reasearch design ppttttttttttttttttttttt

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1. 1
RESEARCH DESIGN

2. 2
RESEARCH DESIGN
Decisions regarding what, where, when, how
much
A research design
the arrangement of conditions for collection
and analysis of data in a manner that aims to
combine relevance to the research purpose
with economy in procedure.

3. 3
The designing decisions happen to be in
respect of:
What is the study about?
Why is the study being made?
Where will the study be carried out?
What type of data is required?
Where can the required data be found?
What periods of time will the study include?
What will be the sample design?
What techniques of data collection will be used?
How will the data be analyzed?
In what style will the report be prepared?

4. Research design refers to the blue print/road map for
the collection, measurement & analysis of data
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Developing Research
Hypotheses
Intriguing Observation,
Intellectual Curiosity
Defining Research
Problem & Objectives
Testing Hypo.:
Data Analysis &
Interpretation
Sampling Design
Refinement of theory
(Inductive Reasoning)
Data Coding,
And
Editing
Developing Operational
Definitions for
Research Variables
Building the Theoretical
Framework and the
Research Model
Data Collection
More Careful Studying
of the Phenomenon
THE PROCESS OF
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

5. Split the overall research design into the
following parts:
(a) sampling design
the method of selecting items to be observed;
(b) observational design
the conditions under which the observations are to
be made;
(c) statistical design
how the information and data gathered are to be
analyzed;
(d) operational design
the techniques
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6. The important features of a
research design
(i) a plan
specifies the sources & types of information
relevant to the research problem
(ii) a strategy
which approach will be used for gathering
and analyzing the data.
(iii) the time and cost budgets
most studies are done under these two
constraints
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7. Need for Research Design:
•It facilitates the smooth sailing of the
various research operations
Makes research as efficient as possible
Yielding maximum information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and
money
•Increases reliability of the results
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8. Important Concepts relating to
research:
Variables:
A concept which can take on different
quantitative values
Qualitative phenomena (or the attributes) are
also quantified
Eg: Weight, height and income…
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9. Important concepts Cont’d
Continuous variable
Variable expressed using Decimal
points
Discrete (non-continuous) variable
Variable Expressed using integer
variables
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10. Important concepts Cont’d
Dependent variable
Is a variable which depends upon or is a
consequence of the other variable
Independent variable
Antecedent to the dependent variable
Eg: compressive strength of concrete
flexural strength of RC beam
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11. Important concepts Cont’d
Extraneous variable:
Independent variables that are not related to the
purpose of the study, but may affect the
dependent variable
Eg: Effect of w/c on fck
Whatever effect is noticed on dependent
variable as a result of extraneous variable(s) is
technically described as an ‘experimental
error’.
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12. Important concepts Cont’d
Control:
design to minimize the influence or effect of extraneous
variable(s).
Confounded relationship:
When the dependent variable is not free from the
influence of extraneous variable(s)
the relationship between the dependent and
independent variables is said to be
confounded/confused by an extraneous variable(s).
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13. Important concepts Cont’d
Research Hypothesis:
Predictive statement
Relates the independent variable to a
dependent variable
Relationship that are assumed but not to be
tested, are not termed research hypothesis
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14. Important concepts Cont’d
Experimental and non-experimental
hypothesis-testing research:
Experimental: a research where
the independent variable is
manipulated
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15. Important concepts Cont’d
Experimental and control group
Control group: exposed to usual condition
Experimental group: exposed some novel or
special condition
Eg:CJ
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16. Important concepts Cont’d
Treatment:
The different conditions under which
experimental and control groups are put
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•Usual condition
•Special condition

17. DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
Research design in case of exploratory
research studies
Research design in case of descriptive and
diagnostic research studies
Research design in case of hypothesis
testing
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19. Basic principles of Experimental
designs
The principle of replication
The principle of randomization
The principle of local control
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20. Replication
Repeated more than once
To increase statistical
accuracy
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21. Randomization
Provides protection against the
effect of extraneous factors
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22. Local control
Extraneous factor is made to vary
deliberately over as wide a range as
necessary
The variability it causes can be measured
and hence eliminated from the experimental
error
Total variability…attributed(treatment +
extraneous + experimental error)
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23. Important Experimental Designs:
Informal experimental design
Formal Experimental design
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24. Informal Experimental Design:
Use less sophisticated form of analysis
based on differences in magnitudes.
Types:
Before-and-after without control design.
 After-only with control design.
Before-and-after with control design.
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25. Formal Experimental Design:
More control
Uses precise statistical procedures for
analysis
Types:
Completely randomized design (C.R. Design).
Randomized block design (R.B. Design).
Latin square design (L.S. Design).
Factorial designs.
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