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Contents table
R
Refractory
R
Classification
R
Properties of Refractories
R
General Manufacturing (flow sheet)
R
General Manufacturing (flow sheet)
R
Selection of Refractories
R
Applications
-Refractories in Cement Industry.
R
Some Common Refractories
Refractory
A refractory material is one that retains its strength an d do
not fuse at high temperatures.
ASTM defines refractories as "non-metallic materials having
those chemical and physical properties that make them
applicable for structures, or as components of systems,
that are exposed to environments above 1,000
°
F (811
K;
that are exposed to environments above 1,000
°
F (811
K;
538°C)“.
Examples
Fire clay.
Silica.
Chromite magnesite.
Classification
Refractories can be classified
-on the basis of chemical composition
-
method of manufacture
-
method of manufacture
-according to their refractoriness.
On the basis of chemical composition
R
Acidic refractories
These are used in areas where slag and atmosphere are acidic.
They are stable to acids but attacked by alkalis.
e.g. fire clay, silica, Quartz, Zirconia.
R
Basic refractories
These are used on areas where slags and atmosphere are basic,
stable to alkaline materials but reacts with acids.
e.g. Magnesia , Alumina, Dolomite.
Contd…
Contd.. R
Neutral refractories
These are used in areas where the atmosphere is
either acidic or basic and are chemically stable to
both acids and bases.
e.g. Chromite, Carbide, Mullite. e.g. Chromite, Carbide, Mullite.
Based on refractoriness
R
Low heat duty refractories
For low temperature environment i.e. 1520 —1630 ºC
R
Medium heat duty refractories
For temperature ranging from 1630
—
1670
º
C
For temperature ranging from 1630
—
1670
º
C
R
High heat duty refractories
For temperature ranging from 1670—1730 ºC
R
Super duty refractories
For temperature above 1730 ºC
On basis of Manufacture
R
Dry pressed
R
Fused Cast
R
Hand molded
R
Formed
R
Unformed
Properties
R
Porosity
Greater the porosity of the refractory great is the
chance of chemical attack of material
R
Refractoriness or Fusion point
The temperature at which the refractory fuses, so i t The temperature at which the refractory fuses, so i t
must be higher than the operating temperature of
the refractory.
R
Strength
It is the resistance of the refractory to loads ten sion
and shear stresses.
Contd..
Contd..
RThermal Conductivity
For a given composition, a better pressed,less permeable
product has higher thermal conductivity.
-For use in Furnace and kiln Thermal conductivity should
be low.
-For use in coke oven and regenerators thermal
conductivity should be high. conductivity should be high.
RSpalling
It is the fracture of refractory due to its uneven
expansion on account of heat when they are
subjected to rapid heating and cooling.
Contd..
Contd..
R
Slag Resistance
It is the resistance to slag action which depends o n
nature of the slag and refractory.
R
Abrasion resistance
R
Abrasion resistance
It is the resistance to abrasion which can be
increased by using dense (low porosity) fine
grained and wear resistance refractory. R
Erosion resistance
Resistance to erosion due to mechanical action.
Manufacturing steps
R
Transportation of Raw material
R
Grinding
R
Pre-Treatment
Calcination
Stabilizer addition
R
Mixing
Bonding material
Wet Mixing (14-20% water)
Semi plastic
Dry Mixing ( < 5% water)
R
Moulding
Hand Moulding (Wet Mixed)
Machine Moulding (Dry and Semi wet Mixed)
Contd..
Contd..
R
Drying
Avoids high shrinkage and gives strength.
Make refractories safe for handling.
R
Firing
R
Firing
Removes water of Hydration,
30% Shrinkage in Volume.
Selection of Refractories
R
Area of application
R
Working temperatures
R
Extent of abrasion and impact
R
Stress due to temperature gradient Heat transfer and fuel conservation
R
Heat transfer and fuel conservation
R
Cost consideration
Applications
Refractories are meant to sustain at high temperature so
the very common applications are
R
Used in furnaces such as blast furnace and coke oven.
R
Used in boilers.
R
Mostly used in cement industry in
R
Mostly used in cement industry in
Preheater
Rotary Kiln
Burner pipe
Clinker cooler
Some Common Refractories Some Common Refractories
Fire Clay refractories
RCommon in industry: materials available
and inexpensive
RConsist of aluminium silicates
Decreasing melting point with increasing
R
Decreasing melting point with increasing impurity and decreasing AL2O3
High Alumina Refractories
R45 -100% alumina
RHigh alumina % = high refractoriness
RApplications: hearth and shaft of blast
furnaces, ceramic kilns, cement kilns, furnaces, ceramic kilns, cement kilns, glass tanks
Silica Bricks
R>93% SiO2 made from quality rocks
RIron & steel, glass industry
RAdvantages: no softening until fusion point
is reached; high refractoriness; high is reached; high refractoriness; high resistance to spalling, flux and slag, volume
stability
Zirconia refractories
RZirconium dioxide ZrO2
RStabilized with calcium, magnesium, etc.
RHigh strength, low thermal conductivity, not
reactive, low thermal loss reactive, low thermal loss
RUsed in glass furnaces, insulating refractory
Question ? Question ?
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solution manuals visit here
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