Renal Function Test or Kidney function Test-1.pptx

RFT tell us the function capacity of kidney or if there is any abnormality there

1. Renal Function Test (RFT) A comprehensive overview By Taiba Abdulrahman Khan

2. Introduction

3. Urine formation Excretion of NPN substance (urea, Creatinine,uric acid) Electrolyte balance Acid base balance Water balance Hormones products like erythropoietin Renin,calcitriol Kindey function

4. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE INCREASED Dehydration UTIs Hight protein Kidney disease Cardiac failure Severe burn DECREASE Liver failure Malnutrition Very low protein diet

5. Types of Renal Function Tests Serum Creatinine: Measures creatinine, a waste product from muscle metabolism. Significance of elevated levels. Normal range 0.7 to 1.3mg/dL Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism. Normal range 6 to 24mg/dl(2.1 to 8.5mmol/L)

6. Types of Renal Function Tests Urinalysis: General test to check for signs of kidney disease. Includes appearance, concentration, and content (protein, blood, etc.) Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR): Checks for albumin in urine, a sign of kidney damage.

7. Factors Affecting Renal Function Test Results

8. Common Conditions Detected by RFT

9. Pre-renal, Causes of Kidney Dysfunction Pre-renal Causes Definition : Pre-renal conditions affect the kidney’s blood supply, causing impaired filtration. The kidney itself is structurally intact, but it is not receiving enough blood to filter. Common Causes : Hypovolemia (due to dehydration, blood loss, or severe diarrhea). Decreased cardiac output (heart failure, shock). Renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys). Severe burns, trauma, or sepsis leading to reduced blood flow to the kidneys. Laboratory Findings : Serum Creatinine and BUN : Elevated BUN/creatinine ratio (>20:1). Urine Sodium : Low urine sodium (<20 mmol/L) as the kidneys try to conserve water. Urine Osmolality : High, due to concentrated urine as the body tries to retain fluids.

10. Renal Causes of Kidney Dysfunction Renal (Intrinsic) Causes Definition : Intrinsic conditions directly damage the kidneys, typically the nephrons. Common Causes : Acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli). Interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney’s interstitium). Ischemia or toxins (e.g., certain medications, contrast dyes). Laboratory Findings : Urinalysis : Presence of casts (e.g., granular casts in ATN, red cell casts in glomerulonephritis). Urine Sodium : Higher (>40 mmol/L) due to impaired reabsorption. Serum Creatinine : Elevated, with no significant BUN/creatinine ratio difference.

11. Post-renal Causes of Kidney Dysfunction Post-renal Causes Definition : Post-renal causes involve obstruction of urine flow, leading to pressure buildup and decreased kidney function. The blockage can occur in the ureters, bladder, or urethra. Common Causes : Kidney stones (urolithiasis). Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia - BPH). Tumors obstructing urinary tract (e.g., bladder or prostate cancer). Urethral strictures or congenital anomalies. Laboratory Findings : Serum Creatinine and BUN : Both elevated, with a normal BUN/creatinine ratio. Urinalysis : Possible hematuria (blood in urine) or infection. Imaging : Ultrasound or CT to identify obstruction. Urine Flow : Decreased or intermittent flow of urine. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

12. Symptoms Indicating the Need for RFT

13. Preparation and Procedure

14. Interpreting Test Results Elevated Serum Creatinine and BUN: Interpretation in terms of kidney dysfunction. Differential diagnosis: Prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes. Low GFR and Implications: Risk of progressing to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteinuria and Albuminuria: Diagnostic significance and how to interpret the severity.

15. Management of Renal Dysfunction

16. Future of Renal Function Testing

17. Conclusion

18. Thanks any questions?