RECENT ADVANCES IN CANCER TREATMENT.pptx

Introduction, Types, Causes,
Symptoms of cancer
Anti-cancer drug &
Recent advances in cancer treatment included Newer drug carrier systems, Nanotechnology, Carbon nanotubes, Cancer Vaccine, Antigen Vaccines, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, DNA Vaccines.

1. Recent Advances In Cancer Treatment By Guided By Samiksha Hamane Dr. P. V. Ajmire M Pharm (Sem II) Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati.

2. CONTENTS - Introduction Types Causes Symptoms Anti-cancer drug Recent advances in cancer treatment

3. INTRODUCTION Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.

4. TYPES OF CANCER Bone cancer Breast cancer Eye cancer Kidney cancer Leukemia cancer Lung cancer Neuroblastoma Skin cancer Prostate Cancer

5. CAUSES OF CANCER Environment Diet Obesity Infections Radiations Stress Lack of physical activity Pollution Smoking Viruses Hormones

6. SYMPTOMS Unusual lump in the body Changes in mole in the body Changes in mole on the skin Difficulty in swallowing Abnormal bleeding Bleeding in urine Unexplained weight loss Difficulty passing urine

7. DIAGNOSIS Endoscopy Bronchoscopy Cystoscopy Radiology Computed tomography(CT scanning) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Biopsy Needle Biopsy Surgical Biopsy

8. Stages of cancer Four types of stages Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4. Staging tells us the extent of the disease. Treatment depends on the stage of the specific cancer. Staging helps determine the patient's prognosis (prediction of course and outcome of disease, especially chances of recovery)

9. Treatment of Cancer Chemotherapy Surgical resection Radiotherapy Immunotherapy

10. RECENT ADVANCES IN CANCER TREATMENT

11. Nitrogen Mustards Trofosfamide It Is cyclophosphoamide derivatives is an alkylating agent. Inhibit the cell division by cross-linking DNA strands & decreasing DNA synthesis. Orally active Metastatic soft tissue sarcomas Prednimustine Ester of prednisolone and chlorambucil myelosuppression, fluid retention

12. Antifolates Trimetrexate Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase Lipid soluble Crosses BBB Bypasses membrane transport system Leiomyosarcoma & Skin Cancer

13. Pyrimidine Analogues Carmofur Oral lipophilic derivative of 5-fluorouracil  highly potent acid ceramidase (AC) inhibitor 5-fluorouracil Manageable toxicities (hot flushes, urinary frequency) Serious toxicity- Leucoencephalopathy Adjuvant chemotherapy for curatively resected Colorectal Cancer

14. Newer Drug Carrier Systems Enhance delivery of anticancer drug to tumour tissue Minimize its distribution & toxicity in healthy tissue Effective chemotherapy requires directed action of drug Undirected distribution - therapeutic effectiveness toxicities Fig. Non-targeted drug distribution leads to low tumor concentration & side effects

15. Solubilisers Majority anticancer drugs— poor solubility Newer agents - Sorporol 230 - Sorporol 120 Aceporol 345-T - Riciporol 335 Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Formulations (SEDDS) Enhance oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs.

16. Nanotechnology Highly targeted therapy with high efficacy & low toxicity. Transport of drug across BBB. Deliver anticancer drugs into cells without triggering p-glycoprotein pump Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, Dexamethasone 5- FU

17. Carbon nanotubes CNTs have been used as nanocarriers to transport anticancer drugs, genes & proteins for chemotherapy. Well ordered, hollow nanotubes Single or multiple graphene sheets rolled into a cylinder Single & multiwalled carbon nanotubes Consist of fluorescent marker and a monoclonal antibody at non-binding sites Penetrate cell membranes Delivery anticancer drug Eg: doxorubicin

18. Cancer Vaccine Cancer vaccine contain cancer cells, parts of cells or pure antigens immune response against cancer cells Autologous Made from killed tumor cells taken from the same person Whom they will later be used Limitations - Expensive to create a new, unique vaccine for each patient. - Cells tend to mutate over time. Allogeneic Use cells from a stock of cancer cells Mixture of cells removed from several patients

19. Antigen Vaccines Specific for specific cancer Boost immune system by using one antigen (or a few) Antigens are usually proteins or pieces of proteins called peptides Eg: CDK-4 & ß-catenin Melanoma, Prostate cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) Recently been approved Advanced prostate cancer Prostatic acid phosphatase(PAP)

20. Dendritic Cell Vaccines Dendritic cells help the immune system recognised & attack abnormal cells, such as cancer cells. The vaccine stimulate immune system to attack the cancer cells. Dendritic cells - special antigen-presenting cells Break down cancer cells Exposed to cancer cells or cancer antigens

21. DNA Vaccines DNA vaccines are closed circular DNA plasmids encoding immunomodulatory molecules to induce tumor-specific responses. Code for Cancer cell protein antigens Integrated into cells - Skeletal muscle cells & adipose cells Altered cells would then make the antigen on an ongoing basis Keep the immune response strong

22. Thank you...!