Refuse disposal system incineration

Incineration

1. REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
AND
INSTALLATION
(INCINERATION)
Presented By:
SHUAIBU ADAMU,
PGS/15-16/4/D/4967

2. CONTENT
REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE
SOURCES OF REFUSE
HOW IT AFFECT HEALTH
METHOD OF DISPOSAL
INCINERATION

3. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community
that requires collection and transport to a
processing or disposal site is called refuse or
municipal solid waste (MSW). 
Refuse disposal system, technique for the
collection, treatment, and disposal of the solid
wastes of a community. The development and
operation of these systems is often called 
solid-waste management. (ENCYCLOPEDIA
BRITANNICA)
REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid-waste management is the systematic
control of generation, collection, storage,
transport, source separation, processing,
treatment, recovery and disposal of solid waste.
(BusinessDictionary.com)

5. SOLID WASTES
The term “solid wastes” includes:
Garbage (food wastes)
Rubbish (paper, plastics, wood, metal, throw-away
containers, glass),
Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes),
Sewage treatment residue.
Dead animals, manure and other discarded
material.

6. Sources of refuse

7. Sources of Refuse Cond’t
Refuse that is collected by the street cleansing
service or scavenging is called street refuse.
Refuse that is collected from markets is called
market refuse.
Refuse that is collected from stables is called
stable litter.
Industrial refuse comprises a wide variety of
wastes ranges from completely inert materials such
as calcium carbonate to highly toxic and explosive
compounds.
The domestic refuse consists of ash, rubbish and
garbage.

8. HOW IT AFFECTS HEALTH?
 It decomposes and favors fly breeding
 It attracts rodents
 The pathogens may be conveyed back to man’s
food through flies and dust.
 Water and soil pollution,
 An unsightly apperance, bad odors.
 Incidence of vector- borne diseases.

9. METHODS OF DISPOSAL
The methods of waste disposal are:
 Dumping
Controlled Tipping or Sanitary
Land-fill
 Incineration
 Composting
 Manure Pits
 Burial

10. DUMPING

11. CONTROLLED TIPPING/ SANITARY LANDFILL

12. MECHANICAL COMPOSTING

13. COMPOSTING

14. MANURE PITS

15. BURIAL

16. INCINERATION

17. Incineration Cond’t
MSW is burnt in a properly designed furnace under
suitable temperature and operating conditions. This
process is called as incineration.
It is one of the most effective method of reducing the
volume and weight of municipal solid waste.
The process consists of controlled burning of waste
at high temp (1200- 1500°C).
It sterilizes and stabilizes the waste with reduction
in the volume.

18. Incineration Cond’t
It is a process in which carbon, hydrogen and other
elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the
combustion zone and generates heat. This reaction is
called as oxidation.
For complete oxidation the waste must be mixed
with appropriate volume of air. Approx. 5000kg of
air is required for each tone of solid waste burned. It
differs with moisture content, heating values of
waste and type of combustion .
Proper temp must be maintained for suitable length
of time.

19. Incineration Process

20. Incineration Process
Cond’t

21. Incineration Process Cond’t

22. Incineration Cond’t
The process can reduce MSW by about 90% in
volume and 75% in weight.
Temperature ensures good combustion and
complete elimination of odour.
The combustion process is based on 3T’s
1.Time
2.Temperature
3.Turbulence (gas velocity)

23. Objectives of Incineration
1.Volume Reduction- To combust SW so as to reduce
their volume to 1/10
th
without producing offensive
gases and ash.
Volume reduction depends upon the MSW composition.
General volume reduction is by 90% and weight by
75%.
2.Stabilization of waste– output from incinerator is
more inert than input due to oxidation of organic
components of waste stream.

24. Objectives of Incineration Cond’t
3. Recovery of energy from waste – Energy
recovered from burning of waste is used to generate
steam for on site electricity generation or export to
local heating schemes.
4. Sterilization of waste– Important for incineration
of clinical/biomedical waste. It ensures pathogen
destruction prior to final disposal.

25. Advantages of incineration Cond’t
The volume and weight of the waste are reduced to
a fraction of its original size.
Waste reduction is immediate, does not require long
term residence.
Waste can be incinerated on site without carted to a
distant area.
Air discharge can be effectively controlled for
minimal impact on the atmospheric environment.

26. Advantages of incineration Cond’t
Technology exists to completely destroy even most
hazardous material in a complete effective manner.
Requires relatively small disposal area compare to
land burial. Particularly popular in countries such as
Japan where land is a scarce resource.
By using heat recovery techniques the cost of
operation can often be reduced or offset through the
use or sale of energy.

27. Disadvantages of incineration
The capital cost is high.
Skilled operators are required.
All materials are not incinerable (construction and
demolition waste).
Supplemental fuel is required to initiate and at times
to maintain the incineration process.

28. Disadvantages of incineration Cond’t
The solid residue remaining in the furnace after
incineration is called as bottom ash which
ultimately go for land disposal. The bottom ash
contain metals like lead which must be treated
prior to disposal.
Health effects such as:
Developmental of abnormalities in the enamel
of children's teeth.
Damage to the immune systems
Diabetes

29. Disadvantages of incineration Cond’t
Fly ash is the incinerator ash carried along in the
combustion airstream. So air pollution control
devices are installed to remove fly ash and
potentially harmful gaseous contaminants.
Thus, Installation of air pollution control equipment
make the process expensive.
These equipments are located after the furnace and
before the stack.

30. Important Factors For Incineration
1. waste moisture content– The greater the moisture
content , more fuel is required to destroy the waste.
2. Heating Value–With no significant heating value
incineration would not be a practical disposal method.

31. Important Factors For Incineration
Cond’t
3. Inorganic salts– waste rich in inorganic, alkaline
salts are troublesome to dispose off in a conventional
incineration system.
4. High sulfur or halogen content– The presence of
chlorides or sulfides in waste will normally result in
the acid forming compounds in the off gas.

32. Technologies of incineration
The most diffused incinerators are of the type
"to grates." The operation can be divided in 6
phases:
 Arrival of the refusals
 Combustion Production of the vapor
overheated
 Production of energy electric
 Extraction of the ashes
 Treatment of the smokes

33. Arrival of the refusals
 This are SW coming from the fittings of
community selection displaced on the
territory, the refusals are preserved in an area
where the Incinerator is install endowed with
a system of aspiration.

34. Combustion
The oven is endowed with one or more grates
to allow the continuous movement of the
refusals. During the combustion, a tide of air
will be inserted to reach a correct quantity of
oxygen, maintaining tall the temperature. To
maintain the time such temperatures is
introduced with some gas methane.

35. Production of the overheated vapor
The strong issue of heat produced by the
combustion of methane and refusals handed to
vaporize the water in circulation is the boiler
posts to valley, for the production of vapor
overheated to tall that contained enthalpy.

36. Production of electric energy
The produced vapor is put in a movement
turbine that joined with an alternator, it turns
the thermal energy into electric energy
producing alternating current.

37. Extraction of the ashes
The components of the non combustible
refusals are picked up in a tub full with water
posts at the valley of the last grate. The
cinders cooled in this way, are drawn out and
digest in special dumps.

38. Treatment of the smokes
After the combustion the warm smokes pass
in a system fine-stadium of filtration, for the
demolition of the content of polluting agents
both chemists and solid.
 After the treatment and the cooling the
smokes are released in atmosphere to around
140°C.

39. Types of incinerators
Moving grate
Fixed grate
Rotary-kiln
Fluidized bed

40. Moving grate

41. Fixed grate

42. Rotary-kiln

43. Fluidized bed

44. Thank You…..