Reading and Writing Skills Module 000001

RWS

1. READING & WRITING 11 MODULE 1

2. Patterns and Properties of Written Texts After going through this module, you are expected to: Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across disciplines; Evaluate a written text based on its properties (organization, coherence and cohesion, language use and mechanics)

3. Writing Writing is the process of choosing the appropriate letters, characters, and symbols to be written in a paper or encoded in a computer. It is a skill that you should hone in order to express ideas, concepts, or feelings in a nonverbal way.

4. Reading Reading is an act of decoding the letters, characters, or symbols that were written, posted, or published. It is a skill that involves critical thinking in order to fully understand the texts or symbols read. It is reading that plays a significant role in your learning because it directs you to the path of infinite potentials to gain information, to learn new skills, to grasp reality, to explore the world, to unveil the truths, and to discover greatest treasures in life.

5. The eight patterns of development are: Cause-Effect Classification Comparison-Contrast Definition Description Narration Persuasion Problem-Solution

6. Cause-Effect Think of the time when you were supposed to meet someone early in the morning but because you slept late at night, you overslept and failed to meet the person at the agreed time.

7. A cause and eff ect presents why something happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and how it is related to something else . It is a relationship between an action and a reaction where an action if taken, would result in a reaction. The cause is a reason for an action or condition that brings an effect while the effect is something that follows an antecedent (such as a cause or agent). A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and since are cue words to signify a cause . On the other hand, some expressions that signify effect are, therefore, consequently, so, so that, thus, the explanation for, and accordingly.

8. ., “Mario arrived late because traffic held him up." The pronoun  him  refers to and takes its meaning from  Mario , so  Mario  is the antecedent of  him .

9. Ex. KIDS WHO ARE BULLIED Kids who are bullied can experience negative physical, social, emotional, academic, and mental health issues. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience: Depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. Health complaints Decreased academic achievement—GPA and standardized test scores—and school participation. They are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school.

10. A very small number of bullied children might retaliate through extremely violent measures. In 12 of 15 school shooting cases in the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being bullied.

11. Classification A classification pattern of written text groups or classifies items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or categories. The signal words to indicate that the classification pattern of written text is used are a part of, a kind of, a group of, a way of, a class of, an example of, divided into, and comprised of.

12. Example: Types of Bullying There are three types of bullying: Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean things. Verbal bullying includes: • Teasing • Name - calling • Inappropriate sexual comments • Taunting • Threatening to cause harm Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation or relationships. Social bullying includes: • Leaving someone out on purpose • Telling other children not to be friends with someone • Spreading rumors about someone • Embarrassin g someone in public Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes: • Hitting/kicking/pinching • Spitting • Tripping/pushing • Taking or breaking someone’s things • Making mean or rude hand gestures Source: https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying / what - is - bullying

13. Comparison and Contrast Have you ever tried comparing yourself to others? What were your points of comparison ? Was it the physique of a person? complexion? performance? intelligence? confidence? attitude? character? beliefs? What were the bases of your judgment? More often than not, we do compare and contrast things or persons. From the most mundane daily activity we do like buying food products (choosing which tastes better) and to the most extraordinary work like managing the business (deciding a win-win situation).

14. C omparison involves the identification of similarities of at least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being compared while Contrast encompasses the identification of differences between or among two subjects or topics. To help you in making a comparison and contrast, signal words such as similarly, in like manner, and in the same way present similarities or comparison while expressions like on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless, however, signify differences or contrast.

15. Example: ONLINE VS. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION (AN EXCERPT) BY KORI MORGAN ...As universities make greater use of Internet resources, online classes have continued to grow in popularity and effectiveness. Online courses let students learn at their own pace, accomplish assignments on their schedules, and acquire the same knowledge as they would in a traditional, classroom-based course. Just like traditional classes, online instructors use discussion, assignments, and community to educate students. However, their means of execution for these tools are quite different.

16. DEFINITION When you are reading an article, there are instances that you encounter hifalutin or difficult words. Context clues are hints given by the author in a written text to help the reader grasp the meaning of the unfamiliar or unusual word.

17. Understanding the meaning of words sometimes needs shrewdness because our language continuously changes as days, months, or years passed by. It has always been taught to us that language is dynamic. A meaning of a word may differ on people depending on their cultures, beliefs, traditions, and geographic locations. This proves that our language is dynamic so is the definition of words in an article or text. This is the reason why definition text enables us to better understand concepts, things, and ideas.

18. Definition text explains what something is in comparison to other members of its class, along with any limitations. It explains the nature of something and moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as we use and understand it. It expounds the word, concept, or idea so that the reader .

19. In dealing with definition as a pattern of written text, you will always encounter denotation and connotation. Denotation is the literal meaning of a word which means that consulting the dictionary is the best way for it while C onnotation is the feeling or idea that the word suggests to its literal meaning. It is an expression of how one perceives a word based on his/her background or experiences.

20. Example: There is no insurmountable barrier to this desire to be free. No dictator’s lash, no tyrant’s sword can halt this striving for it is man’s pre-determined purpose, entwined with every fiber in his being, a programmed culmination, the butterfly emerging from the cocoon, the sperm and the ovum becoming and the river flowing to the sea to become the sweet air we breathe. But take care for this freedom is also very fragile and needs constant nurturing. It lives only in the heart where it is often neglected or abused. If it dies there, no power on earth can ever ever bring it back to life.

21. DESCRIPTION If a stranger would approach and ask you for a direction in your place, how would you help the stranger to reach his destination without the dilemma of getting lost? You would probably consider describing famous landmarks, when to turn left or right, or what would be the possible mode of transportation to get there.

22. Description as a pattern of written texts refers to identifying concrete details about appearances, characteristics, and actions. Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive texts. Adjectives are used to denote quality, to indicate quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from something else, and A dverbs used to modify verb, adjectives, or another adverb can be used to signal description.

23. Example: How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife (An Excerpt) By Manuel E. Arguilla She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth. You are Baldo ," she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momently high on her right cheek. "And this is Labang of whom I have heard so much." She held the wrist of one hand with the other and looked at Labang , and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his insides was like a drum. I laid a hand on Labang's massive neck and said to her: "You may scratch his forehead now." She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long, curving horns. But she came and touched Labang's forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud except that his big eyes half closed. And by and by she was scratching his forehead very daintily.

24. NARRATION deals with stories. When you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a story, whether it is real or imaginary. You use your creativity and imagination on how are you going to bring your characters to life in the minds of your readers.

25. ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING 1. Characters 5. Theme 2. Setting 6. Tone 3. Plot 7. Style 4. Point of View 8. Conflict

26. PERSUASION is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic, to influence the audience. Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a certain action. Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and writing in which writers make their opinions believable to the audience through logic, by invoking emotions, and by proving their credibility.

27. Types of Persuasion Ethos - It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of their goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer is credible or not, the audience needs to understand his intention and his strong understanding of the subject. Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences of their perspectives. Pathos - The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear, empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their audiences.

28. PROBLEM-SOLUTION Your mother assigned you to be in-charge of the birthday party of your sibling because she had an important errand that she has to attend to. This posed a problem to you because it would be the first time that you would host a party. What are the things that you would do? Probably, the things that you would do would be: go out to buy food for your guests and prepare other things needed to make your guests feel at ease while in the comfort of your home. Before going out, you would probably count how many are your expected guests and list the things you would buy to determine your budget. When you’re at the supermarket, you would possibly compare the prices of different brands of food products or things you would buy to weigh which item is affordable yet it wouldn’t compromise the quality.

29. One of the patterns of development in writing is a problem-solution. A problem-solution text starts with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution). They are in some ways similar to cause-effect in terms of structure.

30. Problem-Solution consists of four key components: a situation, a problem, a solution, and an evaluation. Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who should be responsible for it. Problem: Explain the problem clearly. Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should be considered and why it is the best solution to the problem. You may also present series of steps or actions to be followed. Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight the problem and the value of your solution. Some key expressions that indicate a problem-solution text are: the problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.