READING AND WRITING SKILLS LESSON 3.pptx

Reading and Writing Skills,

1. PATTERNS OF THE WRITTEN TEXT JONALIZA ANGEL B. DOMONDON Subject Teacher, Reading and Writing

2. THE PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXT 1. Cause and effect 2. Classification 3. Problem-solution 4. Persuasion 5. Definition 6. Compare and contrast

3. CAUSE AND EFFECTS A cause and effect present why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it is related to something else. It is a relationship between an action and a reaction where an action if taken, would result in a reaction. The cause is a reason for an action or condition that brings an effect while the effect is something that follows an antecedent (such as a cause or agent). A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and since are cue words to signify a cause. On the other hand, some expressions that signify effect are, therefore, consequently, so, so that, thus, the explanation for, and accordingly.

4. EXAMPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECTS KIDS WHO ARE BULLIED Kids who are bullied can experience negative physical, social, emotional, academic, and mental health issues. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience: • Depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. • Health complaints • Decreased academic achievement—GPA and standardized test scores—and school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school. A very small number of bullied children might retaliate through extremely violent measures. In 12 of 15 school shooting cases in the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being bullied. Based on information from: https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying/effects

5. CLASSIFICATION Most people love to classify and divide things according to their group, kind, part, or type. Even a person’s economic status is classified according to his/her family’s net worth or income either monthly, quarterly, or annually. A classification pattern of written text groups or classifies items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or categories. The signal words to indicate that the classification pattern of written text is used are a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of, a class of, an example of, divided into, and comprised of.

6. EXAMPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

7. COMPARE AND CONTRAST The comparison involves the identification of similarities of at least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being compared while contrast encompasses the identification of differences between or among two subjects or topics. To help you in making a comparison and contrast, signal words such as similarly, in like manner, and in the same way present similarities or comparison while expressions like on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless, however, signify differences or contrast.

8. EXAMPLE OF COMPARE AND CONTRAST ONLINE VS. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION (AN EXCERPT) BY KORI MORGAN ..As universities make greater use of Internet resources, online classes have continued to grow in popularity and effectiveness. Online courses let students learn at their own pace, accomplish assignments on their schedules, and acquire the same knowledge as they would in a traditional, classroom-based course. Just like traditional classes, online instructors use discussion, assignments, and community to educate students. However, their means of execution for these tools are quite different.

9. DEFINITION Definition text explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any limitations. It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as we use and understand it. It expounds the word, concept, or idea so that the reader can easily understand the words.

10. EXAMPLE OF DEFINITION Absolute location The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates of a grid system designed for locational purposes Anthropology The study of humans; the social science that seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and worldviews Binary opposition The means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined against what it is not Class conflict Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power Constitutive nature Forming an essential part or a component of Core values In Sikolohiyang Pilipino, the core of Filipino personhood is the concept of “kapwa” (shared identity), associated with which are other societal values Discourse A formal way of thinking expressed through language Economics A social science that deals with the optimum allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to satisfy the unlimited human wants and needs of the people

11. PERSUASION Persuasion is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, to influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action. Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and writing in which writers make their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by invoking emotions, and by proving their credibility.

12. TYPES OF PERSUASION Persuasion has three basic types: 1. Ethos It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and his strong understanding of the subject. 2. Logos Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of their perspectives. 3. Pathos The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their audiences.

13. EXAMPLE OF PERSUASION Campaign Speech, November 3, 2008 (By Barack Obama) Barack Obama made a public speech a night before his election campaign in Virginia on November 3, 2008, saying: “This country is more decent than one where a woman in Ohio, on the brink of retirement, finds herself one illness away from disaster after a lifetime of hard work…This country is more generous than one where a man in Indiana has to pack up the equipment, he’s worked on for twenty years and watch it shipped off to China… We are more compassionate than a government that lets veterans sleep on our streets and families slide into poverty; that sits on its hands while a major American city drowns before our eyes…” This emotional speech plays on people’s sense of guilt, making it a good example of pathos. Although Obama employs the snob appeal fallacy in his argument, it is a very influential and emotional appeal.

14. PROBLEM SOLUTION One of the patterns of development in writing is a problem-solution. A problem-solution text starts with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution). They are in some ways similar to cause-effect in terms of structure.

15. KEY COMPONENTS OF PROBLEM SOLUTION Problem-Solution consists of four key components : a situation, a problem, a solution, and an evaluation: 1. Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who should be responsible for it. 2. Problem: Explain the problem clearly. 3. Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should be considered and why it is the best solution to the problem. You may also present series of steps or actions to be followed. 4. Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight the problem and the value of your solution. Some key expressions that indicate a problem-solution text are: the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.

16. EXAMPLE OF PROBLEM SOLUTION DRUG ADDICTION—A CURSE Drug addiction has, of late, become one of the major problems of our society, particularly in urban areas. Many youngsters are falling victim to this deadly curse. The rackets of unscrupulous traders operate through the underworld and narcotics and drugs are smuggled into the country. These rackets thrive at the cost of the precious lives of our young generation. Many are enticed to take these drugs and they are led astray. The alarming nature of the problem must be highlighted and the people must be made aware of this evil with the help of the mass media. Seminars and discussion sessions should be organized in schools and colleges, In West Bengal, an anti-narcotic cell has been established in Lalbazar , Kolkata. But no Government action can be fruitful unless it is backed by strong public participation.

17. Problem How? Response Drug addiction has become a major problem in our society today. Many youngsters are falling victim to addiction. The rackets of unscrupulous traders work underground and the smuggling of narcotics continues unabated. Young men take to these drugs just to find a temporary release. The alarming nature of the problem must be focused on – the Government has set up anti-narcotic cells and there must be a large-scale awareness among the people.

18. PERFORMANCE TASK#3 Based from the given example in the PowerPoint make your own example of the pattern and properties of text (1example each). Write your answer in a 1whole sheets of pad paper. 1. Cause and effect 2. Classification 3. Problem-solution 4. Persuasion 5. Definition 6. Compare and contrast **take note: make your own and do not copy any examples from the internet. **to be passed on next meeting….

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