Renewable Energy Resources.pdf power generation

power generation lecture

1. Renewable Energy Resources

2. Introduction
•The renewable resources are the natural sources which can be
replenished as times passes
•RE is energy obtained from repetitive process recurring in the
natural environment
•Renewable: They are re-new-able. Renewable energy sources
are energy suppliers that are refilled by natural processes as
fast as we use them.
•Alternative: It can be alternative one if it is able to provide
some or whole part of energy needs which is met by fossil
ones
•Sustainable: The energy supply will sustain continuously i.eas
sun continue to shine, gravity to apply on objects while fossil
fuels have no sustainability
•RE are essentially inexhaustible

3. RERs
•HYDRO
•SOLAR
•WIND
•BIOMASS
•TIDAL
•WAVE
•FUEL CELL
•GEOTHERMAL

4. Renewable Energy
Energy Resource Origin
▫Solar Energy: Mother of all energy resources
▫Wind Energy: Due to Difference in
temperature
▫Biomass: Organic substance
▫Geothermal Energy: Heat Energy under earth
▫Wave Energy: Wind Energy
▫Tidal Energy: Gravitational force between
earth and moon
▫Fuel Cell: Man Made process

5. IMPORTANCE OF RE
•Because of limited fuel resources, increased demand
and environmental impacts, RER are needed
•Energy are most important problems of world
because of two reasons
I)Sources are limited and usage increase with
standard of living
II) Fossil fuels are hazardous for environment
•RER produces little or no waste products, such as
CO
2, chemical pollutants so has minimal impact on
environment
•Most mega plants are away from urban areas so RE
projects can bring economical benefit to rural areas

6. •Pakistan is facing sever energy crises of its history in last few
years. 66% of our energy generation is obtained from fossil
fuels and remaining 34% is contributed by hydro power.
•RE concern is mainly due to running down of fossil fuels and
their high prices
•The main motivation for switching to alternative fuel in
agriculture is financial. It can save money even our grand
children will have enough energy.
•RER produce clean & non-polluting energy.
•Biomass resources are considered Green house gases neutral
b/c the CO
2generated in producing energy is
compensated/neutralized by CO
2used by growing biomass
crop.
•Most of RER are readily available & are available in large scale
free of cost

7. •These sources are well suited for de centralize
use
•Less maintenance & reduce cost of operation
•Healthy & good for earth
•Fossil fuel cause global warming which leads to
melting of ice which could raise level of oceans &
causes flooding

8. How long will fossil fuel last?
•Let the earth be made of a thin shell that is filled
entirely with fossil fuels.
•Consider the earth as a sphere of radius
R=6378.137 kms.
•This amounts to about 1.1x1021 m3 of fossil fuel.
•take the average energy density of fossil fuel to
be about 10000Wh/lt or 10000 KWh/m3

9. •the amount of stored energy within the earth is
1.1x10
25
KWh
•The current annual world energy consumption is
about 55x1012 KWh
•Considering a 7% growth in energy consumption
annually
•in 372 years with an annual energy consumption
growth rate of 7%, all the fossil fuel is emptied
within the earth even though we started with
earth being full of fossil fuel. However, earth is
not composed fully of fossil fuel. Only a fraction
of its volume is stored as fossil fuel.

10. •The pinnacle of fossil fuel usage is passed. Its
usage will now decay exponential and in the next
100 years will gradually die.

11. Green house effect
•Green house gases –carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
methane, chlorofluorocarbons.
•Green house gases are the temperature stabilizers of
the earth’s atmosphere.
•Temperature stabilization is by trapping radiated
heat from the earth’s surface by these green house
gases.
Global warming
•Due to emissions from the fossil fuel based systems,
the green house gases in the atmosphere increases.
•As a result, the average temperature of the earth is
becoming higher.

12. Effects of Global warming
•changes in rainfall patterns
•rise in sea level
•impacts on flora and fauna
•Impacts on human health
Health is an issue!
•CO poisoning.
•Asthma.
•Skin diseases and cancer due to depletion of
stratospheric ozone.

13. Cost in the long run…
•Life cycle costing gives more realistic estimates.
•This gives a much better correlation of cost to
energy used.

14. LIMITATIONS OF RER
•Renewable energy supplied can become
exhausted if we use them faster than they
become replenished
•Depends entirely on climatic condition
•Generation in large quantity is difficult
•High capital cost
•RER are inconsistent and unpredictable

15. SOCIAL IMPACT OF RER
•Wide spread use of RE system may lead to
increasing or decreasing employment rate
•Improvement in health
•Biogas being a clean source of domestic energy
which is socially acceptable to replace the dirty
and socially non acceptable source of domestic
energy like cow dung cakes, fuel wood that emit
smoke and causes indoor pollution & root cause
of TB in Pakistan.
•Cow dung emits smoke by combustion and causes
bad odor if not properly dumped

16. •Women use cow dung cakes for combustion
which can make manually everyday can cause
health and hygiene problems while they cook
with semi clean hands
•Physical labor every day as women collect fuel
wood from far away places for cooking
•Time of women consumed in making dung cakes
and collecting fuel wood while biogas will saved
their time and health and indoor environment

17. •Development in rural areas will always welcome
dairy and poultry industries
•Biogas plants will be established in rural areas so
no danger of settlement

18. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
▫Less air pollution i.e. GHGs (CH
4, N
2O, CO
2) than
fossil fuel combustion
▫No hazardous waste or by product that can
damage ecosystem
▫Flood control
▫Human population displacement
▫Barriers to migrating fish due to HEPP
▫Coastal erosion due to deforestation for biomass
▫Danger to birds due to wind turbines
▫Using cow dung as biogas can control emissions
and protect global warming

19. ECONOMICAL IMPACTS
•less running cost
•No fuel transportation
•Reduce transmission cost
•Increasing investment in RE system will
continue to produce thousands of jobs
•Money saving due to reduce health bills

20. FEASIBILITY OF RER IN PAKISTAN
SOLAR
•0.25% of Baluchistan is covered with solar power
plants with efficiency of 20%, enough electricity
would be generate to overcome all Pakistan
electricity demands
•Solar energy makes sense for Pakistan as 70% of
population lives in 50,000 villages that are very far
away from national grid. According to SERC,
connecting these villages to national grid would be
very costly. Economical way is to electrified them
with solar energy

21. Wind:
•In Islamabad, wind speed is from 6.2-7.4 m/s, near Karachi is 6.2-
6.9 m/s. These places are more suitable for Wind energy generation
Biomass:
•Pakistan possesses 30 million head of buffalo's and 33 million
cattle's. Each buffalo/cow head can give on an average 15 kg of
dung in a day and therefore a total of 945m kg of dung is produced
in a day and 344925 million kg of dung is produced in a year. About
6kg of dung can produce 1m
3
of biogas(natural gas).Thus Pakistan
can easily produce over 150 million m
3
of biogas per day and 57488
million m
3
of biogas per annum.
•In addition, poultry farm also produce hung quantity of poultry
manure which can produce even more methane than cow dung.