Reproductive Health Class 12th CBSE NCERT

*Title: Reproductive Health – Class 12 Biology Presentation*

This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of Reproductive Health as per the Class 12 CBSE Biology syllabus. It covers key topics including the importance of reproductive health, birth control methods, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), infertility, and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). The slides are designed with clear visuals and concise explanations to aid student understanding and retention. Ideal for students, teachers, and educators looking for a quick yet thorough revision resource.

1. Reproductive Health
Created By: neharohtagi1
CLASS –12
th

2. Introduction
•As interpreted by the World Health Organization(WHO), an overall well-being in the physical,
emotional, behavioral and social regards of reproduction is known as reproductive health.
•A reproductively healthy society is a society with people having physically and functionally
normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioral interactions among them in
all sex related aspects.
•Indiais the first country to initiate action plans at the national level to attain total reproductive
health; these programmed were called the Family Planning Programmed and were initiated
in 1951.
•Family planning projects have been improvised to incorporate even larger number of
reproduction-related sphere and are presently running under the well accepted name (RCH)
'Reproductive and Child Health Care programmed'.

3. Major Goals of RCH
Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects and providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy
society are the major tasks under these programmed.
With the help of audio-visual and the print-media governmental and non-governmental agencies have taken various steps to create awareness among
the people about reproduction-related aspects.
Parents, other close relatives, teachers and friends, also have a major role in the dissemination of the above information.
Introduction of sex education in schools should also be encouraged to provide right information to the young so as to discouragechildren from believing
in myths and having misconceptions about sex-related aspects.
Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD),
AIDS, etc., would help people, especially those in the adolescent age group to lead a reproductively healthy life.
Educating people, especially fertile couples and those in marriageable age group, about available birth control options, careofpregnant mothers, post-
natal care of the mother and child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for the male and the female child, etc., would address the
importance of bringing up socially conscious healthy families of desired size.
Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled population growth, social evils like sex-abuse and sex-related crimes, etc., need to be created to enable
people to think and take up necessary steps to prevent them and thereby build up a socially responsible and healthy society.

4. Amniocentesis
•It is a prenatal diagnostic techniquewhich includes the sample
collection amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant female. It is
mostly procured during the early stages of fetal development and the
cells are cultured and analyzed.
•By the means of this procedure, the chromosomal disorders, the sex
of the fetus and embryological developmental disorders could be
detected for the treatment. Since, it is often misused for gender
discrimination and eliminating the normal female fetus. The
government has introduced a statutory ban on this technique to
legitimately monitor female feticides.
•By amniocentesis following genetic diseases can be detected-Down
Syndrome, Haemophilia, Sickle-cell Anaemia, etc.,
•Sex can be determined by this technique and is misused for
destroying the normal female fetuses. Thus there is a statutory ban
on this technique to legally check female feticides.

5. Population Explosion
•The enormous increase in population within a shorter span of time is known as Population Explosion.
•However, increased health facilities along with better living conditions had an explosive impact on the
growth of population.
•The world population which was around 2 billion (2000 million) in 1900 rocketed to about 6 billion by
2000 and 7.2 billion in 2011.
•In India, population was approximately 350 million at the time of our independence reached close to the
billion mark by 2000 and crossed 1.2 billion in May 2011.
•Reasons for Population Explosion are:
Developing health provisions.
Engagement in
technology.
Comparatively
superior lifestyle, have
an explosive impact
on the growth of
population.
Decreasing Maternal
Mortality Rate
(MMR).
Descending Infant
Mortality Rate(IMR).
Spike in the number
of individual of the
reproductive age

6. Consequences of Population Explosion
Increased crime
rate
Increased waste
generation
Unemployment Poverty
High Infant
Mortality Rate
Burden on
natural
resources
Deforestation Pollution
Disturbed social
fabric

7. Birth Control
•The major step towards controlling the rising growth
in population is to bring down the birth rate.
•The most important step to overcome this problem
is to motivate smaller families by using various
contraceptive methods.
•Many couples, mostly the young, urban, working
ones have even adopted an ‘one child norm’.
•Statutory raising of marriageable age of the female
to 18 years and that of males to 21 years, and
incentives given to couples with small families are
two of the other measures taken to tackle this
problem.

8. An Ideal Contraceptive
Inexpensive
Easy and simple
to use with
minimum side
effects
Rapidly
reversible
Readily
available
Highly
effective.
Can be
administered
by non-
healthcare
personnel.

9. Contraceptive
Methods
Natural
Methods
Periodic
Abstinence
Lactation
Amenorrhea
Coitus
Interruptus
Barrier
Methods
Condoms
Diaphragms,
Vaults and
Cervical Caps
Spermicidal
Creams
Intra –Uterine
Devices
Hormone
Releasing
Cu Ions
Releasing
Non –
Medicated
IUD’s
Oral
Contraceptives
Steroidal Pills
Non –
Steroidal Pills
Injectable And
Implants
Steroidal
Implants
Surgical
Methods
Vasectomy
Tubectomy

10. Natural Methods
•Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting..
•Periodic Abstinence:This practice involves the couples to abstain or keep away from having
intercourse during which ovulation is expected to occur and chances of fertilization are higher.
i.e., around the period of 10-17th day of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation could be
expected. As chances of fertilization are very high during this period, it is called the Fertile
Period.
•Lactational Amenorrhea: When there is an absence of menstruation during periods because
of intense lactation following parturition. As ovulation does not occur during this period,
chances of conception are almost down to zero. This method is only effective for a maximum
period of about six months after parturition and is only caused due to intense lactation.
•Coitus Interupptus: This practice involves removal of penis from the vagina before ejaculation
and insemination is avoided.

11. Barrier Methods
•The fusion of the ovum and sperms is prevented from fusion with the help of barriers.
•Contraceptive Barriers are available for both males and females.
•Condoms:barriers made of thin rubber or latex sheath, to cover the penis in male or vagina
and cervix in females. Usage of condom can keep the sexually active individuals from
contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
•Diaphragms:Barriers (made of rubber) such as vaults and cervical caps are used by females.
Since made from rubber, they can be reused.
•Spermicidal Creams:Along with the use of barriers these creams are used to increase
contraceptive efficiency.

12. Intra –Uterine Devices
•These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
•Types of Intra-Uterine Devices:
Non-medicated IUDs, e.g., lippies loop.
Copper releasing IUDs, e.g., CuT, Cu-7, Multiload 375.
Hormone releasing IUDs, e.g., progestasert, LNG 20.
•Functioning of IUDs:
By increasing phagocytosis of sperms.
By suppressing sperm motility and thus reducing fertilizing ability (by copper releasing
IUDs) of sperms.
By making the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix antagonistic to sperms.

13. Oral Contraceptives
•Oral contraceptives are hormonal preparations in the forms of ‘Pills’.
•They are either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations.
•In order to prevent or retard entry of sperms into the female, they alter or cause obstruction in
the process of ovulation and implantation. It also modifies the quality of cervical mucus.
•Oral contraceptive pills needs to be administered on a daily basis for a period of 21 days
starting within the first five days of menstrual cycle.

14. SAHELI: A Contraceptive Pill
•It contains a non-steroidal principle called ormeloxifene or centchroman which is a unique
combination of weak estrogenic and potent anti-estrogenic inhibiting the fertilized egg from
nidation.
•It is once a week pill.
•It has few side effects and contraceptive value is high.
•Developed by the scientists of Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow, India.
Saheli was renamed 'Chhaya' in 2017.

15. Injectable And Implants
•The combination of progestogen-estrogen or progestogens is also administered by the means
of injections or as implants under the skin.
•Though their mode of action is alike to that of oral contraceptives, but have longer effective
period.

16. Surgical Methods
•These are terminal methods that are advised for the male or female partners to prevent any
further pregnancy and are commonly called sterilisation.
•Surgical methods cut off the transport of gametes. Thus, conception is forever ceased.
•Vasectomy: It is the sterilisationprocedure in males, where a small portion of the vas deferens
is removed or tied up, through an incision in the scrotum.
•Tubectomy: It is the sterilisationprocedure in females, where a small part of fallopian tube is
removed or tied up, through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
•Advantage and Disadvantage of Surgical Methods:
Most effective contraceptive techniques
Percentage of reversibility is very poor.

18. Medical Termination Of Pregnancy
•Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called Medical
Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.
•Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which accounts to 1/5th
of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year.
•Whether to accept MTP or not is being debated upon in many countries due to emotional,
ethical, religious and social issues involved in it. Government of India legalized MTP in 1971
with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse.
•Such restrictions are all the more important to check indiscriminate and illegal female
foeticideswhich are reported to be high in India.
•MTPs are considered to be safe only during the first trimester (upto12 weeks of pregnancy)
whereas MTPs, during the second trimester could be subject to risk.

20. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
•Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called Sexually
Transmitted Infections(STI)/ Venereal Diseases(VD)/ Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI).
•Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital Herpes, Chlamydiasis,Genital Warts, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis-Band
HIV –AIDSare some of the common STIs.
•They are transmitted by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc., with infected persons,
transfusion of blood, or from an infected mother to the fetustoo.
•Except for hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV infections, other diseases are completely curable if
detected early and treated properly.
•Early symptoms are minorand include itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings, etc., in the
genital region. Infected females may often be asymptomatic and hence, may remain undetected for
long.
•This could lead to complications later, which include Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID), abortions,
still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertilityor even cancer of the reproductive tract. STIs are a major
threat to a healthy society.

21. Precautions For STI’s
•Therefore, prevention or early detection and cure of these diseases are given prime
consideration under the reproductive health-care programmes.
•Though all persons are vulnerable to these infections, their incidences are reported to be very
high among persons in the age group of 15-24 years –the age group to which you also belong.
•There is no reason to panic because prevention is possible.
•One could be free of these infections by following the simple principles given below:
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always try to use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt, one should go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get
complete treatment if diagnosed with infection.

22. Infertility
•A discussion on reproductive health is incomplete without a mention of Infertility.
•A large number of couples all over the world including India are Infertile, i.e., they are unable
to produce children inspiteof unprotected sexual co –habitation.
•The reasons for this could be many–physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunologicalor
psychological.
•In India, often the female is blamed for the couple being childless, but more often than not, the
problem lies in the male partner.
•Specialisedhealth care units (infertility clinics, etc.) could help in diagnosis and corrective
treatment of some of these disorders and enable these couples to have children.

23. Assisted Reproductive Techniques
•Special techniques are applied to assist the sterile couple (manor woman) produce children
when the issue cannot be solved by the corrective treatments are known as the Assisted
Reproductive Techniques(ARTs).
•It includes:
a.In Vitro Fertilization (ZIFTand IUT)
b.In Vivo Fertilization (GIFT)
c.Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
d.Artificial Insemination

24. Test Tube Baby Programmes
•In this method from the wife/donor (female) and sperms from the husband/donor (male) are
collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory, known
as the IVF(in vitro fertilization).
•The zygote is relocated into the fallopian tube of the uterus of the female for further
development. This is commonly called the Embryo Transfer(ET).
•There are two ways of embryo transfer:
ZIFT–The process of transferring zygote or embryo up to eight blastomeresstage into the
fallopian tube.
IUT–The process of transferring embryo with more than eight blastomerestage into the
uterus.

25. In Vivo Fertilisation
•Embryos formed by In-vivo Fertilisation(fusion of gametes within the female) also could be
used for such transfer to assist those females who cannot conceive.
•Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) –transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the
fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable
environment for fertilisationand further development.
•Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) –is another specialisedprocedure to form an
embryo in the laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
•Artificial Insemination (AI) –Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partnerto
inseminate the female or due to very low sperm countsin the ejaculates, could be corrected
by artificial insemination technique.
•Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI) –in this method, sperm is placed directly into a woman's
uterus during ovulation to increase the chances of fertilization.