Reference Inference Presupposition Implicature.pptx

References

1. Reference, Inference, Presupposition, and Implicature Name – Sanjida Khan ID - 02053003

2. Reference Reference – is an act Referring Expressions - Nouns Pronouns Definate Noun Phrase s Indefinate Noun Phrases Noun – Laura Pronoun – Her Definate Noun Phrase - The Birthday Girl Indefinate Noun Phrase - A Child

3. Types Exophora - First mention Ex- A boy was washing the car. He was 15 years old. Endophora - Avoids unnecessary repetition. Anaphora - Referring back Cataphora - Begins with pronoun R eveals information later Ex. – It look s beautiful , a large bouquet of red roses.

4. Inference Inference - additional information

5. Presupposition Presupposition – assumption Sometimes true, sometimes not. Ex. - Did you enjoy "Halloween Ends ”? Types of Presupposition – Existential Presupposition Factive Presupposition
Non Factive Presupposition Lexical Presupposition Structural Presupposition Counterfactual Presupposition

6. Continues Existential Presupposition - Assumption of existence. Ex. - Your car. Factive Presupposition - Assumption of information being true, due to the presence of some verbs. Ex. - I didn't realize, the door was open. Non Factive Presupposition - Assumption of information being not true, due to the presence of some vebs . Ex. She pretended to have a car. Lexical Presupposition - Assumption of unstated concept, because of particular words. Ex. - Are you still a bad driver? Structural Presupposition - Assumption of information being true, due to sentence structure. Ex. When did you bought the car? Counterfactual Presupposition - Assumption of information is not only true, but is the opposite of what's true. Ex. If they had money, they would go on a vacation.

7. Implicature Implicature - Saying something indirectly, instead of being direct.

8. Types of implicature Conversational Implicature - Depends on contextual information. Ex. – A : I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
B : Ah, I brought the bread. Generalized Conversational Imicature - More predictable and less context dependent. Ex. - A : Did you drink all the bottles of milk? B: I drank some. Particularized Conversational Implicature - Entirely context dependent. Ex- A : Can I borrow $10? B : My purse is in the hall. Conventional Implicature - Associated with specific words, and results in additional conveyed meanings. Ex- "He is a soldier, therefore, brave"