Red blood cells and blood peripheral smear

Everything about blood

1. RED BLOOD CELL

2. Blood:
•Blood is the river of life that surges within us.
•Transporting nearly everything that must be carried from one
place to another.
•Blood is a specialized connective tissue in which living blood
cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving
fluid matrix called plasma.
•Blood lacks the collagen and elastic fibers typical of other
connective tissues, but dissolved fibrous proteins become
visible as fibrin strands during blood clotting.
•Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic
taste.
•Blood is more dense than water and about five times more
viscous, largely because of its formed elements. It is slightly
alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45.

3. Types of Blood:
I. Red blood cells
II. White blood cells
A. Granular leukocytes (contain conspicuous granules that
are visible under a light microscope after staining)
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
B. Agranularleukocytes (no granules are visible under a
light microscope after staining)
1. T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
2. Monocytes
III. Platelets

6. Blood Plasma:
•Blood plasma is a straw-colored, sticky fluid.
•Although it is mostly a) water (about 90%), plasma
contains over 100 different b) dissolved solutes,
including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and
products of cell activity, proteins, and inorganic ions
(electrolytes).
•plasma proteins are the most abundant plasma solutes.
•Plasma proteins serve a variety of functions, but they
are not taken up by cells to be used as fuels or
metabolic nutrientsas are most other organic solutes,
such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

9. RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
•Transport hemoglobin, which, in turn, carries oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues.
•In some animals, hemoglobin circulates as free protein in the
plasma and is not enclosed in RBCs.
•Contain a large quantity of carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme
that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
•An excellent acid-base buffer.
•Determination of blood group.
•Normal RBCs, are biconcave disks having a mean diameter of
about 7.8 micrometers and a thickness of 2.5 micrometers at
the thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center.
•The shapes of RBCs can change remarkably as the cells
squeeze through capillaries.

11. PROPERTIES OF RED BLOOD CELLS:
•ROULEAUX FORMATION:
•the RBCs pile up one above
another like the pile of
coins.
•SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
•1.092 to 1.101.
•PACKED CELL VOLUME
(hematocritvalue):
•45% of the blood and the
plasma volume is 55%.
•SUSPENSION STABILITY

12. •Concentration of Red Blood Cells in the Blood:
•In healthy men, the average number of RBCs per cubic
millimeter is 5,200,000; in women, it is 4,700,000.
•Quantity of Hemoglobin in the Cells:
•The whole blood of men contains an average of 15 grams
of hemoglobin per 100 milliliters; for women, it contains
an average of 14 grams per 100 milliliters.
•Each gram of hemoglobin can combine with 1.34 ml of
oxygenif the hemoglobin is 100 percent saturated.
•In a normal man a maximum of about 20 milliliters of
oxygencan be carried in combination with hemoglobin in
each 100 milliliters of blood, and in a normal woman 19
milliliters of oxygencan be carried.

14. PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS:
•In the early weeks of embryonic life, primitive, nucleated
RBCs are produced in the yolk sac.
•During the middle trimester of gestation, the liver is the
main organ for production of RBCs, but reasonable
numbers are also produced in the spleen and lymph nodes.
•Then, during the last month or so of gestation and after
birth, RBCs are produced exclusively in the bone marrow.
Relative rates of red blood cell
production in the bone marrow of
different bones at different ages.

15. Genesis of Blood Cells:

16. Stages of Differentiation of Red
Blood Cells:
Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs
starts on the red bone marrow with a
precursor cell called a proerythorblast.
The proerythroblastdivides several times
producing cells that begin to synthesize
hemoglobin.
Ultimately, a cell near the end of the
development sequence ejects its necleus
and becomes (reticulocyte).
They pass from red bone marrow into
blood stream.
Reticulocytesdevelop into mature RBCs,
with in 1 to 2 days after their release
from red bone marrow.

18. Erythropoietin:
•Erythropoietin Is Formed Mainly in the Kidneys
90%.
•10% of the normal erythropoietin formed in
other tissues (mainly in the liver).
•Erythropoietin Regulates Red Blood Cell
Production.
•Tissue OxygenationIs the Most Essential
Regulator of Red Blood Cell Production.
•Erythropoietin Stimulates Production of
Proerythroblastsfrom Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

21. •Maturation of Red Blood Cells
Requires Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid.

22. FACTORS NECESSARY FOR
ERYTHROPOIESIS:
•GENERAL FACTORS:
I.Erythropoietin
II.Thyroxine
III.Hemopoieticgrowth factors
IV.Vitamins (B,C,D,E).
•MATURATION FACTORS:
I.Vitamin B12.
II.intrinsic factor.
III.folic acid.
•HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION FACTORS:
I.proteins and amino acids.
II.Iron.
III.Copper.
IV.Cobalt and nickel
V.Vitamins: Vitamin C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine.

23. HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION:
•Synthesis of hemoglobin begins in the
proerythroblastsand continues even into the
reticulocytestage of the RBCs.

25. •Hemoglobin Combines Reversibly With
Oxygen: means that the iron part of the HB
does not tightly bind to O2 instead they bind
as a loose that can be released if the tissue
needs O2.

26. IRON METABOLISM:
•Because iron is important for the formation not only of
hemoglobin but also of other essential elements in the
body (e.g., myoglobin, cytochromes, cytochromeoxidase,
peroxidase, and catalase).
•The total quantity of iron in the body averages 4 to 5 grams.
A.65% in hemoglobin.
B.4% in myoglobin.
C.1% in the form of the various hemecompounds that
promote intracellular oxidation.
D.0.1% protein transferrinin the blood plasma.
E.15 to 30% is stored in the reticuloendothelialsystem and
liver parenchymalcells, principally in the form of ferritin.

27. Transport and Storage of Iron:

28. THE LIFE SPAN OF RED BLOOD
CELLS IS ABOUT 120 DAYS:

30. •ANEMIAS: means deficiency
of hemoglobin in the blood.
•POLYCYTHEMIA: the RBC
count may be 7 to 8
million/mm3.