Report writing- APA style

Report writing- APA style

1. MODULE 6 Presented by Sidra Akhtar

2. APA TEXT Citation APA text citation style refers to the rules established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list.

3. Why we use in-text citations When using  APA  format, follow the author-date method of in- text citation . This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the  text , for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete  reference  should appear in the  reference  list at the end of the paper.

4. APA citation basics When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text , for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

5. Citing sources with more than one author If we use sources with the same author surnames, then include a first name initial. If the two sources have authors with the same initials, then include their full names: Example: ( J. Johnson 12-13). Or (John Johnson 12-13). If there are two or three authors of the source, include their last names in the order they appear on the source: Example: ( Smith, Wollensky , and Johnson 45).

6. In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If refer to the title of a source within paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose

7. When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural -Born Cyborgs . Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ." Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .

8. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

9. Short quotations If directly quoting from a work, we will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Example According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). 

10. Long quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of type written lines, and omit quotation marks . Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place we would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

11. Summary or paraphrase When paraphrasing an idea from another work, we only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage to also provide the page number (although it is not required .) Example According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

12. How to Format In Text Citations APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list. (Austin, 1998)

13. If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative , then only the date need be given: Example Austin (1998) compared institutional support Two authors . Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text. (Parker & Mokhesi -Parker, 1998)

14. If Three to five authors Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. First reference: (Parker, Mokhesi -Parker, AuthorC , AuthorD & AuthorE , 1998) Subsequent references: (Parker et al.) Six or more authors . Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

15. Group or corporate authors . Use the name of the body in the citation: ( World Bank, 1998) Unknown author . Use the first few words of the title as the reference in the text (capitalize all words in title): (" Structuring Lawmaking", 2002)

16. Author is listed as "Anonymous" . Use it as if it were the author's name. (Anonymous, 2003) When paraphrasing , APA style does not require page numbers in the in-text citation. However, authors are encouraged to include page numbers if it will help the reader locate the relevant information in longer texts. Consult with your professor regarding the need for page numbers for paraphrased information.

17. If the reference is to an exact quotation , the author, year and page number must be included. The page number can be given in parentheses at the end of the exact quotation or incorporated into the in-text citation. Newman (1994) concluded "sibling conflict is so common that its occurence is taken for granted" (p. 123).

18. For exact quotations from sources without page numbers , use paragraph numbers, if available. If the paragraphs are not numbered, but there are headings, use the heading name and count the number of paragraphs after the heading to the paragraph containing the quotation. (Publication Manual, Chapter 6.05, p. 171) (Smith, 2003, para . 1)

19. For citations taken from secondary sources , include the secondary source in the reference list and mention the original work in the text. Text citation: Goldman and Goldman's study (as cited in Linebarger , 2001) found .... Reference List: Linebarger , D. L. (2001). Learning to read from television: The effects of using captions and narration.  Journal of Educational Psychology, 93 (2), 288-298.

20. Anonymous author Not all of sources will come from books, journals, newspapers, etc.  Some of them will consist of personal communications, or personal conversations, emails, class lectures, performance art, or research interviews.  Cite personal communications only in the text,  give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide the exact date if possible

21. If the personal communication is recoverable, then the source should be cited as an  archived material . I ndividual Email Since emails are not recoverable, APA treats them like personal communications In text format: An example given by M. Lankershim (personal communication, May 11, 2008)

22. Personal Interviews , "How Do You Cite an Interview ", Because personal interviews are not considered recoverable data,  these references should not be posted in the reference list . In text format: M. Hughes (personal communication, February 10, 2005) suggests that Too many hot dogs are not good for your gut (M. Hughes, personal communication, Febrauary 10, 2005

23. Performance Art  , "There's an Art to It") Because people cannot go back to the actual performance unless it has been recorded, performance art should be formatted like a personal communication by giving the artist(s) and date of performance.   This source is not included in the reference list  unless the performance has been recorded.

24. Research Interviews Though most personal communications include the communicators first initial and surname, in the case of research interviewees, the participant's identity must remain anonymous for ethical reasons.  As a result, we do not include any identifying information.  Here are some ways to keep participants anonymous: Do not provide any identifying information: Observations by one of the students interviews draws more attention to the inital problem: [Insert quote without other attributions ]

25. Identify the participant by age or some other type of data: "The experience was different and exhausting (male participant, 43 years of age)." "In retrospect, I would have spent more time with the research librarian (female psychology student)." Use letters, nicknames, or roles to identify participants Student A, Student B;   Participant A, Partcipant B John, Mary Doctor, Patient; Librarian, Patron; Teacher, Student

26. THANK YOU