research methodology reference- document

research methodology

1. RM-10

2. When was the last Great Pyramid built?
The last of the great pyramid builders was PepyII (2278-2184
B.C) –More than 4,000 years old.
With modern-day tools and know-
how,scientists have not determined a way to
recreate the pyramids, even on smaller scales,
with the same precisions as those that built the
originals.

3. WhenIsamu Akasaki,Hiroshi AmanoandShujiNakamuraproduced
bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in the early 1990s, they
triggered a fundamental transformation of lighting technology.

4. •Red and green diodes had been around for a long
time(1960s) but without blue light, white lamps could not
be created.
•The blue LED had remained a challenge for three
decades.
•Their inventions were revolutionary. Incandescent light
bulbs lit the 20th century; the 21st century will be lit by
LED lamps.

5. •The most recent record is just over 300 lm/W, which can
be compared to 16 for regular light bulbs and close to 70
for fluorescent lamps.
•As about one fourth of world electricity consumptionis
used for lighting purposes, the LEDs contribute to saving
the Earth’s resources.
•Materials consumption is also diminished as LEDs last up
to 100,000 hours, compared to 1,000 for incandescent
bulbs and 10,000 hours for fluorescent lights.

6. •The LED lamp holds great
promise for increasing the
quality of life for over 1.5 billion
people around the world who
lack access to electricity grids:
due to low power requirements
it can be powered by cheap
local solar power.
•The invention of the efficient
blue LED is on 1994

7. Introduction to
Literature Reviews

10. What is Literature review ?
1.SurveyofScholarlyarticleonaspecifictopic
2.Providesanoverviewofcurrentknowledge
3.Identifiesrelevanttheoriesandmethods
4.Pointoutgapsinexistingresearch
5.Appearsasapartofdissertationoronitsown

11. Purpose of Literature Review :
1) Demonstrate familiarity with the topic and scholarly
content.
2) Develop a theoretical framework or methodology.
3) Positionyour work in relation to other researchers.
4) Show howyour research fits in.

12. Conducting a Literature Review-
5 steps

13. Step-1 Search for relevant Literature
•Defineyour topic
•Developyour research problem and questions
•Come up with relevant key words
•Start the search

15. Where to search ?
1 ) University Library catalogue
2) Google Scholar
3) ISTOR
4) Project muse (Humanities and Social Sciences)
5) Medline (Life Science and Biomedicines)
6) EconLit(Economics)
7 ) Inspec(Physics, engineering and Computer Science)
8 ) Science Direct (Engineering and Medical)

16. Searching Efficiency
•Read Abstract
•Check bibliographyfrom more sources
•Note recurring citations

17. Step-2 Evaluate and Select Sources
•What question is addressed ?
•What are the key concepts ?
•What are the key theories and methods ?
•What are the results and conclusions ?
•How does it relate to other studies ?
•What are the key insights and arguments ?
•What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research ?

18. Taking Notes
Quotes
Summary of key points
Source information like:
Author name
Title & Journal name
Year of Publication
Page numbers

19. Step-3 : Identify themes, debates, gaps
•Trendsin literature over time
•Key themes
•Debatesand disagreements
•Pivotal / Important publications
•Research gaps

20. Step-4 : Outline your structure
Chronological : Organize by time
Thematic : Organize by theme
Methodological : Organized by Methodology
Theoretical : Organized by theoretical approach

21. Step-5 : Write your literature review
1.Introductionestablishing purpose
2.Bodyanalysing the literature
3.ConclusionSummarising key findings

22. 1. The Introduction
Stand alone literature review :
Provide background of the topic
Describe the objectives of the literature review
Dissertation, Thesis, or Research paper :
Reiterate the central problem
Briefly summarize the scholarly context

23. 2. The body
•May be divided into sections
•Follow the structure you decided on in step-4
•Summarise and Synthezise
•Analyse and interpret
•Critically Evaluate
•Use well structured paragraph

24. 3. The Conclusion
Stand alone literature review :
Discuss the over all implication
Make suggestions for future research
Dissertation, thesis or research paper:
Show the literature review has informed your approach
State what gap your research will address