REINFORCEMENTS.pptx

Fibers- glass,
silica,
Kevlar,
carbon,
boron,
silicon carbide, and
Boron carbide fibers

1. REINFORCEMENTS: Fibers- glass, silica, Kevlar, carbon, boron, silicon carbide, and Born carbide fibers

2. In  materials science , reinforcement is a constituent of a  composite material  which increases the composite's  stiffness  and  tensile strength . Following are the functions of the reinforcement in a composite: It increases the mechanical properties of the composite. It provides strength and stiffness to the composite in one direction as reinforcement carries the load along the length of the fiber Reinforcement Material Nanotubes. Nanocomposite. Carbon Fiber. Composite Materials. Glass Fiber. Matrix Material. Natural Fiber. Resin.

3. Glass fiber Glass fiber is the most widely used reinforcement material in pultrusion industry. Glass fiber is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is called "Fiberglass" in popular usage.

4. FIBER GLASS

5. Fiber reinforcement Crack propagation is prevented considerably, while rigidity is added normally by the reinforcement. Thin fibers can have very high strength, and they can increase substantially the overall properties of the composite provided they are linked mechanically to the matrix. Fiber-reinforced composites  have two types, and they are  short fiber-reinforced  and continuous fiber-reinforced. Sheet moulding and compression moulding operations usually use the long and short fibers. These are available in the form of chips, flakes and random mate (which also can be produced from a continuous fiber laid randomly till the desired thickness of the laminate/ply is attained ). A laminated or layered structure is usually constituted in continuous reinforced materials. The continuous and woven fiber styles are usually available in various forms, being pre-impregnated with the given matrix (resin), dry, uni -directional tapes of different widths, plain weave, harness satins, braided, and stitched. Reinforcement uses some of the common fibers such as carbon fibers, cellulose (wood/paper fiber and straw),  glass fibers  and high strength polymers, for example,  aramid . For high-temperature applications,  Silicon carbide  fibers are used

6. A chemical that can dissolve in water, combine with acids to form salts, and make acids less acidic. Alkalis have a bitter taste and turn certain dyes blue. Some alkalis can help the body work the way it should. An example of an alkali is sodium hydroxide.

7. In  chemistry , an  alkali ') is a  basic ,  ionic   salt  of an  alkali metal  or an  alkaline earth metal . An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in  water . A solution of a soluble base has a  pH  greater than 7.0.  a figure expressing the  acidity  or alkalinity of a solution on a  logarithmic  scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline. The pH is equal to −log 10   c , where  c  is the hydrogen ion concentration in  moles  per liter

8. silica

9. Kevlar Kevlar  ( para-aramid ) is a strong, heat-resistant  synthetic fiber , related to other  aramids  such as  Nomex  and  Technora . Developed by  Stephanie Kwolek  at  DuPont  in 1965, the high-strength material was first used commercially in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. It is typically spun into ropes or  fabric  sheets that can be used as such, or as an ingredient in  composite material  components. Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle  tires  and  racing sails  to  bulletproof vests , all due to its high  tensile strength-to-weight ratio ; by this measure it is five times stronger than steel. [2]  It is also used to make modern marching  drumheads  that withstand high impact; and for  mooring lines  and other underwater applications. Kevlar, a lightweight and strong fiber, was invented by chemist Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in anticipation of a gasoline shortage. It is synthesized from monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine and terephthaloyl chloride through a condensation reaction. Kevlar is available in various grades for diverse applications, including industrial use, cables, ropes, and ballistic protection. The fiber has a high tensile strength and a molecular structure that includes inter-chain bonds and aromatic stacking interactions. However, Kevlar is vulnerable to UV degradation and is not commonly used outdoors without protection. Its thermal properties allow it to maintain strength and resilience in extreme temperatures, although prolonged exposure to high temperatures can reduce its strength. Kevlar is widely used in various applications due to its strength, low thermal conductivity, and high-performance characteristics. In science, it is employed for suspension purposes in cryogenics and as a thermal standoff. It is a crucial component in personal armor, including combat helmets, ballistic face masks, and vests. Kevlar is also used in protective clothing, gloves, and sports equipment such as racing canoes, bicycle tires, and tennis racquets. Additionally, Kevlar is utilized in the manufacturing of loudspeaker cones, musical instrument parts, and fiber optic cables. In motor vehicles, it serves as a structural component and replacement for asbestos in brake pads. Kevlar is also found in fire-dancing wicks, non-stick frying pans, ropes, cables, and cell phone back plates. The material is often used to reinforce composite materials, such as in aircraft construction, high-performance composites, and sports equipment.

10. Kevlar is  synthesized  in solution from the monomers 1,4- phenylene -di amine  ( para -phenylenediamine ) and  terephthaloyl chloride  in a  condensation reaction  yielding  hydrochloric acid  as a byproduct. The result has  liquid-crystalline  behavior, and mechanical drawing orients the polymer chains in the fiber's direction.  Hexamethylphosphoramide  (HMPA) was the solvent initially used for the  polymerization , but for safety reasons, DuPont replaced it by a solution of  N -methyl- pyrrolidone and calcium chloride. As this process had been patented by Akzo (see above) in the production of  Twaron , a  patent war  ensued. [9] Kevlar production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated  sulfuric acid , needed to keep the water-insoluble polymer in solution during its synthesis and  spinning

11. Several grades of Kevlar are available: Kevlar K-29  – in industrial applications, such as cables,  asbestos  replacement, tires, and brake linings. Kevlar K49  – high modulus used in cable and rope products. Kevlar K100  – colored version of Kevlar Kevlar K119  – higher-elongation, flexible and more fatigue resistant Kevlar K129  – higher tenacity for ballistic applications Kevlar K149  – highest tenacity for ballistic, armor, and aerospace applications Kevlar AP  – 15% higher tensile strength than K-29 Kevlar XP  – lighter weight resin and KM2 plus fiber combination Kevlar KM2  – enhanced ballistic resistance for armor applications The  ultraviolet  component of sunlight degrades and decomposes Kevlar, a problem known as  UV degradation , and so it is rarely used outdoors without protection against sunlight.

12. Carbon Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust

13. carbon composite , or just  carbon , are extremely strong and light  fiber-reinforced plastics  that contain  carbon fibers . CFRPs can be expensive to produce, but are commonly used wherever high  strength-to-weight ratio  and  stiffness  (rigidity) are required, such as aerospace, superstructures of ships, automotive, civil engineering, sports equipment, and an increasing number of consumer and technical applications The properties of the final CFRP product can be affected by the type of additives introduced to the binding matrix (resin). The most common additive is  silica , but other additives such as rubber and  carbon nanotubes  can be used. Carbon fiber is sometimes referred to as  graphite-reinforced polymer  or  graphite fiber-reinforced polymer  ( GFRP  is less common, as it clashes with  glass-(fiber)-reinforced polymer ) CFRP are  composite materials . In this case the composite consists of two parts: a matrix and a reinforcement. In CFRP the reinforcement is carbon fiber, which provides its strength. The matrix is usually a thermosetting plastic, such as polyester resin, to bind the reinforcements together. Because CFRP consists of two distinct elements, the material properties depend on these two elements

14. Reinforcement gives CFRP its strength and rigidity, measured by  stress  and  elastic modulus  respectively. Unlike  isotropic  materials like steel and aluminum, CFRP has directional strength properties. The properties of CFRP depend on the layouts of the carbon fiber and the proportion of the carbon fibers relative to the polymer. The two different equations governing the net elastic modulus of composite materials using the properties of the carbon fibers and the polymer matrix can also be applied to carbon fiber reinforced plastics. is valid for composite materials with the fibers oriented in the direction of the applied load. � Ec � is the total composite modulus, � V m �and �� V f  are the volume fractions of the matrix and fiber respectively in the composite, and  E m �� and E f  �are the elastic moduli of the matrix and fibers respectively. The other extreme case of the elastic modulus of the composite with the fibers oriented transverse to the applied load can be found using the following equation

15. The primary element of CFRP is a  carbon filament ; this is produced from a precursor  polymer  such as  polyacrylonitrile  (PAN),  rayon , or petroleum  pitch . For synthetic polymers such as PAN or rayon, the precursor is first  spun  into filament yarns, using chemical and mechanical processes to initially align the polymer chains in a way to enhance the final physical properties of the completed carbon fiber. Precursor compositions and mechanical processes used during spinning filament yarns may vary among manufacturers. After drawing or spinning, the polymer filament yarns are then heated to drive off non-carbon atoms ( carbonization ), producing the final carbon fiber. The carbon fibers filament yarns may be further treated to improve handling qualities, then wound on to  bobbins . From these fibers, a unidirectional sheet is created. These sheets are layered onto each other in a quasi-isotropic layup, Molding One method of producing CFRP parts is by layering sheets of carbon fiber cloth into a  mold  in the shape of the final product. The alignment and weave of the cloth fibers is chosen to optimize the strength and stiffness properties of the resulting material. The mold is then filled with  epoxy  and is heated or air-cured. The resulting part is very corrosion-resistant, 

16. Vacuum bagging For simple pieces of which relatively few copies are needed (1–2 per day), a  vacuum bag  can be used. A fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aluminum mold is polished and waxed, and has a  release agent  applied before the fabric and resin are applied, and the vacuum is pulled and set aside to allow the piece to cure (harden). There are three ways to apply the resin to the fabric in a vacuum mold Compression molding A quicker method uses a  compression mold , also commonly known as carbon fiber forging. This is a two (male and female), or multi-piece mold, usually made out of aluminum or steel and more recently 3d printed plastic. The mold components are pressed together with the fabric and resin loaded into the inner cavity that ultimately becomes the desired component. The benefit is the speed of the entire process Filament winding [ For difficult or convoluted shapes, a  filament winder  can be used to make CFRP parts by winding filaments around a mandrel or a core

17. Aerospace engineering The  Airbus A350 XWB  is built of 52% CFRP [14]  including wing spars and fuselage components, overtaking the  Boeing 787 Dreamliner , for the aircraft with the highest weight ratio for CFRP, which is 50 %.  This was one of the first commercial aircraft to have wing spars made from composites. The  Airbus A380  was one of the first commercial airliners to have a central wing-box made of CFRP; it is the first to have a smoothly contoured wing cross-section instead of the wings being partitioned span-wise into sections. This flowing, continuous cross section optimises aerodynamic efficiency .  Moreover, the trailing edge, along with the rear bulkhead,  empennage , and un- pressurised fuselage are made of CFRP. Automotive engineering The high cost of carbon fiber is mitigated by the material's unsurpassed strength-to-weight ratio, and low weight is essential for high-performance automobile racing. Race-car manufacturers have also developed methods to give carbon fiber pieces strength in a certain direction, making it strong in a load-bearing direction, but weak in directions where little or no load would be placed on the member. Conversely, manufacturers developed omnidirectional carbon fiber weaves that apply strength in all directions. This type of carbon fiber assembly is most widely used in the "safety cell"  monocoque  chassis assembly of high-performance race-cars. The first carbon fiber monocoque chassis was introduced in  Formula One  by  McLaren  in the 1981 season Civil engineering CFRP has become a notable material in  structural engineering  applications. Studied in an academic context as to its potential benefits in construction, it has also proved itself cost-effective in a number of field applications strengthening concrete, masonry, steel, cast iron, and timber structures. Its use in industry can be either for retrofitting to strengthen an existing structure or as an alternative reinforcing (or pre-stressing) material instead of steel from the outset of a project. Retrofitting  has become the increasingly dominant use of the material in civil engineering, and applications include increasing the load capacity of old structures (such as bridges) that were designed to tolerate far lower service loads than they are experiencing today, seismic retrofitting, and repair of damaged structures. Retrofitting is popular in many instances as the cost of replacing the deficient structure can greatly exceed the cost of strengthening using CFRP

18. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes Carbon fibers are used for fabrication of carbon-fiber  microelectrodes . In this application typically a single carbon fiber with diameter of 5–7 μm is sealed in a glass capillary. [26]  At the tip the capillary is either sealed with epoxy and polished to make carbon-fiber disk microelectrode or the fiber is cut to a length of 75–150 μm to make carbon-fiber cylinder electrode. Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are used either in  amperometry  or  fast-scan cyclic voltammetry  for detection of biochemical signaling. Sports goods CFRP is now widely used in sports equipment such as in squash, tennis, and badminton racquets,  sport kite  spars, high-quality arrow shafts, hockey sticks, fishing rods,  surfboards , high end swim fins, and rowing  shells . Amputee athletes such as  Jonnie Peacock  use carbon fiber blades for running. It is used as a shank plate in some  basketball  sneakers to keep the foot stable, usually running the length of the shoe just above the sole and left exposed in some areas, usually in the arch

19. Applications of carbon fibers Musical instruments, including violin bows; guitar picks, necks (carbon fiber rods), and pick-guards; drum shells; bagpipe chanters; piano actions; and entire musical instruments such as  Luis and Clark 's carbon fiber cellos, violas, and violins; and  Blackbird Guitars ' acoustic guitars and ukuleles; also audio components such as turntables and loudspeakers. Firearms use it to replace certain metal, wood, and fiberglass components but many of the internal parts are still limited to metal alloys as current reinforced plastics are unsuitable. High-performance drone bodies and other radio-controlled vehicle and aircraft components such as helicopter rotor blades. Lightweight poles such as: tripod legs, tent poles, fishing rods, billiards cues, walking sticks, and high-reach poles such as for window cleaning. Dentistry,  carbon fiber posts  are used in restoring root canal treated teeth. Railed train  bogies  for passenger service. This reduces the weight by up to 50% compared to metal bogies, which contributes to energy savings. [32] Laptop shells and other high performance cases. Carbon woven fabrics. Archery: carbon fiber arrows and bolts,  stock  (for crossbows) and  riser  (for vertical bows), and rail. As a filament for the 3D fused deposition modeling printing process, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (polyamide-carbon filament) is used for the production of sturdy but lightweight tools and parts due to its high strength and tear length. District heating pipe rehabilitation, using CIPP method.

20. Boron fiber Boron fiber  or  boron filament  is an amorphous product which represents the major industrial use of elemental  boron . Boron fiber manifests a combination of high  strength  and high  elastic modulus . A common use of boron fibers is in the construction of high tensile strength tapes. Boron fiber use results in high-strength, lightweight materials that are used chiefly for advanced  aerospace  structures as a component of  composite materials , as well as limited production consumer and sporting goods such as  golf clubs  and  fishing rods . One of the uses of boron fiber composites was the horizontal tail surfaces of the  F-14 Tomcat  fighter. This was done because carbon fiber composites were not then developed to the point they could be used, as they were in many subsequent aircraft designs . In the production process, elemental  boron  is deposited on an even  tungsten  wire substrate which produces diameters of 4.0 mil (102 micron) and 5.6 mil (142 micron). It consists of a fully  borided   tungsten  core with  amorphous   boron . Boron fibers and sub-millimeter sized crystalline boron springs are produced by  laser -assisted  chemical vapor deposition . Translation of the focused laser beam allows to produce even complex helical structures. Such structures show good mechanical properties ( elastic modulus  450  GPa , fracture strain 3.7%, fracture stress 17  GPa ) and can be applied as reinforcement of ceramics or in  micromechanical systems

21. Silicon carbide

22. P roperties