Ray optics _ Concept & Formulas.pdf

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Class 12thLaws of reflection
●Angle of incidence( i) = angle of
reflection( r).
●Incident ray, normal and
reflected ray lie in the same
plane

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Types of beam
(a) Parallel
beam
(b) Divergent
beam
(b) Convergent
beam
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Object and image
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Rules for image formation
●Minimum two rays are required for the
formation of image.
●Light ray after falling on the flat surface
should follow the laws of reflection.
●Image formation will takes place where
intersection of reflected light rays occurs.
●If the reflected light rays meet physically then
image formed will be Real.
●If the reflected light rays doesn’t meet
actually then image formed will be Virtual.
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Real and virtual image
Class 12th

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Plane mirror
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Deviation of light by plane mirror and rotation
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Velocity of image formed by a plane mirror
V
O V
I
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Spherical mirrors
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Concave and convex mirror
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Focus and focal length
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Image formation by convex and concave mirror
Ray 1
Ray 2
Ray 3
Convex mirror Concave mirror
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Location and nature of image formed by concave mirror
Position of the
object
Position of the
image
Size of the
image
Nature of the
image
At infinity At the focus F
Highly
diminished
pointed-sized
Real and
inverted
Beyond C
Between F and
C
Diminished
Real and
inverted
At C At C Same size
Real and
inverted
Between C and
F
Beyond C Enlarged
Real and
inverted
At F At infinity
Highly
enlarged
Real and
inverted
Between P and
F
Behind the
mirror
Enlarged
Virtual and
erect
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Location and nature of image formed by convex mirror
Position of
the object
Position of
the image
Size of the
image
Nature of
the image
At infinity
At the
focus F,
behind the
mirror
Highly
diminished
point-sized
Virtual
and erect
Between
infinity and
pole P of the
mirror
Between P
and F,
behind the
mirror
Diminished
Virtual
and erect
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Sign convention for mirrors
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Mirror equation
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Refraction
Refraction is basically bending of light that
occurs when light travels from one medium to
another medium of different densities.
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Refractive index
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Laws of refraction
●The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the
interface of two media at the point of incidence all lie on
the same plane.
●The sine of incidence maintains a constant ratio with
sine of refraction.
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Snell’s law
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Total Internal reflection
Total internal reflection is an optical
phenomena in which waves striking at
interface from one medium do not get
refracted into second medium, but gets
reflected back into first medium completely.
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Total internal reflection
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Apparent height and apparent depth
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Refraction through a glass slab
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Lateral displacement
The lateral displacement is the
perpendicular distance between the
incident and emergent ray.
When a light ray passes through a
glass slab it is refracted twice at the
two parallel faces and finally emerge
out parallel to its incident direction.
i = e
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Lateral displacement
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Refraction at curved surfaces
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Refraction at curved surfaces
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Spherical lenses
Concave lens
Convex lens
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Spherical lenses
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Focus and focal length
The focus is the point, at which light rays from infinity
converge or diverge after passing through a lens and
traveling a distance of one focal length.
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Lens maker formula
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Power of a lens
The power of a lens is defined as the
reciprocal of the focal length. Lens power is
measured in dioptres (D).
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Formation of image by convex lens
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Formation of image by convex lens
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Formation of image by concave lens
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Formation of image by concave lens
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Lens formula
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43. Prism
A prism is a transparent refracting medium
bounded by 2 plane surfaces inclined at some
angles. It bends a light two times !
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44. Prism
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r
1+ r
2= A

46. Deviation through a Prism
Deviation produced by prism is given by,
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Class 12th
??????= i
1+ i
2-A

47. Angle of minimum deviation
At the minimum deviation D, the refracted ray
inside the prism becomes parallel to its base.
angle of incidence = angle of emergence.
δ
m= 2i -A
δ
D
A B
C
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48. Angle of minimum deviation
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49. Thin Prism
For a thin prism, the apex angle A is very small.
In a thin prism the angle of deviation is also very
small.
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50. Dispersion of light
Splitting of white light into its constituent colours is
called dispersion.
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51. Angular dispersion and dispersive power
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The angle subtended between the direction of
emergent violet and red rays of light from a
prism is called angular dispersion.
Dispersive power of prism is defined as the
measure of the difference in refraction of the light
of the highest wavelength and the lowest
wavelength that enters the prism

52. Combination of prisms
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Class 12th

53. Dispersion without deviation (Chromatic combination)
In this phenomenon, two thin prisms are placed in
contact in such a way that the two reflecting angles
are revered with respect to each other
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54. Deviation without dispersion (Achromatic combination)
When two prisms of different materials and different
suitable angles are combined so at to produce only
deviation but no dispersion in the path of light, such
combination of prisms is called deviation without
dispersion.
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56. Human eye: fully accommodated
When the object is brought closer to the eye, in
order to maintain the same image-lens distance,
the focal length of the eye lens becomes shorter
by the action of the ciliary muscles. This is called
accommodation.
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57. Least distance of vision
The minimum distance, at which objects can
be seen most distinctly without strain, is
called the least distance of distinct vision.
For human eye, least distance of vision is 25
cm.
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58. Human eye: totally relaxed
The far point is the farthest point at which an object
can be placed (along the optical axis of the eye) for
its image to be focused on the retina within the eye's
accommodation.
It is sometimes described as the farthest point from
the eye at which images are clear
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59. Magnifying power
Magnifying power or angular magnification
is the factor by which the image on retina is
enlarged by using an aided instrument
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61. Simple Microscope
A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that
has a double convex lens with a short focal length.
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62. Magnifying power,
For Normal adjustment
m= D/f
For least distance of distinct vision
Simple Microscope
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Class 12th

64. Compound microscope
A compound microscope is an optical
instrument used for observing highly
magnified images of tiny objects.
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65. Compound microscope
A compound microscope is an optical
instrument used for observing highly
magnified images of tiny objects.
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66. Compound microscope
Magnifying power for Distinct vision adjustment,
Magnifying power for Normal vision adjustment
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Class 12th

68. Astronomical telescope
An astronomical telescope is an optical
instrument which is used for observing
distinct image of heavenly bodies like
stars, planets etc.
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69. Astronomical telescope: normal adjustment
The object lies at infinity. The final image is
also formed at infinity.
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