless tray with
absorbent paper should be use to catch any absorbent paper should be use to catch any
spills and to prevent the spread of spills and to prevent the spread of
contamination.contamination.
•Do not eat, drink and smoke in areas where Do not eat, drink and smoke in areas where
unsealed radionuclides are stored.unsealed radionuclides are stored.
•Wash hands thoroughly.Wash hands thoroughly.
•The radiation survey meter should be used to The radiation survey meter should be used to
ensure safety of worker and public, survey and ensure safety of worker and public, survey and
wipe test suggested action levels .wipe test suggested action levels .
For unrestricted area 0.25 mR/hr over background.For unrestricted area 0.25 mR/hr over background.
For restricted area 20 mR/hr over background.For restricted area 20 mR/hr over background.

47. WASTE STORAGE AND WASTE STORAGE AND
DISPOSALDISPOSAL
•Radioactive materials no longer required must be Radioactive materials no longer required must be
disposed to avoid an environmental hazard. disposed to avoid an environmental hazard.
•Avoid practice that produces large volume of waste.Avoid practice that produces large volume of waste.
•Dilute and dispense for low level solid, liquid and Dilute and dispense for low level solid, liquid and
gaseous waste.gaseous waste.
•Segregate waste according to half-lives, delay and Segregate waste according to half-lives, delay and
decay for waste that contain short lived nuclides. Label decay for waste that contain short lived nuclides. Label
the waste before storing. Release into sewage system the waste before storing. Release into sewage system
depending on water flow .depending on water flow .
•Longer T1/2 radionuclides should be incinerated or Longer T1/2 radionuclides should be incinerated or
deeply burnt in soil in a separately marked area.deeply burnt in soil in a separately marked area.

48. ReferenceReference
•Hospital Pharmacy-William HassanHospital Pharmacy-William Hassan
•Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Form And Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Form And
Drug DeliveryDrug Delivery
•Pharmaceutical Practice-Winfield N Pharmaceutical Practice-Winfield N
RichardsRichards