rejuvenation-160812184650.pdfrejuvunation

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1. Pradeep Kumar Vishwakarma
And
JyotikaR. Bamaniya

2. Rejuvenation
•Rejuvenationmeansrestoringvitalityandfreshness
ofplants.Itisanothernameforrenewal.
•Rejuvenationisattemptedtomaketheplantnew.
•InIndiamanyexistingorchardsarenotasproductive
astheirpotential.
•Selectionofpoorplantingmaterial,improper
plantationandupkeepmakeorchardsuneconomic.
Thesesituationsnecessitateneedforrejuvenation.
•Variousfactorswhichmaketheplantsusceptibleto
rejuvenationsareasunder:

3. •Infestation of orchards
•Improper planting
•Planting material
•Faulty site
•Adverse weather conditions
•Attack of pests and pathogen

5. Objectives of Rejuvenation
•Enhancetheproductivityofoldfruitorchards.
•Providequalityplantingmaterialtofarmersat
reasonabletoincreaseyieldpercapital.
•Makesenileorchardsproductiveandjuvenile.
•Enhancetheprofitability.
•Conservationofoldprogenyorspecies.

6. Top working
•Itistheprocessofconvertinganundesirableplant
intodesirabletype.Usuallyseedlingstandoffruit
plantsareconsideredsuitablefortopworking.
•Top-workingisgenerallydoneonlong-lived
species,growinginahealthycondition.
•Short-livedspecies,diseasedtreesarenotsuitable
fortop-working;insuchcasesnewplantingis
consideredmoreeconomicalandusefulthantop-
working.

7. •Tobeginwiththeprocess,theplantsareheadedback
within1meterheightfromgroundlevelduringspring
whentheplantisinactivegrowthstage.Thenewshoot
appearedinresponseofheadingbackareselectedand
vegetativepropagation(budding/grafting)methodis
resortedduringJune-July.
•Anymethodofgrafting(splice,cleft,sideorbark)can
be-usedfortop-working.However,cleftisthemost
popularandcommonlyusedmethod,especiallywhen
thickbranchesareselected.
•Whenyoungerandthinbranchesareused,whipand
tongueisthebestmethod.
•Top-workingismostsuccessfulwhenrelativelyyoung
treesareused.Thebranchestobegraftedshouldbe2.5
to7.5or10.0cminthickness.

8. •Thebranchestobetop-workedshouldbecutinsucha
waythatthecutsurfaceissmooth,andisatapointof
thebranchwheretherearenoknotsorsmaller
branches.
•Scionsfortop-workingarecollectedwhentheyare
dormant.Theyshouldbecollectedfromhealthytrees,
freefromdiseases,especiallyfromviruses.
Immediatelyaftercollectionthescionsarewrapped
withpolyethylenefilmandstoredat0°C.Dormant
scionsunitewiththestockpromptlyandstartgrowing
withinafewweeks.
•Duringgraftingcareshouldbetakentoseethatthe
scionisnotdriedbyexposuretothesun.Immediately
aftereachlimbisgrafted,itshouldbethoroughly
coveredwithgraftingwax,sealingalltheexposedcut
surfaces.

10. Aftercare of top-worked trees
•Top-workedtreesshouldbeinspectedevery3to
5daysandifthewaxcoveringofthegraftjoint
shownanycracksorholes,afreshcoatingofwax
shouldbeimmediatelyapplied.
•Sun-burnofthetrunkisaseriousproblemintop-
workedtrees,especiallywhengraftingisdonein
latespringandthereisnonursebranch.Under
suchconditions,white-washingthetrunkand
brancheswillhelpinreflectingtheradiantenergy,
andwillpreventsun-burninjurybykeepingtie
barkofthetreequitecool.

11. •Usuallymorethanone(2to4)scionsaregrafted
toeachlimb,However,ifallthescionsuniteand
grow,therewillbeexcessivecrowdingof
branches.
•Itisbettertoselectthebestplacedandstrongest
growingscionforgrowingpermanentlyandall
otherweakgrowingscionsshouldberemoved
afterafewyearsofobservationoftheirgrowth
habit.
•Thetopworkedtreeshouldbeirrigated
periodicallyandfertilized.Plantprotection
measuresshouldalsobeadoptedtopreventthe
rottingofwoodandtokeepawaythebark-eating
caterpillars.

12. Techniques of Rejuvenation
Pruning
•Pruning is very powerful technique of rejuvenating the
plants. It brings juvenility. While pruning every attempt
is made to remove dead, damaged, diseased and
interlacerating branches.
•Generally pruning is resorted at breast height at about
2m height from ground level. Lower the pruning more
vigorous is the sprouting. It is the physiological age not
chronological age that is most important for juvenility
and in turn the ability of the plant to sprout.
•Further after long bearing age, trees itself enter into
senility. Pruning helps in invigorating such trees.

13. Manuring
•Timelymanuringandfertilizationisessentialfor
goodresumeofrejuvenatedplants.Manuresand
fertilizersareappliedonemonthaheadof
flowering.
•Onrejuvenatedplantsuponemergenceofnew
growthmicronutrientsshouldbesupplied.These
nutrientsmayalsobeappliedrepeatedlyduring
newgrowthstageofplants.
•However,therequirementofmajornutrients
especiallyN,P,Kbeingofhigherorder,these
mustbeappliedthroughsoilapplication.

14. Thinning of shoots
•In response to pruning there is emergence of several
shoots on the plants, These shoots remain over
crowded one over the other. Aeration, penetration of
light, space etc among branches are not at all proper.
To deal with the situation, only selected number of
shoot may be allowed to grow on the plant.
•While thinning, 4-5 shoots spread all around the plant
may be allowed to grow. Rest shoots are removed.
•Healthy, vigorous, well sprouted and well spaced
shoots are retained to constitute framework of
rejuvenated plants.

15. Supplemental feeding
•Adamagedplantcanbebroughtbacktovigorousstage
byarrangingforinfusionofsap.Forthispurpose,many
seedsareplantedneartrunkoftheplant.Theyare
allowedtogrow.
•Whenseedlingsattainheightofabout1metre,theyare
detopped.
•Theirtopportionsareincisizedinformofwedge.
Similarmatchingcutisgivenintrunkofplantrequiring
rejuvenationpruning.
•Afterthentheseedlingstopportionsareinsertedin
barkofdamagedplant.Aftersometimeuniontakes
placeandtheseedlingsbecomepartofoldrejuvenating
tree.

16. Control of devitalizing agents
•Pestsanddiseasesactasmajordevitalizingagentof
plants.Inwoodyperennialplantsthereisheavy
incidenceofbarkeatingcaterpillar,trunkborer,leaf
eatingcaterpillarpests,etc.
•Inlongrunthesepestsdevitalizetheplants.Withtrunk
borer,theplantsxylemtissuesaredamaged,theflowof
cellsapishamperedandtheplantsenterthestageof
decadence.
•Diseasesalsoruinthehealthofplants.Leafspot
disease,pinkdiseases,stemrot,rootrot,etc.takea
heavytollonsurvivalofplants.Thesecausative
diseasesneedtimelycontrol.

17. Cleft grafting
•Itisoneoftheoldesttechniquesoftopworkingtrees.It
isalsousefulforpropagatingsmalltrees.
•Incaseoftopworkingtree,theuseofthistechnique
shouldbelimitedtobranchesofabout2.5to10cm
diameter.
•Theplantspecieswhichhasstraightgrainedwoodand
splitsevenly,areconsideredidealforcleftgrafting.
•Onthestubtobegrafted,adownwardverticalsplitof5
to8cmlengthisprepared.Theverticalincisionis
madeontwosidesofstock.
•Thescionshootof8to10cmlengthandpencil
thicknessisused.Matchingincisionispreparedon
lowerportionofscion.Thescionisinsertedinvertical
slitsofrootstock.

19. Wedge grafting
•Oldtreescanberejuvenatedthroughwedge
grafting.
•Theplantiscutinformofstubatabout1m
heightfromground.V-wedgeabout5cmdeepis
preparedinthesideofstub.SimilarmatchingV
shapecutispreparedatthebottomofscion.
•Thescionistappeddownwardfirmlyintoplace.
Itiskeptoutwardslightlyatthetoptohaveabest
matchofcambiumlayer.Everyattemptismade
thatscionshouldbeheldtightlyinplaceto
preventitsdislodging.

20. Bridge grafting
•Itisusedtorepairtheplants.Quietoftenplantsreceiveinjurydueto
cultivationequipments,winterinjury,diseases,pests,rodents,etc.
Thedamageisexcessive,thetreeisverysuretodie.
•Actuallythedamagecauseshindrancesintranslocationofnutrients
fromtoptoroots.Bridgegraftingtakescareofit.
•Itisbestperformedduringearlyspringwhentheplantisactively
growingandthereisslippingofbarkeasily.Thescionshouldbe
obtainedfrom1yearoldgrowth.
•Dormantscionof6-13mmdiameterisusedforgrafting.Before
attemptingbridgegraftingwoundedareaistrimmedbacktohealthy,
undamagedtissuebyremovingdeadordamagedpart.V-shape
incisionismadeatthetipandalsothebottomofrootstocktoinsert
scion.Thescionisinsertedevery5-7aroundtheinjuredsectionof
theplant.Afterinsertionofallscions,thecutsurfacemustbe
coveredbygraftwax.

22. Frame working
•Graftingmanysmallsecondaryscaffoldbrancheshigh
onthetreeconstitutesframeworking.
•Itrequiresinsertionofgraftsthroughoutthemainframe
ofthetree.Alargenumberofscionsisrequiredto
replacethesmalllateralsandscaffoldbranches.Growth
comingoutofthepreviousframeofthetreeisremoved
timetotimetofavourestablishmentofthescions.
•Frameworkingisresortedusingbudding/grafting
technique.Theframeworkedplantsrewardgood
fruiting.But,thetechniquebeingcumbersomeand
expensive,itisnotpracticedcommerciallyinthe
orchard.