RESEARCH APPROACH & DESIGN.pptx presented by preeti kulshrestha

research approach and design- The document provides an in-depth overview of research design in health nursing, detailing its definition, elements, and the various types such as qualitative, quantitative, experimental, and non-experimental designs. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the appropriate design based on factors like research problem, purpose, ethics, validity, and available resources. The document also outlines the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of different research methods, helping researchers understand how to effectively plan and analyze their studies.
A research approach is the broad philosophical stance (like quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods) for conducting a study, while a research design is the detailed plan or blueprint that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. The approach guides the design, which details the population, sampling method, data collection tools, and analytical strategies needed to achieve the study's objectives.

1. RESEARCH APPROACH & DESIGN Presented by PREETI KULSHRESTHA

2. INTRODUCTION Research approach & research design are two terms that are frequently used interchangeably. Research design is a broader plan to conduct study, Research approach is an important element of the research design. It includes the description of the research approaches, dependent and independent variables, sampling design and planned format for data collection, analysis and presentation.

3. DEFINITION Research design can be defined as a blueprint to conduct a research study , which involves the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, tools and methods of data collection and analysis to answer specific research questions. Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hypotheses.

4. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

5. SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN- Nature of research problem Purpose of the study Research’s knowledge and experience Researcher’s interest & motivation Research ethics & principles

6. CONTD. Subjects/participants Resources Time Possible control on extraneous variables Users of the study findings

7. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative research designs Qualitative research designs Mixed methods research designs

8. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Experimental Non-Experimental Other Research design Research design Addi. R. D. Methodological True exp. Quasi-exp. Pre-exp. -Post test -Non-Randomized -One Shot. Ecological Only control control group Case Design design design. Secondary - One-Group Data Analysis -Pre-test -Time- Series pretest –post test post-test Design design Meta-analysis Control group design Clinical Trials -Solomon Evaluation studies four group design Operational Research -Factorial design Outcome Research -Randomized Descriptive R.D Survey R.D Epidemiological R.D Developmental R.D Correlational R.D. Block design -Cross-over design

9. . EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN: - It is most scientifically sophisticated method. Experimental researches have a common characteristics : manipulation, control, randomization. Control is difficult when studies are conducted in natural setting on human subjects. E.g. in nursing, in medical .

10. Contd. Characteristics / principles: - Manipulation Control Randomization

11. Contd. Types : - True –experimental research design Quasi – experimental research design Pre experimental research design

12. True –Experimental Research Design (Randomized Control Trials) It is also known as Randomized Control Trails. Principles/ characteristics: manipulation, control, randomization e

13. Types of T.E.R.D. 1. POST-TEST-ONLY CONTROL DESIGN: - Random assignment Experimental group Control group Post-test Post-test Treatment

14. Contd. E.g. To study the effect of an educational intervention related to urinary in continence on the subsequent help-seeking behaviour of older adults.

15. Contd. 2. PRE-TEST-POST-TEST-ONLY DESIGN: - Random assignment Experimental group Control group Post-test Post-test Treatment Pre-test Pre-test

16. Contd. E.g. To assess the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions in reduction of stress among patients with breast cancer.

17. Contd. 3. SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN: - Random assignment Experimental group 1 Control group 1 Post-test Post-test Treatment Pre-test Pre-test Experimental group 2 Control group 2 Treatment Post-test Post-test

18. Contd. 4. FACTORIAL DESIGN: - It is also called 2x2 or 2x3 factorial . E.g. in this design, a researcher wants to observe the effects of two different protocols of mouth care on prevention of VAP when performed at different frequencies in a day

19. Contd. Frequency of Protocols of Mouth care Mouth care Chlorhexidine I Saline II 4 HOURLY ( A) A I A II 6 HOURLY (B) B I B II 8 HOURLY (C) C I C II

20. Contd. 5. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN: - E.g. A researcher wants to examine the effects of 3 different anti-hypertensive drugs on patients with hypertension . In this example, to ensure the homogeneity among the subjects under treatment.

21. Contd. Types of anti hypertensive drugs BLOCKS A A, I A, II A, III B B, I B, II B, III C C. I C, II C, III Pts with primary HTN I Diabetic pts with HTN II Renal pts with HTN III

22. Contd. 6. CROSS OVER DESIGN: - It is also known as repeat measures design. E.g. effectiveness of the chlorhexidine and saline mouth care protocol, first administer the chlorhexidine mouth care protocol on group I and saline mouth care protocol on group II, later the treatment is swapped, where group I receives the saline mouth care and group II receives chlorhexidine.

23. Contd. Groups Protocols of the mouth care Groups I Chlorhexidine Saline Groups II Saline Chlorhexidine

24. Quasi–Experimental Research Design (Non-Randomized Control Trials) It is also known as Non-Randomized Control Trails. It involves the manipulation of independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variable, but it lacks one element either randomization or control. Quasi – experimental designs are generally used in situations where researchers are not able to randomly assign the subjects or control group is not available.

25. Types of Q.E.R.D. 1. NON-RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN: - It is also known as the Non-equivalent control group pre-test-post-test design. In this design, experimental or control group are selected without randomization.

26. Contd. E.g. A quasi-experimental study was planned to assess the effect of older people’s involvement in social services on their loneliness among elderly residing in selected old age homes in New Delhi.

27. Contd. 2. TIME SERIES DESIGN: - When the investigator wants to measure the effects of a treatment over a long period of time . Experimental group O1 O2 O3 Treatment O1 O3 O2

28. Contd. E.g. A researcher may evaluate pain levels of a group of patients having lower back pain. After assessing for pain as long as 3 weeks, participants are educated about special exercise to manage the pain.

29. Pre–Experimental Research Design (Non-Randomized Control Trials) It is considered as a very weak research design There is no control and randomization. Only manipulation is present Types – One group pre-test –post-test design One shot case design

30. contd. 1. One group pre-test –post-test design: - 2. One shot case design: - Experimental group Pre-test Treatment Post-test Experimental group Treatment Post-test

31. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN It is also known as observational research design. It is a broad categories of research designs in which the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally. There is no manipulation and control. Only randomization is present. Methods of data collection are questionnaires, interviews, observation etc.

32. Types of N.E.R.D.

33. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN PURPOSE: - To observe, document, and describe aspects of a situation as it naturally.

34. Contd. FEATURES: - This design is used to observe, document, and describe a phenomenon occurring in its natural setting without any manipulation. These are used to gain more information. There is no randomization and no control.

35. Contd. TYPES: - Univariate descriptive research design Prevalence studies Incidence studies Comparative descriptive research design Exploratory research design

36. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN A survey is a research design used to collect information from different subjects within a given population. If a survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is called sample survey. If the entire population is involved, it is called a population survey.

37. Contd . FEATURES: - It collect current information Information is collected from a mix of subjects. Surveys can be descriptive, exploratory, comparative and correlational. Methods of data collection – questioning, interviews etc.

38. Contd . TYPES : - Depending on the nature of phenomenon – Descriptive survey Exploratory survey Comparative survey Correlation survey

39. Contd . TYPES : - Depending on the methods of data collection - Written survey - Questionnaire Oral survey – Face to Face or Telephonic conversation, Oral Interview Electronic survey – E-Mails, SMS

40. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN Its of 2 types- Case control Cohort studies

41. Contd. 1. Case control :- It is also known as prevalence studies. In this study, cause of a disease are investigated after the occurrence of a disease. E.g. a researcher investigates the history of smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Cause Effect

42. Contd. 2. Cohort research design:- It is also known as Incidence studies. A cohort is a group of people who have something in common. E.g. a researcher longitudinally observes a homogenous cohort of smokers and non-smokers for the developmental of lung cancer.

43. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN TYPES: - CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN: - It is also known as Prevalence Studies . This design is also used in combination with designs where data are collected at a specific point in time. Such as descriptive cross sectional , exploratory cross sectional . E.g. breast feeding practices and newborn care in rural areas: a descriptive cross sectional study

44. contd. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN: - Longitudinal is also used in combination with other observational studies where variables are observed for over extended period of time. such as descriptive longitudinal study, exploratory longitudinal study. It is often used in psychology , sociology. E.g. life situation of patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a descriptive longitudinal study.

45. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN This is a non-experimental design where researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation of independent variables. E.g. a study on the effect of smoking on lung cancer among people in New Delhi.

46. contd. TYPES: - Prospective – researcher observes phenomenon from cause to effect. Retrospective - researcher observes phenomenon from effect to cause.

47. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualitative research approaches have short and less well-defined plans. The researcher makes ongoing process. Qualitative research methods enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena.

48. contd.

49. contd. PHASES: - Orientation phase : this is 1 st phase of qualitative R.D. researcher only presume the type of knowledge. Focused phase : this is 2 nd phase of qualitative R.D. aspect of phenomenon are more focused and then in-depth exploration is carried out. people are invited to participate in the study questions are asked from them to gather more information about phenomenon. Confirmation and closure phase : this is 3 rd & final phase of qualitative R.D. researchers confirm their findings by analyzing and discussing with study participants and then finally the study is closed.

50. contd.

51. contd .

52. ACTION RESEARCH Action research is a form of applied research. It tries to find practical solutions to problems existing in the framework of an organization. E.g. in the Indian nursing college, foreign nursing practices are taught, but when the nursing students go to the hospital, they find insufficient infrastructure for the nursing practices taught to them. In this situation action research may help to bridge the gap of theory and nursing practices.

53. GROUNDED THEORY The term “GROUNDED THEORY” means that the theory developed from the research is “grounded” or has its roots. Grounded theory is most common, widely used and popular analytic technique in qualitative research. Main focus is on developing social experience about a particular event or episode.

54. PHASES: -

55. contd.

56. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH INTRODUCTION : - Ethnography came from the Greek – Ethnos : People Graphing : Writing Meaning : writing about people.

57. Contd. DEFINITION : - It is a branch of human enquiry, involved collection of data, analysis of data about cultural groups. PURPOSE : - To obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture.

58. Contd. CLASSIFICATION : - 1. MICROETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH DESIGN (narrow aspect of culture) 2. MACROETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH DESIGN (broadly defined culture)

59. Contd. E.g. – An ethnography study on socio-cultural belief of people about antenatal, natal, or postnatal women in selected tribal communities in Rajasthan.

60. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN It describe the phenomenon in social life. It examine human experience through description provided by people who were involved. It is used to describe the lived experiences of people and generate theories or models of phenomena . E.g. a phenomenological study on psychological experiences of the victims of Bhopal gas tragedy in Bhopal, M.P.

61. Contd. Method of data collection: - In-depth interview Diaries Other written material

62. Contd. TYPES: - Realistic phenomenological Constitutive phenomenological Existential phenomenological Hermeneutical phenomenological

63. HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESIGN The systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences of a particular phenomenon. It describes what occurred in past. E.g. A historical research on the developmental of nursing in India. E.g. A historical study on development of Punjab Nurses Registration Council. E.g. A historical research on the development of nursing education in India.

64. STEPS: -

65. Contd. Method & tools used in historical research Photography Recording Interviews documents

66. Contd. Sources of data collection PRIMARY SOURCES Documents Records Oral statement SECONDARY SOURCES Text book Encyclopaedia Biography Other reference.

67. CASE STUDY Case studies are in depth examination of people , places, or institution. Robson defines case study as it is used in detailed, intensive knowledge about a single ‘ case’. E.g. how nurses and pregnant women manage pain during delivery process ? Data are collected by o bservation or by the personnel interview methods.