Reflexes of Newborns

Conditioned and Unconditioned Reflexes of Newborns
Source: Mazurin, Vorontsov " Propaedeutic of Child Diseases"
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1. Conditioned and UnConditioned Reflexes (of newborns) Azerbaijan Medical University Yuzbasheva N ihal

2. The child is born with a number of unconditioned reflexes, which can be divided into 3 categories: persistent lifelong automatisms transient rudimentary reflexes reflecting specific conditions of the developmental level of the motor analyzer and subsequently disappearing reflexes, or automatisms, only appearing and therefore not always detectable immediately after birth

3. The first group of reflexes are such as: corneal conjunctival pharyngeal swallowing tendon reflexes of the extremities Biculopalpelal superciliary

4. The second group of reflexes includes: oral segmental automatisms (spasmodic, search, proboscis and palm-oral) spinal segmental automatisms (grasping reflex, Moro reflexes, supports, automatic gait, crawling, Talent, Perez) myeloencephalic zeotonic reflexes (labyrinthine , asymmetric and symmetrical cervical tonic reflexes).

5. The third group includes mezencephalic adjusting automatisms: labyrinth reflexes simple and chain cervical and trunk reflexes.

6. Evaluation of unconditioned reflex activity should be carried out in a warm, well-lit room on a flat semi-rigid surface. The child should be in a wakeful state, well fed and dry. The applied irritations (except for special types of research) should not cause pain. If these conditions are not observed, the reflexes can be suppressed by reactions to discomfort. Unconditioned reflexes are evaluated in the position on the back, on the abdomen and in a state of vertical suspension.

7. Proboscide reflex: When you hit your child's lips with a finger, the circular muscles of the mouth contract, causing the lips to stretch out with the proboscis. Search reflex: When stroking the skin in the corner of the mouth (while not touching the lips), the lips are lowered, the tongue is deflected, and the head rotates toward the stimulus. The reflex is especially well expressed before feeding. Disappears by the end of the first year. Suckling reflex If you put a pacifier in the child's mouth, then he begins to make active sucking movements Disappear by the end of the first year.

8. Orbiculopalapebral reflex: When the finger is flicked over the upper arc of the orbit, the eyelid of the corresponding side is closed. Disappears to 6 months. The palm-and-mouth reflex of Babkin is caused by pressing the thumbs on the child's palm near the tenors. The response is manifested by opening the mouth and flexing the head. Disappears to 3 months.

9. Grasping reflex: This reflex is coexistent in grasping and firmly holding the fingers embedded in the palm of the child. Sometimes it is possible to lift the child above the support (Robinson's reflex). The same reflex can be caused from the lower extremities if you press on the sole at the base of the II-III fingers, which will cause the plantar flexion of the fingers Disappears on the 2nd -4th month

10. Moro Reflex. This reflex is caused by various methods: the child who is in the hands of the doctor, sharply lowered by 20 cm, and then raised to the original level, you can quickly unbend the lower limbs or hit the surface on which the child lies, at a distance of 15 - 20 cm two sides from the head. In response to these actions, the child first withdraws his hands to the sides and extends his fingers, and then restores his hands to the starting position. The movement of the hand is a character of covering. This reflex persists up to 4 months.

11. Babinski's reflex. Stroke irritation of the sole along the outer edge of the foot in the direction from the heel to the fingers causes the rear extension of the thumb and the plantar flexion of the remaining fingers, which sometimes fan out in a different manner. The reflex remains physiological up to 2 years The Kernig Reflex. A child lying on his back bends one leg in the hip and knee joints, and then tries to straighten the leg in the knee joint. With a positive reflex, this can not be done. This reflex disappears after 4 months.

12. Positive Support Reflex: The doctor takes the child's armpits from the back, supporting the index fingers with his head. The child raised in this position shines the legs in the hip and knee joints. Dropped on the support, it rests on it full foot, "stands" on the half-bent legs, straightening the trunk The reflex disappears by 2 months. Reflex of the automatic gait: In the reflex position, the child's support is slightly inclined forward, while he makes step-by-step movements on the surface without accompanying them with the movements of his hands. Sometimes the legs cross at the level of the lower third of the shins. The reflex disappears by 2 months

13. Reflex crawling Bauer. The child is spread on the stomach so that the head and trunk are located along the middle line. In this position, the child raises his head for a few moments and performs creeping movements (spontaneous crawling). If the palm is placed under the soles of the child, then these movements will come alive, the hands will "crawl in" and he starts actively pushing his feet away from the obstacle, the reflex disappears by 4 months

14. Reflex Talant . At the child lying on his side, the doctor spends his thumb and index finger along the paravertebral lines in the direction from the neck to the buttocks. Skin irritation causes arching of the trunk with an arch open posteriorly . Sometimes the leg is straightened and withdrawn. The reflex disappears by 4 months Reflex Peresa . In the position of the child on the abdomen, follow the finger along the spinous processes of the spine in the direction from the coccyx to the neck, which causes bending of the trunk, flexion of the upper and lower extremities, lifting of the head, pelvis, sometimes urination, defecation and screaming. This reflex causes pain, so you need to investigate it last. Disappears to 4 months.

15. The muscle tone of the newborn is affected by the position of the body and head. This influence is mediated through tonic cervical and labyrinth reflexes: Labyrinth righting reflex. It is caused by a change in the head in space. The child lying on his back, increased the tone of the extensors of the neck, back, legs. If it is turned over to the abdomen, the tone of the flexors of the neck, back, limbs increases.

16. Symmetrical cervical tonic reflex. With the passive bending of the head of the newborn lying on the back, the tone of the flexors of the arms and extensors of the legs increases. When the head is unbent, reverse relationships are observed. The change in tone can be judged by the increase or decrease in resistance with passive extension of the limbs. Asymmetric cervical tonic reflex. To test this reflex, the head of the child lying on the back is turned to the side so that the chin touches the shoulder. This reduces the tone of the extremities to which the face is drawn (sometimes their short-term extension), and the tone of the opposite limbs increases. The reflex disappears by the end of the first year.

17. Upper Landau reflex. The child in the position on the abdomen raises his head, the upper part of the trunk and hands, resting on the plane with his hands, is held in this position. This reflex is formed by 4 months. Lower Landau reflex. In the position on the abdomen, the child unbends and raises her legs. This reflex is formed by 5-6 months

18. Simple cervical and trunk setting reflexes. Turning the head to the side causes the torso to turn in the same direction, but not simultaneously, but separately the thoracic area first turns, and then the pelvic region turns. These reflexes appear from birth and mutate to 5-6 months. Chain adjusting reflex from the trunk on the trunk The turning of the shoulders of the child to the side leads to the rotation of the trunk and lower limbs in the same direction, but not simultaneously, but separately. Turning the pelvic region also causes a torso turn. This reflex is formed by 6-7 months.

19. It was possible to establish that even in the newborn cortex the brain is capable of forming conditioned reflexes. However, during the first 2 - 3 weeks of life, the child has a very limited number of conditioned reflexes. The main in the formation of the reflex at first is the food dominant. If a crying baby is picked up and pressed into the chest (position while breastfeeding), then it calms down. Then there is a certain rhythm of activity at the time of feeding. At first, conditioned reflexes are formed with difficulty. There is a small force and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, and they are not sufficiently balanced and often widely irradiated; With age, the possibility of concentration is created. The differentiation of conditioned reflexes usually begins at the end of the 2nd - the beginning of the 3rd month of life. In process of growth and development, many conditioned reflexes appear. By 6 months, the formation of conditioned reflexes from all sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin) is already possible. During the second year, the mechanism of formation of conditioned reflexes already reaches full development and functional perfection.

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