Red Data Book

biodiversity and red data book

1. 1 Vacations homework Name :- shubham kumar Class :- X sec :- b Roll no .:- 5923 Topic :- biodiversity & Red data book Assign by :- d.n .jani

2. topics to be covered Biodiversity hotspots Wild life conservation Red data book (endangered species of plants and animals list) Wild life protection acts and wild life sanctuaries 2

3. A Biodiversity Hotspot is a region with a significant reservoir of plants, animals, and other life that is under threat from humans. These areas are with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else. The concept of biodiversity hotspots was developed by the  Norman Myers in 1988  when he identified that the tropical forest losing its plants species as well as habitat. Three of these hotspots – Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya – cover our country’s exceptionally high biodiversity regions. Although all the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 percent of the earth’s land area, the number of species they collectively  harbour is extremely high and strict protection of these hotspots could reduce the ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent. 3 Biodiversity Hotspot

4. There are currently  36 recognized biodiversity hotspots . These are Earth’s most biologically rich—yet threatened—terrestrial regions. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, an area must meet two strict criteria: Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as "endemic" species). Have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation. Many of the biodiversity hotspots exceed the two criteria. For example, both the Sundaland Hotspot in Southeast Asia and the Tropical Andes Hotspot in South America have about 15,000 endemic plant species. The loss of vegetation in some hotspots has reached a startling 95 percent. 4 t Biodiversity Hotspot

5. 5 Map of biodiversity hotspot in world

6. India is recognized as one of the  mega-diverse countries , rich in biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge. India has 23.39% of its geographical area under forest and tree cover. With just 2.4% of the land area, India accounts for nearly  7%  of the recorded species even while supporting almost 18% of the human population. In terms of species richness, India ranks  seventh  in mammals,  ninth  in birds and  fifth  in reptiles. In terms of endemism of vertebrate groups, India’s position is  tenth in birds  with 69 species,  fifth in reptiles  with 156 species and  seventh in amphibians  with 110 species. India’s share of crops is 44% as compared to the world average of 11%. 6 Biodiversity of India

7. 7 Biodiversity hotspot in india

8. Wildlife conservation refers to the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to maintain healthy wildlife species or populations and to restore, protect or enhance natural Ecosystems. The main aim's of  wildlife conservation  is: - to save endangered animals. to take proper care of animals with their life. Every creature perform their role to maintain the ecosystem on the earth. Our wildlife also plays a vital role in this process. We can understand the importance of wildlife when we look at the trees. The trees release a sufficient amount of oxygen to the environment so that we can get oxygen in the air to breath in. The birds maintain the balance in the growth of the population of insects. So the importance of wildlife needs to be felt and we should try to protect wildlife. . 8 Wildlife conservation

9. Reduce, reuse, and recycle to protect wildlife habitat in the U.S. and abroad. Adopt a plant-based diet. Millions of acres of wildlife habitat are degraded in the U.S. and abroad to raise livestock for slaughter and crops to feed livestock prior to slaughter. Do not participate in sport hunting. Take shots only from your camera. Write your legislators to express your support for laws that protect wild animals and habitat. Live harmoniously with wild animals around your own home and when visiting public lands. Learn about invasive species – both plant and animal and do your part to stop their spread. Only plant native and non-invasive plants in your yard and garden. 9 How can I promote the conservation of wildlife?

10.  Some of the laws should be made to ban the killing or capturing of endangered animals or birds. It should be made a punishable offense. Such laws should be enforced strictly and should not remain on paper only.  Indiscriminate killing of wild birds and animals, whether are in abundance should not be allowed by the forest authorities.  The more number of National Parks and Sanctuaries should be established for preserving the natural habitats of wild animals and birds throughout the country. The Department of Government should conduct a periodic survey in all the forests regarding the conservation of wildlife. They should have the knowledge about the population of all the species of wild animals and birds, so that they can be helped during the time of floods and famines.  Special attention should be paid even by us also to the conservation of endangered species of wild animals and birds to prevent their extinction altogether. 10 Steps to be taken for the Conservation of Wildlife are:

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12. The Red Data Book is a public document which is created for recording endangered and rare species of plants, animals, fungi as well as some local subspecies which are present in a particular region. The Red Data Book helps us in providing complete information for research, studies and also for monitoring the programs on rare and endangered species and their habitats. This book is mainly created to identify and protect those species which are on the verge of  extinction The name of this book has its origins from Russia, it was originally known as the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation or the RDBRF. The book was based on research conducted between 1961 and 1964 by biologists in Russia. Hence, it is also called as the Russian Red Data Book. 12 What is Red Data Book?

13. The Red Data Book contains the complete list of threatened species. The main aim behind this documentation is to provide complete information for research and analysis of different species. The Red Data Book contains colour -coded information sheets, which are arranged according to the extinction risk of many species and subspecies. Black represents species which are confirmed to be extinct. Red represents species that are endangered Amber for those species whose status is considered to be vulnerable White is assigned for species that are rare Green for species that were formerly endangered, but their numbers have started to recover Grey coloured for the species that are classified as vulnerable, endangered, or rare but sufficient information is not available to be properly classified. 13

14. It helps in identifying all animals, birds and other species about their conservation status. It is used to evaluate the population of a particular species. The data available in this book can be used to evaluate the taxa at the global level. With the help of this book, we can estimate the risk of taxa becoming globally extinct. Provides a framework or guidelines for implementing protective measures for endangered species. 14 Advantages of the Red Data Book

15. The information available in the Red Data Book is incomplete. Many species, both extinct and extant are not updated in this book. The source of the book’s data has been speculated and has been mired in controversy. This book maintains the complete record of all animals, plants, other species but it has no information about the microbes. 15 Disadvantages of the Red Data Book

16. Red Data Book of India includes the conservation status of animals and  plants  which are endemic to the Indian subcontinent. The data for this book is provided through surveys which are conducted by the Zoological Survey of India and the Botanical Survey of India under the guidance of the Ministry of Environment,  Forest   and Climate Change. 16 Red Data Book of India

17. Endangered species of Animals 17 Indian Bustard- Ardeotis nigriceps ( Vigors ) Great The  Great Indian Bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ) or Indian Bustard  is a bustard found in India and the adjoining regions of Pakistan.Once common on the dry plains of the Indian subcontinent, today very few birds survive and the species is on the Brink of extinction, being critically endangered by hunting and loss of its habitat, this consists of large expanses of dry grassland and scrub. They are confined mostly to the arid regions of  Rajasthan, Gujarat and the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Jerdon’s Courser ( Cursorious bitorquatus (Blyth ) It is one of the rarest birds of the world. It is listed as Critically Endangered by IUCN. Because it known only from one single site and the habitat in which it lives is also shrinking and degrading. This course is a restricted-range endemic found locally in India in  Anantpur , Cuddapah , Nellore and Bhadrachalam in the Godavary valley in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh .

18. 18 Asiatic lion- Panthera leo persica ( Meyer)7 They are also known as  babbar sher . The only place in the wild where this species is found is in the  Gir Forest in Kathiawar of Gujarat, India.  The Asiatic lion is one of the five major big cats found in India, the others being the  Bengal tiger, the Indian leopard, the snow leopard and leopard.  The Asiatic lions once ranged from the Mediterranean to the north-eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but excessive hunting, habitat destruction, decline in natural prey and human interference have reduced their number. Blackbuck - Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus) They  ( Antilope cervicapra )  are an antelope species native to the Indian Subcontinent that has been classified as endangered by IUCN since 2003, as the blackbuck range has decreased sharply during the 20th century . Today, the blackbuck population is confined to areas in  Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana , Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka ,  with a few small pockets in central India.

19. 19 Ganges River Dolphin - Platanista gangetica It is listed on the Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and Schedule I of India’s Wildlife ( Protection), Act, 1972. Therefore, hunting of the species and both domestic and international trade in the species and its parts and derivatives is completely prohibited . Olive Ridley Sea Turtle - Lepidochelys olivacea These turtles are solitary, preferring the open ocean . They migrate hundreds or even thousands of miles every year, and come together as a group only once a year when females return to the beaches where they hatched and lumber onshore, sometimes in the thousands, to nest. In the India Ocean, the majority of olive ridleys nest in two or three large bundles near   Gahirmatha in the Orissa.

20. 20 Conservation Status: Near Threatened This threatened plant species, otherwise called as Indian Kino Tree, is present in Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and entire Southern India. It blooms during the month of November to April. This deciduous tree reaches the maximum height of 30 meters. It is used as an astringent. It has both anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Pterocarpus marsupium Endangered species of plant Conservation Status: Vulnerable This is the Indian sandalwood tree. It is found only in Southern India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh). It blooms during the period of December to April. This tree is used for medicinal purposes since it has antipyretic, sedative, diuretic, and disinfectant properties. It helps to treat skin ailments, bronchitis, gonorrhea, and acidity. Santalum album

21. 21 Amentotaxus assamica Conservation Status: Endangered This endangered plant species are present in Arunachal Pradesh,including Turoo hills, Dafla hills, and Delei valley. It is also found in the deciduous forest of Assam. It belongs to the coniferous tree group in India. This plant is also called as Assam catkin yew and is locally used for house construction. Ilex khasiana Conservation Status: Critically Endangered This critically endangered plant species are found only in Shillong Peak in Meghalaya, where only four rare specimens are available. It grows up to 15-20 meters tall. The plant is so threatened because seed germination in nature happens very rarely and viable seeds have a prolonged stage of dormancy.

22. 22 Cycas beddomei Conservation Status: Endangered This endangered plant species is confined only to the Andhra Pradesh region. It blooms during the month of July to December. The male cones of this plant are used to cure muscle pain and rheumatoid arthritis in Ayurveda . Actinodaphne lawsonii Conservation Status: Vulnerable This vulnerable plant species, which belongs to the Lauraceae family, is present in the evergreen forest region of Kerala. It is found in the high elevation between 1200 to 2400 meters. Its aromatic leaves have medicinal use. The plant population is decreasing because of habitat loss.

23. 23 Wildlife protection act 1972

24. This Act provides for the protection of the country’s wild animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security. Among other things, the Act lays down restrictions on hunting many animal species. The Act was last amended in the year 2006. An Amendment bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2013 and referred to a Standing Committee, but it was withdrawn in 2015. Article 48A  of the Constitution of India directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard wildlife and forests. This article was added to the Constitution by the  42nd Amendment  in 1976. Article 51A  imposes certain  fundamental duties  for the people of India. One of them is to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. 24 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Constitutional Provisions for the Wildlife Act

25. The first such law was passed by the British Indian Government in 1887 called the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887. The law made the possession and sale of wild birds that were either killed or captured illegally. A second law was enacted in 1912 called the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act. This was amended in 1935 when the Wild Birds and Animals Protection (Amendment) Act 1935 was passed. During the British Raj, wildlife protection was not accorded a priority. It was only in 1960 that the issue of protection of wildlife and the prevention of certain species from becoming extinct came into the fore. 25 History of wildlife protection legislation in India

26. Sanctuaries National Parks Conservation Reserves Community Reserves Tiger Reserves 26 Protected Areas under the Wildlife Protection Act There are five types of protected areas as provided under the Act. They are described below.

27. A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. Sanctuaries are naturally occurring areas that are meant to protect the endangered species from hunting, poaching and predation. Here the animals are not bred for commercial purposes. It provides a safe, healthy and secured refuge to all the wild animals. 27 What is a Sanctuary?

28. Dichigam Wildlife Sanctuary Sunderbans Wildlife Sanctuary Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Mundanthurai Wildlife Sanctuary Annamalai Wildlife Sanctuary Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 28 List of Wildlife Sanctuaries in India

29. National parks are areas that aim to protect the natural environment. They are also involved in public recreation and enjoyment activities. In a national park, the landscapes and its flora and fauna are present in their natural state. India is rich in biodiversity. It comprises about 7.6% mammals, 6.2% reptiles, 12.6% birds, and 6.0% flowering plant species under the Indomalayan ecozone . Many eco-regions of our country like Shola forests exhibit high rates of endemism. The forests cover over the ranges from the tropical rainforest, the Western Ghats, and Northeast India to the coniferous forests in the Himalayan region. Indian wildlife has around 99 world-recognized national parks in different parts of the country. All these national parks and the wildlife reserves have been recognized by the IUCN or the International Union for the Conservation of Nature under the second category of protected areas. 29

30. Bandipur National Park in Karnataka Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka Dudhwa National Park in Uttar Pradesh Gir National Park and Sasan Gir Sanctuary in Gujarat Hemis National Park in Jammu & Kashmir Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh 30 List of National Parks in India

31. Kaziranga National Park in Assam Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Bharatpur , Rajasthan Manas National Park in Assam Nagarhole National Park in Karnataka Panna National Park in Madhya Pradesh Periyar National Park in Kerala. Pench National Park in Madhya Pradesh Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan Sariska National Park in Rajasthan Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra The Great Himalayan National Park in Himachal Pradesh 31 List of National Parks in India

32. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but used for subsistence by communities and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. These categories were added because of reduced protection in and around existing or proposed protected areas due to private ownership of land, and land use. There are 86 existing Conservation Reserves in India covering an area of 3858.25 km 2 , which is 0.12% of the geographical area of the country 32 Conservation reserves

33. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but used for subsistence by communities and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 − the amendment to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. These categories were added because of reduced protection in and around existing or proposed protected areas due to private ownership of land, and land use. There are 163 existing Community Reserves in India covering an area of 833.34 km 2 , which is 0.03% of the geographical area of the country  33 community reserves

34. The government enacted the Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 which laid down a comprehensive set of rules and regulations with respect to the protection of wildlife in India. It laid down the provisions for the setting up of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. Project Tiger is being implemented which has caused the dwindling tiger population to increase. The country saw a 30% rise in the tiger population from 2010 to 2014. 34 What steps have been taken by the government to conserve wildlife?

35. The Indian Wildlife Act was passed by the government in 1972 for the protection of plants and animal species. The Act banned hunting and poaching of animals and provided legal protection to their habitats. The central and state governments have established many wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in order to protect forests and wildlife. Various projects regarding the conservation of endangered species such as tiger and one-horned rhino have been initiated by the government. The government, through the introduction of a joint management programme , has involved local communities in the management of forests. 35 The government has taken many steps in order to protect Indian wildlife. They are

36. Biodiversity hotspots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot Wild life conservation https://www.ranthamborenationalpark.com/blog/wildlife-conservation-initiatives-indian-government/ Red data book (endangered species of plants and animals list) https://byjus.com/biology/red-data-book/ 36 References AND source

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