Renal cancer

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1. RENAL CANCER RATHEESH R L

2. Renal cell cancer (also called kidney cancer or  renal adenocarcinoma ) is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the lining of tubules in the kidney . 

3. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS It's not clear what causes renal cell carcinoma. Older age.   The risk of kidney cancer increases as age. Smoking.   Smokers have a greater risk of kidney cancer than nonsmokers do. The risk decreases after quiting . Obesity.   People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than do people who are considered average weight. High blood pressure (hypertension).   High blood pressure increases the risk of kidney cancer.

4. Treatment for kidney failure.   People who receive long-term dialysis to treat chronic kidney failure have a greater risk of developing kidney cancer . Having a family history of kidney cancer.   The risk is especially high in siblings. Being exposed to certain chemicals.  such as  asbestos , cadmium, benzene, organic solvents, or certain herbicides

5. Being black.   The risk in blacks is slightly higher than in whites. No one knows why. Having  lymphoma For an unknown reason, there is an increased risk of kidney cancer in patients with lymphoma.

6. STAGING OF RENAL CANCER Stage I.   At this stage, the tumor can be up to 2.75 inches (7 centimeters) in diameter. The tumor is confined to the kidney. Stage II. A stage II kidney cancer is larger than a stage I tumor, but it's still confined to the kidney .

7. Stage III.   At this stage, the tumor extends beyond the kidney to the surrounding tissue and may also have spread to a nearby lymph node. Stage IV.   Cancer spreads outside the kidney, to multiple lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body, such as the bones, liver or lungs.

8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Blood in your urine A lump in your side or abdomen A loss of appetite A pain in your side that doesn't go away Weight loss  that occurs for no known reason Fever that lasts for weeks and isn't caused by a cold or other infection

9. Extreme  fatigue Anemia Swelling in your  ankles  or legs Kidney cancer that spreads to other parts of the body may cause other symptoms, such as: Shortness of breath Coughing up blood Bone pain

10. Tests and diagnosis Blood and urine tests.   Tests the blood and urine may give clues about what's causing signs and symptoms. Imaging tests.   Imaging tests allow the doctor to visualize a kidney tumor or abnormality. Imaging tests might include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

11. Removing a sample of kidney tissue (biopsy).   In rare cases, the doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a small sample of cells (biopsy) from a suspicious area of kidney. The sample is tested in a lab to look for signs of cancer .

12. Intravenous pyelogram  (IVP)   involves X-raying the kidneys after the doctor injects a dye that travels to the urinary tract, highlighting any tumors.

13. SURGERY Surgery is the standard of care for the majority of kidney cancers. Surgical procedures used to treat kidney cancer include: Radical nephrectomy   it removes the kidney, adrenal gland, and surrounding tissue. It also often removes nearby lymph nodes. It is the most common surgery for kidney cancer and can now be done through a small incision with a laparoscope.

14. Simple nephrectomy   removes the kidney only. Partial nephrectomy   removes the cancer in the kidney along with some tissue around it. This procedure is used for patients with smaller tumors (less than 4 cm) or in those patients in which a radical nephrectomy might hurt the other kidney.

15. If surgery can't remove your kidney cancer, your doctor may suggest another option to help destroy the tumor. Cryotherapy   uses extreme cold to kill the tumor. Radiofrequency ablation   uses high-energy radio waves to "cook" the tumor. Arterial embolization   involves inserting material into an  artery  that leads to the kidney. This blocks blood flow to the tumor. This procedure may be done to help shrink the tumor before surgery .

16. Radiation therapy   Often used to help with symptoms of kidney cancer or in patients who cannot have surgery, this treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or halt their growth. External radiation therapy sends radiation to the cancer from a machine outside the body.

17. Chemotherapy This therapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from multiplying.

18. Prevention Quit smoking.   If you smoke, quit. Many options for quitting exist, including support programs, medications and nicotine replacement products.

19. Maintain a healthy weight.   Work to maintain a healthy weight. If you're overweight or obese, reduce the number of calories you consume each day and try to exercise most days of the week. Ask your doctor about other healthy strategies to help you lose weight.

20. Control high blood pressure.   Ask the doctor to check your blood pressure at your next appointment. Lifestyle measures such as exercise, weight loss and diet changes can help. Some people may need to add medications to lower their blood pressure.

21. NURSING MANAGEMENT Administer prescribed  analgesics  as needed by the patient. Prepare for nephrectomy as indicated. Provide symptomatic treatment for  adverse effects  of chemotherapeutic drugs. Watch the patient for signs and symptoms of pulmonary, neurologic, and liver dysfunction. Monitor laboratory  test results  for anemia, polycythemia, and abnormal blood chemistry.

22. Watch for adverse effects of radiation or chemotherapy. Monitor the patient’s degree of pain and assess the effectiveness of analgesics. Tell the patient what to expect from surgery and other treatments. Explain the possible effects of radiation and drug therapy.

23. Stress the importance of compliance with any prescribed outpatient treatment. Encourage the patient to express his anxieties and fears and remain with him during periods of severe stress and anxiety.