READINGS-IN-PHILIPPINE-HISTORY-1 JOSE RIZAL

Philippine history

1. READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2. Introduction to Philippine Historiography's Sources and Discourse History Study of past events Historians: Individuals writing about History Historiography Practice of Historical Writing Traditional Method – gathering of documents from different libraries and archives Modern Method – uses methods from related areas study such as archaeology and geography

3. Sources of History Doc uments Handwritten, printed, drawn, designed, and other composed material. Books, newspapers, magazines, journals, Apps, architectural perspectives, paintings, advertisements, and photographs. Colonial records such as government reports and legal documents form a significant part of our collection of documents here and abroad, particularly in Spain and the United States.

4. Preserved remains of human beings, their activities, and the environment where they lived. Callao Man and Tabon Man Fossils: remains of animals, plants, and other organisms. Artifacts: remnants of material culture developed by human beings. Audio- visual documentation of people, events, and places Usually recorded in Video and Audio cassettes and compact disc. Archaeological Records Oral and Video Accounts

5. Primary Sources Documents, physical objects, and Oral/Video accounts made by an individual or a group present at the time and place being described . Function: to give facts Secondary Sources Materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place. Provide valuable interpretations of historical events. KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

6. LEVELS OF HISTORICAL CRITICISMS External Criticism Answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a historical source by identifying who composed the historical material locating when and where the historical materials was produced, and establishing the material’s evidential value. Internal Criticism Deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of given historical source.

7. Locating Primary Sources National Library of the Philippines Complete microfilm copies of the Philippine Revolutionary Records (1896-1901). A compilation of captured documents of Emilio Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government. Historical Data Papers (1952-1953). The Presidential papers of different administrations from Manuel L. Quezon to Joseph. Estrada,

8. National Archives of the Philippines Holds the substantial collection of catalogued and uncatalogued Spanish documents about the Philippines composed from 1552- 1900 20 th century documents such as civil records, material documents, and Japanese wartime crime Some sources written in Tagalog such as the documents pertinent to Apolinario de la Cruz, the leader of the cofradia de San Jose in the 15 th century.

9. Locating Primary Sources Academic Institution University of the Philippines Ateneo Manila University University of santo Thomas Silliman University University of San Carlos City

10. Colonial Historiography Spanish Chronicles: Primacy of colonization to liberate Filipinos from their backward “barbarian” life ways. American Colonial Writers: Rationalizing their colonization of Filipinos as a way to teach the natives of the “civilized lifestyle”.

11. Philippine Historiography after World War II Teodoro Agoncillo : His writing veered away from emphasizing Spanish colonial period and regarded events before 1872 as part of the country’s “lost history” Renato Constantino Advanced the idea of a “People History” – a study of the past that sought to analyze society by searching out people’s voices from colonial historical materials that typically rendered Filipinos as decadent inept and vile.

12. Philippine Historiography after World War II Zeus Salazar Conceptualized “ Pantayong Pananaw ’ as an approach to understanding the past from our own cultural and language. Reynaldo Ileto Endeavored to recognize the way of thinking of ordinary folks by using alternative historical sources such as folk songs and prayers.

13. Political Narratives Most of our national histories today favor narratives that deal with political aspects of nation-building such as the legacies of political leaders and establishment of different government.

14. Colonial Histories in Historical Narratives Up to now some social studies textbooks misrepresent ancient Filipinos as savage or barbarians by portraying colonizers, especially the Spaniards and American, as liberations of the Filipinos from cultural backwardness.

15. Elite – Centric Perspective in Historical Narratives Some historical narratives focus on the contributions of the elite in nation-building such as what the Illustrados (educated Filipinos) fought for in the 19 th century or how the local politicians negotiated with their American counterparts to obtain an independence law during the first half of the 20 th century.

16. Most of the country’s historical narratives highlight the heroism of men in different ways: leading revolts and liberation wars against colonizers, championing the cause of independence , and spearheading political, and economic development, Won, on the other hand , are viewed by several historians as merely support to men. Patriarchal Orientation in Historical Narrative

17. References