Regime types Political_Developments_Pakistan.pptx

pakistan studies

1. Regime Types and Major Constitutional & Political Developments in Pakistan An Overview of Governance, Constitutions, and Political Transitions

2. Introduction • Pakistan has experienced multiple regime types, including democracy, military rule, and hybrid governance. • This presentation provides an overview of governance models, key constitutions, and major political transitions.

3. Regime Types in Pakistan • Democratic Governments : Civilian rule through elected governments. • Military Rule : Direct military interventions and martial laws. • Judicial and Bureaucratic Influence: Role of courts and bureaucracy in governance.

4. Major Constitutional Developments • 1956 Constitution: First constitution; declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic. • 1962 Constitution: Presidential system introduced under Ayub Khan. • 1973 Constitution: Parliamentary system established; remains in effect with amendments

5. Political Developments – Military Interventions 1958-1969 : First military coup led by General Ayub Khan, marking the beginning of military dominance in Pakistan's political landscape. 1969-1971 : General Yahya Khan imposes martial law following Ayub Khan’s resignation, overseeing the tumultuous period leading to the secession of East Pakistan.

6. Political Developments – Military Interventions 1977-1988 : General Zia-ul-Haq’s military coup ousts the civilian government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, initiating an era of Islamization and authoritarian rule lasting over a decade. 1999-2008: General Pervez Musharraf orchestrates a military coup against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, leading to nearly a decade of military-led governance characterized by economic liberalization and strategic realignments in global politics.

7. Political Developments – Civilian Transitions 1947-1958: Initial phase of democratic governance with multiple political transitions. 1971-1977: Disintegration of East Pakistan; emergence of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s civilian rule, marking a shift towards socialist policies. 1988-1999: Revival of civilian leadership following General Zia-ul-Haq’s demise; alternation of power between Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. 2008-Present: Restoration of democratic governance after General Pervez Musharraf’s resignation, leading to continuous electoral transitions.

8. Conclusion Pakistan’s political history is marked by transitions between democracy and military rule. Constitutional amendments and judicial rulings have shaped governance structures. Future political stability depends on strong institutions, democratic norms, and constitutional adherence.