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About This Presentation
This file is helpful for criminology students.
Slide Content
EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM
IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE
An Undergraduate Research
Presented to
The Faculty of the Criminal Justice Education Program
of Initao College
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ebabacol, Ronald Jr. B.
Escoton, Christian Jacob B.
Chavo Ian Matt
Edroso, Lyndon O.
Eking Vanessa Joy M.
May 2024
i
IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE
An Undergraduate Research
Presented to
The Faculty of the Criminal Justice Education Program
of Initao College
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
Ebabacol, Ronald Jr. B.
Escoton, Christian Jacob B.
Chavo Ian Matt
Edroso, Lyndon O.
Eking Vanessa Joy M.
May 2024
i
APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate research titled “EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY
PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE ”,
prepared and submitted by Ronald B. Ebabacol, Christian Jacob B. Escoton, Ian Matt Chavo,
Lyndon O. Edroso, and Vanessa Joy M. Eking has been reviewed and recommended as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
ELDEN B. ESTARES Rcrim, MSCJ
Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the Panel of Examiners following a successful Oral Defense
on April 28, 2025, with a grade of PASSED/FAILED.
JUDE CARBALLO, Rcrim ALVIU REY NASIR
Panel Member Panel Member
LILY FRANCE J. ECHAVEZ, MMBM
Chairperson
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
RUBEN C. FAJARDO, Ph.D. DIVINA GRACIA C. DIVINO, Ph.D.
Criminology Program Dean Vice President for Research and Extension
ii
This undergraduate research titled “EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY
PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE ”,
prepared and submitted by Ronald B. Ebabacol, Christian Jacob B. Escoton, Ian Matt Chavo,
Lyndon O. Edroso, and Vanessa Joy M. Eking has been reviewed and recommended as partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
ELDEN B. ESTARES Rcrim, MSCJ
Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the Panel of Examiners following a successful Oral Defense
on April 28, 2025, with a grade of PASSED/FAILED.
JUDE CARBALLO, Rcrim ALVIU REY NASIR
Panel Member Panel Member
LILY FRANCE J. ECHAVEZ, MMBM
Chairperson
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
RUBEN C. FAJARDO, Ph.D. DIVINA GRACIA C. DIVINO, Ph.D.
Criminology Program Dean Vice President for Research and Extension
ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby declare that the thesis entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY
PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE ” is our
own work and that, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material to which, to a substantial extent, has been
accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. We also declare that the
intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though we may have received
assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.
RONALD B. EBABACOL JR. LYNDON O. EDROSO
Signature over Printed Name Signature over Printed Name
IAN MATT CHAVO CHRISTIAN JACOB B. ESCOTON
Signature over Printed Name Signature over Printed Name
VANESSA JOY M. EKING
Signature over Printed Name
Date of Completion: April 28, 2025
Attested by:
ELDEN B. ESTARES Rcrim, MSJCrim
Signature of the Research Adviser
iii
We hereby declare that the thesis entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF BARANGAY
PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM IN COMMUNITY SAFETY AND COMPLIANCE ” is our
own work and that, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, contains no material previously
published or written by another person nor material to which, to a substantial extent, has been
accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. We also declare that the
intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though we may have received
assistance from others on style, presentation and language expression.
RONALD B. EBABACOL JR. LYNDON O. EDROSO
Signature over Printed Name Signature over Printed Name
IAN MATT CHAVO CHRISTIAN JACOB B. ESCOTON
Signature over Printed Name Signature over Printed Name
VANESSA JOY M. EKING
Signature over Printed Name
Date of Completion: April 28, 2025
Attested by:
ELDEN B. ESTARES Rcrim, MSJCrim
Signature of the Research Adviser
iii
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) in enhancing community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It
examined demographic influences and operational performance across key functions which are
patrolling, equipment, response, communication, and conflict dispute. A descriptive quantitative
research design with a survey questionnaire administered to 130 respondents, with data analyzed
using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis).
Findings revealed high effectiveness in patrolling (mean = 3.22) and conflict resolution (mean =
3.13), though equipment limitations (mean = 3.29) and inconsistent patrol schedules (mean =
3.11) were noted. No significant differences were found when grouped by age or sex. Notably,
the lack of significant differences across age and sex groups suggests BPAT's operational
effectiveness is perceived uniformly by residents. BPAT’s success hinges on mature participants
and visible patrols, but resource gaps and gender disparities persist. Structured training and
equitable recruitment could optimize performance. Stakeholders should prioritize equipment
upgrades, training, and inclusive community engagement to sustain BPAT’s impact.
Keywords: barangay peacekeeping action team, community policing, conflict mediation, patrol
effectiveness, public safety.
iv
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) in enhancing community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It
examined demographic influences and operational performance across key functions which are
patrolling, equipment, response, communication, and conflict dispute. A descriptive quantitative
research design with a survey questionnaire administered to 130 respondents, with data analyzed
using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis).
Findings revealed high effectiveness in patrolling (mean = 3.22) and conflict resolution (mean =
3.13), though equipment limitations (mean = 3.29) and inconsistent patrol schedules (mean =
3.11) were noted. No significant differences were found when grouped by age or sex. Notably,
the lack of significant differences across age and sex groups suggests BPAT's operational
effectiveness is perceived uniformly by residents. BPAT’s success hinges on mature participants
and visible patrols, but resource gaps and gender disparities persist. Structured training and
equitable recruitment could optimize performance. Stakeholders should prioritize equipment
upgrades, training, and inclusive community engagement to sustain BPAT’s impact.
Keywords: barangay peacekeeping action team, community policing, conflict mediation, patrol
effectiveness, public safety.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following people who
helped them realize this research study:
Mr. Elden B. Estares, our research adviser, for undoubtedly extending his efforts in
making this research possible, for providing extra efforts, support and guidance throughout the
study.
Mr. Jude Carballo, one of the panel members, for all the untiring support and her
knowledge contributions in crafting this research and the corrections of the concept paper that
made the study will written;
Mr. Alviu Rey Nasir, one of the panel members, for accompanying us during the crafting
of our research and sparing his time answering our queries despite his busy schedule;
Lastly, Mr. Elden B. Estares, for the financial and moral support.
RONALD B. EBABACOL
CHRISTIAN JACOB B. ESCOTON
IAN MATT CHAVO
LYNDON O. EDROSO
VANESSA JOY M. EKING
v
The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following people who
helped them realize this research study:
Mr. Elden B. Estares, our research adviser, for undoubtedly extending his efforts in
making this research possible, for providing extra efforts, support and guidance throughout the
study.
Mr. Jude Carballo, one of the panel members, for all the untiring support and her
knowledge contributions in crafting this research and the corrections of the concept paper that
made the study will written;
Mr. Alviu Rey Nasir, one of the panel members, for accompanying us during the crafting
of our research and sparing his time answering our queries despite his busy schedule;
Lastly, Mr. Elden B. Estares, for the financial and moral support.
RONALD B. EBABACOL
CHRISTIAN JACOB B. ESCOTON
IAN MATT CHAVO
LYNDON O. EDROSO
VANESSA JOY M. EKING
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES…………………………….
…………………………………..
vii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………….
…………………………………
viii
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 The Problem and Its Background….
…………………………….
2
1.2 Statement of the Problem………….
……………………………..
3
1.3
Hypothesis……………………………………………………….
4
1.4 Theoretical Framework………………….……………………… 4
1.5 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study………………….
……………………..
7
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study………..
……………………...
8
1.8 Definition of Terms……………………………………………... 9
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………………………... 10
2.1 Independent Variables……………...……………………………11
2.2 Dependent Variables…………………………………………..
…
12
2.3 Research Gap………………………………………………….
…
13
2.4 Synthesis
………………………………………………………...
14
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………... 15
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………... 16
3.2 Research Locale………………………………………………… 17
3.3 Participants of the Study………………………………………...18
3.4 Research Instrument……………………………………………. 19
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure…………………….…………………20
3.6 Statistical Treatment……………………………………………. 22
Chapter 4
vi
Page
LIST OF TABLES…………………………….
…………………………………..
vii
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………….
…………………………………
viii
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM…………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 The Problem and Its Background….
…………………………….
2
1.2 Statement of the Problem………….
……………………………..
3
1.3
Hypothesis……………………………………………………….
4
1.4 Theoretical Framework………………….……………………… 4
1.5 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study………………….
……………………..
7
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study………..
……………………...
8
1.8 Definition of Terms……………………………………………... 9
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………………………... 10
2.1 Independent Variables……………...……………………………11
2.2 Dependent Variables…………………………………………..
…
12
2.3 Research Gap………………………………………………….
…
13
2.4 Synthesis
………………………………………………………...
14
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………... 15
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………... 16
3.2 Research Locale………………………………………………… 17
3.3 Participants of the Study………………………………………...18
3.4 Research Instrument……………………………………………. 19
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure…………………….…………………20
3.6 Statistical Treatment……………………………………………. 22
Chapter 4
vi
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………. 24
4.1 Problem 1………….……………………………………………. 24
4.2 Problem 2………….……………………………………………. 24
4.3 Problem 3………….……………………………………………. 24
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………... 31
5.1 Summary of Findings……………………….………...
…………
33
5.2 Conclusions……………………………………………………... 34
5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………. 35
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………... 36
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 37
DOCUMENTATION…………………………………………………………….. 38
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………. 39
vii
4.1 Problem 1………….……………………………………………. 24
4.2 Problem 2………….……………………………………………. 24
4.3 Problem 3………….……………………………………………. 24
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………... 31
5.1 Summary of Findings……………………….………...
…………
33
5.2 Conclusions……………………………………………………... 34
5.3 Recommendations………………………………………………. 35
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………... 36
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 37
DOCUMENTATION…………………………………………………………….. 38
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………. 39
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….14
Table 2. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….15
Table 3. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….16
Table 4. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….17
Table 5. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….18
Table 6. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….19
Table 7. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….20
viii
Page
Table 1. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….14
Table 2. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….15
Table 3. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….16
Table 4. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….17
Table 5. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….18
Table 6. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….19
Table 7. Level of Perception on School Facilities in terms of Classroom……….20
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 6
Figure 2. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 7
Figure 3. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 8
Figure 4. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 9
Figure 5. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 10
Figure 6. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 11
Figure 7. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 12
ix
Page
Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 6
Figure 2. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 7
Figure 3. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 8
Figure 4. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 9
Figure 5. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 10
Figure 6. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 11
Figure 7. The Research Paradigm of the Study………………………………….. 12
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. Letter of Approval…………………………………………………. 45
Appendix 2. Consent and Assent………………………………………………... 46
Appendix 3. Research Instrument……………………………………………….. 47
Appendix 4. Certificate of Validation…………………………………………… 48
Appendix 5. Certificate of Reliability…………………………………………… 49
Appendix 6. Normality Check Result…………………………………………… 50
Appendix 7. Documentation…………………………………………………….. 51
x
Page
Appendix 1. Letter of Approval…………………………………………………. 45
Appendix 2. Consent and Assent………………………………………………... 46
Appendix 3. Research Instrument……………………………………………….. 47
Appendix 4. Certificate of Validation…………………………………………… 48
Appendix 5. Certificate of Reliability…………………………………………… 49
Appendix 6. Normality Check Result…………………………………………… 50
Appendix 7. Documentation…………………………………………………….. 51
x
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Problem and Its Background
Community safety and compliance are critical aspects of local governance and security,
particularly in rural and semi-urban barangays. The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) serves as a frontline community security force, ensuring peace and order through
patrolling, conflict resolution, and communication with law enforcement agencies. In Barangay
Lagtang, Alubijid, the effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining community safety and compliance is
a subject of concern, especially considering the evolving nature of threats, limited resources, and
the increasing need for efficient law enforcement support. Understanding the effectiveness of
BPAT is essential for identifying strengths and areas needing improvement, which, in turn, will
enhance security policies and community trust.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) established BPAT under Republic Act No. 6975,
known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, and strengthened
by Republic Act No. 8551, the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998. These laws mandate community involvement in crime prevention through initiatives such
as BPAT. Furthermore, the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) empowers
barangays to implement peace and order programs, making BPAT a crucial component of
grassroots law enforcement. However, despite these legal frameworks, there are concerns
regarding BPAT’s resource allocation, response efficiency, and coordination with higher law
enforcement authorities.
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Problem and Its Background
Community safety and compliance are critical aspects of local governance and security,
particularly in rural and semi-urban barangays. The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) serves as a frontline community security force, ensuring peace and order through
patrolling, conflict resolution, and communication with law enforcement agencies. In Barangay
Lagtang, Alubijid, the effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining community safety and compliance is
a subject of concern, especially considering the evolving nature of threats, limited resources, and
the increasing need for efficient law enforcement support. Understanding the effectiveness of
BPAT is essential for identifying strengths and areas needing improvement, which, in turn, will
enhance security policies and community trust.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) established BPAT under Republic Act No. 6975,
known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, and strengthened
by Republic Act No. 8551, the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998. These laws mandate community involvement in crime prevention through initiatives such
as BPAT. Furthermore, the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) empowers
barangays to implement peace and order programs, making BPAT a crucial component of
grassroots law enforcement. However, despite these legal frameworks, there are concerns
regarding BPAT’s resource allocation, response efficiency, and coordination with higher law
enforcement authorities.
1
Previous studies have explored the role of community policing in enhancing local
security. Research by Santos and Cruz (2021) highlighted that well-equipped and well-trained
community policing teams significantly contribute to crime deterrence. Similarly, Delos Reyes
(2022) emphasized that effective patrolling and conflict dispute mechanisms reduce criminal
incidents and improve public trust in local law enforcement. However, gaps remain in
understanding how BPAT’s performance varies based on demographic factors such as age,
experience, and educational background. While studies affirm the necessity of BPAT, there is
limited empirical evidence on how demographic factors influence its effectiveness.
A research gap exists in assessing BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid,
particularly in terms of patrolling, equipment availability, response efficiency, communication
strategies, and conflict resolution. While national policies guide BPAT’s establishment and
operation, their implementation varies across different barangays. Factors such as training,
resource allocation, and local government support could impact BPAT’s effectiveness. Given the
lack of localized studies, a focused analysis of BPAT’s operations in Barangay Lagtang is
necessary.
This study seeks to evaluate BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by
examining its performance in patrolling, equipment sufficiency, response efficiency,
communication strategies, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Additionally, it aims to determine
whether demographic factors such as age, experience, and educational attainment influence
BPAT’s overall effectiveness. Addressing these research questions will provide evidence-based
recommendations for enhancing BPAT’s role in community safety and compliance.
The significance of this study lies in its potential contributions to local governance, law
enforcement, and community engagement. By assessing BPAT’s effectiveness, policymakers and
2
security. Research by Santos and Cruz (2021) highlighted that well-equipped and well-trained
community policing teams significantly contribute to crime deterrence. Similarly, Delos Reyes
(2022) emphasized that effective patrolling and conflict dispute mechanisms reduce criminal
incidents and improve public trust in local law enforcement. However, gaps remain in
understanding how BPAT’s performance varies based on demographic factors such as age,
experience, and educational background. While studies affirm the necessity of BPAT, there is
limited empirical evidence on how demographic factors influence its effectiveness.
A research gap exists in assessing BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid,
particularly in terms of patrolling, equipment availability, response efficiency, communication
strategies, and conflict resolution. While national policies guide BPAT’s establishment and
operation, their implementation varies across different barangays. Factors such as training,
resource allocation, and local government support could impact BPAT’s effectiveness. Given the
lack of localized studies, a focused analysis of BPAT’s operations in Barangay Lagtang is
necessary.
This study seeks to evaluate BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by
examining its performance in patrolling, equipment sufficiency, response efficiency,
communication strategies, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Additionally, it aims to determine
whether demographic factors such as age, experience, and educational attainment influence
BPAT’s overall effectiveness. Addressing these research questions will provide evidence-based
recommendations for enhancing BPAT’s role in community safety and compliance.
The significance of this study lies in its potential contributions to local governance, law
enforcement, and community engagement. By assessing BPAT’s effectiveness, policymakers and
2
barangay officials can develop targeted strategies to improve training, allocate resources
effectively, and enhance community participation in peacekeeping efforts. Ultimately, this
research aims to strengthen local security measures, ensuring that Barangay Lagtang remains a
safe and compliant community.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study seeks to evaluate BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by
examining its performance in patrolling, equipment sufficiency, response efficiency,
communication strategies, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Specifically, this study seeks to
address the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Sex;
1.2 Length of Residency; and
1.3 Highest Educational Attainment?
2. What is the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of:
2.1 Patrolling;
2.2 Equipment;
2.3 Response;
2.4 Communication; and
2.5 Conflict Dispute?
3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and
compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when grouped according to their profile?
3
effectively, and enhance community participation in peacekeeping efforts. Ultimately, this
research aims to strengthen local security measures, ensuring that Barangay Lagtang remains a
safe and compliant community.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
This study seeks to evaluate BPAT’s effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by
examining its performance in patrolling, equipment sufficiency, response efficiency,
communication strategies, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Specifically, this study seeks to
address the following:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age;
1.2 Sex;
1.2 Length of Residency; and
1.3 Highest Educational Attainment?
2. What is the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of:
2.1 Patrolling;
2.2 Equipment;
2.3 Response;
2.4 Communication; and
2.5 Conflict Dispute?
3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and
compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when grouped according to their profile?
3
1.3 Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety
and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid when grouped according to their profile.
1.4 Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored in two foundational criminological theories: Community Policing
Theory and Social Disorganization Theory. These theories provide a comprehensive framework
for understanding the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in
enhancing community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid.
Community Policing Theory emphasizes the collaboration between law enforcement
agencies and community members to proactively address the causes of crime and social disorder.
This approach focuses on building trust, engaging in problem-solving partnerships, and
maintaining a visible presence within the community to deter criminal activities (National
Research Council, 2021). In the context of Barangay Lagtang, BPAT functions as a community-
based security force embodying the principles of community policing by engaging residents in
safety initiatives and fostering a sense of shared responsibility.
Implementing community policing strategies has been linked to reductions in crime rates
and improvements in public perceptions of safety. A study by the National Research Council
(2018) highlighted that community-oriented policing (COP) relies heavily on community
involvement and partnerships, along with a strong police presence, to effectively address local
4
Ho: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety
and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid when grouped according to their profile.
1.4 Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored in two foundational criminological theories: Community Policing
Theory and Social Disorganization Theory. These theories provide a comprehensive framework
for understanding the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in
enhancing community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid.
Community Policing Theory emphasizes the collaboration between law enforcement
agencies and community members to proactively address the causes of crime and social disorder.
This approach focuses on building trust, engaging in problem-solving partnerships, and
maintaining a visible presence within the community to deter criminal activities (National
Research Council, 2021). In the context of Barangay Lagtang, BPAT functions as a community-
based security force embodying the principles of community policing by engaging residents in
safety initiatives and fostering a sense of shared responsibility.
Implementing community policing strategies has been linked to reductions in crime rates
and improvements in public perceptions of safety. A study by the National Research Council
(2018) highlighted that community-oriented policing (COP) relies heavily on community
involvement and partnerships, along with a strong police presence, to effectively address local
4
crime and disorder. This aligns with BPAT's role in Barangay Lagtang, where active community
engagement and collaboration with law enforcement are pivotal in addressing safety concerns.
Social Disorganization Theory posits that crime rates are closely linked to neighborhood
characteristics, such as poverty, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity, which can
weaken social cohesion and the community's ability to self-regulate (Shaw & McKay, 2023). In
areas where social ties are weak or nonexistent, informal social controls diminish, leading to
higher crime rates (Sampson & Groves, 1989). Applying this theory to Barangay Lagtang, the
effectiveness of BPAT may be influenced by the community's structural characteristics and the
strength of social networks among residents.
Research indicates that enhancing social cohesion and collective efficacy within a
community can mitigate the effects of social disorganization. For instance, a study by Sampson
and Groves (2020) found that communities with strong social ties and active participation in
local organizations experienced lower crime rates. BPAT's initiatives in Barangay Lagtang, such
as organizing community events and facilitating communication among residents, aim to
strengthen these social bonds, thereby enhancing informal social controls and reducing
opportunities for crime.
Integrating Community Policing Theory and Social Disorganization Theory offers a
robust framework for this study. While community policing emphasizes proactive engagement
and partnership between law enforcement and residents, social disorganization theory highlights
the importance of social structures and cohesion in maintaining public order (Shaw & McKay,
2023). BPAT's effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang can thus be assessed by examining how these
theoretical perspectives intersect, particularly in areas like patrolling, equipment adequacy,
response strategies, communication effectiveness, and conflict resolution mechanisms.
5
engagement and collaboration with law enforcement are pivotal in addressing safety concerns.
Social Disorganization Theory posits that crime rates are closely linked to neighborhood
characteristics, such as poverty, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity, which can
weaken social cohesion and the community's ability to self-regulate (Shaw & McKay, 2023). In
areas where social ties are weak or nonexistent, informal social controls diminish, leading to
higher crime rates (Sampson & Groves, 1989). Applying this theory to Barangay Lagtang, the
effectiveness of BPAT may be influenced by the community's structural characteristics and the
strength of social networks among residents.
Research indicates that enhancing social cohesion and collective efficacy within a
community can mitigate the effects of social disorganization. For instance, a study by Sampson
and Groves (2020) found that communities with strong social ties and active participation in
local organizations experienced lower crime rates. BPAT's initiatives in Barangay Lagtang, such
as organizing community events and facilitating communication among residents, aim to
strengthen these social bonds, thereby enhancing informal social controls and reducing
opportunities for crime.
Integrating Community Policing Theory and Social Disorganization Theory offers a
robust framework for this study. While community policing emphasizes proactive engagement
and partnership between law enforcement and residents, social disorganization theory highlights
the importance of social structures and cohesion in maintaining public order (Shaw & McKay,
2023). BPAT's effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang can thus be assessed by examining how these
theoretical perspectives intersect, particularly in areas like patrolling, equipment adequacy,
response strategies, communication effectiveness, and conflict resolution mechanisms.
5
By analyzing BPAT's operations through these theoretical lenses, this study seeks to
identify the extent to which community engagement and social structural factors contribute to
community safety and compliance (Sampson and Groves, 2020). Understanding these dynamics
will provide valuable insights into tailoring community-based policing strategies that are
responsive to the unique characteristics of Barangay Lagtang, ultimately fostering a safer and
more cohesive environment.
1.5 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study illustrates the relationship between the
demographic profile of respondents and the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team (BPAT) in ensuring community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The
independent variables include the demographic factors of age, sex, length of residency, and
highest educational attainment. These factors are crucial in understanding how community
members perceive and interact with BPAT operations, as well as how their background may
influence their level of engagement in local peacekeeping efforts. By analyzing these variables,
the study aims to determine whether demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the
perceived effectiveness of BPAT’s role in maintaining security and public order.
The dependent variables focus on key indicators of BPAT effectiveness, namely
patrolling, equipment, response, communication, and conflict dispute resolution. Patrolling
assesses the regularity and visibility of BPAT presence in the barangay, while equipment
examines the adequacy of tools and resources available for peacekeeping activities. Response
measures BPAT’s ability to address incidents promptly, and communication evaluates
coordination between BPAT, barangay officials, and local law enforcement. Lastly, conflict
dispute resolution investigates BPAT’s capacity to mediate and prevent minor disputes from
6
identify the extent to which community engagement and social structural factors contribute to
community safety and compliance (Sampson and Groves, 2020). Understanding these dynamics
will provide valuable insights into tailoring community-based policing strategies that are
responsive to the unique characteristics of Barangay Lagtang, ultimately fostering a safer and
more cohesive environment.
1.5 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study illustrates the relationship between the
demographic profile of respondents and the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team (BPAT) in ensuring community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The
independent variables include the demographic factors of age, sex, length of residency, and
highest educational attainment. These factors are crucial in understanding how community
members perceive and interact with BPAT operations, as well as how their background may
influence their level of engagement in local peacekeeping efforts. By analyzing these variables,
the study aims to determine whether demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the
perceived effectiveness of BPAT’s role in maintaining security and public order.
The dependent variables focus on key indicators of BPAT effectiveness, namely
patrolling, equipment, response, communication, and conflict dispute resolution. Patrolling
assesses the regularity and visibility of BPAT presence in the barangay, while equipment
examines the adequacy of tools and resources available for peacekeeping activities. Response
measures BPAT’s ability to address incidents promptly, and communication evaluates
coordination between BPAT, barangay officials, and local law enforcement. Lastly, conflict
dispute resolution investigates BPAT’s capacity to mediate and prevent minor disputes from
6
escalating into larger conflicts. By examining these components, the study aims to provide a
comprehensive assessment of BPAT’s performance and identify areas for improvement in
enhancing community safety and compliance.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
1
2
3
4
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be benificial and significant to the following:
To the Community. This study provides insights into the effectiveness of BPAT in ensuring
public safety, enhancing trust, and fostering a more secure living environment. The findings will
help community members understand the role of BPAT and encourage active participation in
crime prevention initiatives.
To the Barangay Council. This study offers an evidence-based evaluation of BPAT's operations,
assisting in policy-making and resource allocation to strengthen community safety measures. It
7
Demographic Profile
Age
Sex
Length of Residency
Highest Educational Attainment
Effectiveness of BPAT on
community safety and
compliance in Barangay
Lagtang, Alubijid
Patrolling
Equipment
Response
Communication
Conflict Dispute
comprehensive assessment of BPAT’s performance and identify areas for improvement in
enhancing community safety and compliance.
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
1
2
3
4
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be benificial and significant to the following:
To the Community. This study provides insights into the effectiveness of BPAT in ensuring
public safety, enhancing trust, and fostering a more secure living environment. The findings will
help community members understand the role of BPAT and encourage active participation in
crime prevention initiatives.
To the Barangay Council. This study offers an evidence-based evaluation of BPAT's operations,
assisting in policy-making and resource allocation to strengthen community safety measures. It
7
Demographic Profile
Age
Sex
Length of Residency
Highest Educational Attainment
Effectiveness of BPAT on
community safety and
compliance in Barangay
Lagtang, Alubijid
Patrolling
Equipment
Response
Communication
Conflict Dispute
will serve as a basis for improving support systems, training programs, and operational strategies
for BPAT personnel.
To the Local Government Unit (LGU). This study can be utilized to assess the overall impact
of BPAT on law enforcement and public order, aiding in the development of sustainable crime
prevention programs. The results may also guide the formulation of policies that integrate BPAT
initiatives into broader local governance efforts.
To the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT). The study serves as a performance
assessment tool, identifying strengths and areas for improvement in patrolling, communication,
and conflict resolution. This will enable BPAT members to enhance their effectiveness,
ultimately contributing to a safer barangay.
To the Future researchers. This study will serve as a reference for further studies on
community policing and crime prevention strategies. It will help expand the existing literature by
providing data-driven insights that can be compared with findings from other communities.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of BPAT in ensuring community safety
and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It specifically examines BPAT's performance in
patrolling, equipment adequacy, response efficiency, communication, and conflict dispute
resolution. However, the study does not cover other aspects of law enforcement, such as the role
of the Philippine National Police (PNP) or other security agencies. Additionally, this study does
not assess long-term crime trends or the psychological impact of BPAT operations on residents.
The respondents of this study are barangay officials and selected community residents who can
provide insights into BPAT's performance.
8
for BPAT personnel.
To the Local Government Unit (LGU). This study can be utilized to assess the overall impact
of BPAT on law enforcement and public order, aiding in the development of sustainable crime
prevention programs. The results may also guide the formulation of policies that integrate BPAT
initiatives into broader local governance efforts.
To the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT). The study serves as a performance
assessment tool, identifying strengths and areas for improvement in patrolling, communication,
and conflict resolution. This will enable BPAT members to enhance their effectiveness,
ultimately contributing to a safer barangay.
To the Future researchers. This study will serve as a reference for further studies on
community policing and crime prevention strategies. It will help expand the existing literature by
providing data-driven insights that can be compared with findings from other communities.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of BPAT in ensuring community safety
and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It specifically examines BPAT's performance in
patrolling, equipment adequacy, response efficiency, communication, and conflict dispute
resolution. However, the study does not cover other aspects of law enforcement, such as the role
of the Philippine National Police (PNP) or other security agencies. Additionally, this study does
not assess long-term crime trends or the psychological impact of BPAT operations on residents.
The respondents of this study are barangay officials and selected community residents who can
provide insights into BPAT's performance.
8
1.8 Definition of Terms
Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) plays a crucial role in this study as a subject, to
examine their effectiveness in community safety and compliance.
Community Safety is a primary focus, aiming to assess the effectiveness of Barangay
Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in maintaining and enhancing community safety, such us
patrolling, communication, response, equipment, conflict dispute to examine the (BPATs)
effectiveness.
Compliance play a crucial role in this study to determine the effectives of BPAT in terms, which
may include aspects as adherence to the laws, regulations, or community guidelines, and assess
how this compliance contributes to overall community safety and wellbeing.
Conflict Dispute Resolution plays a crucial role of assessing the effectiveness of BPAT to
examine how BPATs handle and resolve conflicts within the community harmony and safety. By
investigating conflict resolution, the study gains insights into BPATs capabilities in managing
disputes and promoting peace,
Crime Prevention this is one of the focus in this study that involves strategies and measures
aimed at reducing criminal activities within a community. BPAT plays a crucial role in deterring
crime through proactive patrolling.
Equipment Adequacy plays significant role in assessing whether the (BPATs) have sufficient
and suitable equipment to perform their duties effectively. This will evaluate the availability and
condition of equipment and its impact on BPATs performance, community safety and overall
effectiveness in maintaining peace and order
9
Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) plays a crucial role in this study as a subject, to
examine their effectiveness in community safety and compliance.
Community Safety is a primary focus, aiming to assess the effectiveness of Barangay
Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in maintaining and enhancing community safety, such us
patrolling, communication, response, equipment, conflict dispute to examine the (BPATs)
effectiveness.
Compliance play a crucial role in this study to determine the effectives of BPAT in terms, which
may include aspects as adherence to the laws, regulations, or community guidelines, and assess
how this compliance contributes to overall community safety and wellbeing.
Conflict Dispute Resolution plays a crucial role of assessing the effectiveness of BPAT to
examine how BPATs handle and resolve conflicts within the community harmony and safety. By
investigating conflict resolution, the study gains insights into BPATs capabilities in managing
disputes and promoting peace,
Crime Prevention this is one of the focus in this study that involves strategies and measures
aimed at reducing criminal activities within a community. BPAT plays a crucial role in deterring
crime through proactive patrolling.
Equipment Adequacy plays significant role in assessing whether the (BPATs) have sufficient
and suitable equipment to perform their duties effectively. This will evaluate the availability and
condition of equipment and its impact on BPATs performance, community safety and overall
effectiveness in maintaining peace and order
9
Patrolling plays a crucial rule in the study to assess its effectiveness as a strategy employed by
the barangay peacekeeping action team (BPATs) in maintaining community safety and security.
Response Efficiency plays a significant rule to assess how quickly and effectively BPATs
respond to incidents emergencies or community needs.
Social Cohesion plays an important rule to assess the level of unity cooperation and solidarity
among community members to the BPAT.
10
the barangay peacekeeping action team (BPATs) in maintaining community safety and security.
Response Efficiency plays a significant rule to assess how quickly and effectively BPATs
respond to incidents emergencies or community needs.
Social Cohesion plays an important rule to assess the level of unity cooperation and solidarity
among community members to the BPAT.
10
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a comprehensive review of related literature and studies relevant to
the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in ensuring community
safety and compliance. It explores key concepts such as community policing, BPAT functions,
factors influencing its effectiveness, and comparative analyses to establish the study’s
foundation.
2.1 Community Policing and Public Safety
Community-based policing is a strategy that emphasizes the establishment of partnerships
between law enforcement agencies and community members to collaboratively identify and
solve safety concerns. This approach moves beyond traditional reactive policing methods by
fostering proactive engagement with the community, thereby enhancing trust and cooperation
(National Research Council, 2018). In the Philippines, the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) exemplifies this model of grassroots security. BPATs are community-based groups that
work closely with local law enforcement to maintain peace and order within their respective
barangays, or villages. Their localized knowledge and presence enable them to address issues
promptly and effectively, reflecting the core principles of community-based policing.
Active community participation is a cornerstone of effective crime prevention strategies.
When community members are engaged in safety initiatives, they contribute valuable insights
and resources that enhance the efficacy of law enforcement efforts. This collaborative approach
11
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a comprehensive review of related literature and studies relevant to
the effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in ensuring community
safety and compliance. It explores key concepts such as community policing, BPAT functions,
factors influencing its effectiveness, and comparative analyses to establish the study’s
foundation.
2.1 Community Policing and Public Safety
Community-based policing is a strategy that emphasizes the establishment of partnerships
between law enforcement agencies and community members to collaboratively identify and
solve safety concerns. This approach moves beyond traditional reactive policing methods by
fostering proactive engagement with the community, thereby enhancing trust and cooperation
(National Research Council, 2018). In the Philippines, the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
(BPAT) exemplifies this model of grassroots security. BPATs are community-based groups that
work closely with local law enforcement to maintain peace and order within their respective
barangays, or villages. Their localized knowledge and presence enable them to address issues
promptly and effectively, reflecting the core principles of community-based policing.
Active community participation is a cornerstone of effective crime prevention strategies.
When community members are engaged in safety initiatives, they contribute valuable insights
and resources that enhance the efficacy of law enforcement efforts. This collaborative approach
11
leads to increased trust between the public and police, fostering a shared responsibility for public
safety (National Research Council, 2018). In the context of community-based policing, such as
the BPATs in the Philippines, community involvement is crucial. Residents participate in
identifying local safety concerns, developing solutions, and implementing preventive measures,
thereby creating a more secure and cohesive community environment.
Barangays, as the smallest administrative units in the Philippines, play a pivotal role in
implementing public safety measures. Each barangay is tasked with maintaining peace and order
within its jurisdiction, often through the establishment of BPATs. These teams conduct regular
patrols, monitor community activities, and collaborate with local law enforcement agencies to
address safety concerns promptly (National Research Council, 2018). Additionally, barangays
implement various programs aimed at enhancing public safety, such as community education
campaigns on crime prevention, disaster preparedness initiatives, and the development of local
ordinances that promote public order. This localized approach ensures that public safety
measures are tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of each community.
2.2 The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) and Its Function
Legal Basis: BPAT’s Role under the Local Government Code and Relevant DILG
Guidelines
The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) operates under the legal framework
established by the Local Government Code of the Philippines, which mandates barangays to
maintain peace and order within their jurisdictions. The Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) reinforces this mandate through specific guidelines, such as DILG
Memorandum Circular No. 2003-42, which provides administrative directives for barangay
12
safety (National Research Council, 2018). In the context of community-based policing, such as
the BPATs in the Philippines, community involvement is crucial. Residents participate in
identifying local safety concerns, developing solutions, and implementing preventive measures,
thereby creating a more secure and cohesive community environment.
Barangays, as the smallest administrative units in the Philippines, play a pivotal role in
implementing public safety measures. Each barangay is tasked with maintaining peace and order
within its jurisdiction, often through the establishment of BPATs. These teams conduct regular
patrols, monitor community activities, and collaborate with local law enforcement agencies to
address safety concerns promptly (National Research Council, 2018). Additionally, barangays
implement various programs aimed at enhancing public safety, such as community education
campaigns on crime prevention, disaster preparedness initiatives, and the development of local
ordinances that promote public order. This localized approach ensures that public safety
measures are tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of each community.
2.2 The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) and Its Function
Legal Basis: BPAT’s Role under the Local Government Code and Relevant DILG
Guidelines
The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) operates under the legal framework
established by the Local Government Code of the Philippines, which mandates barangays to
maintain peace and order within their jurisdictions. The Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) reinforces this mandate through specific guidelines, such as DILG
Memorandum Circular No. 2003-42, which provides administrative directives for barangay
12
tanods, outlining their roles, responsibilities, and training requirements (DILG, 2022). These
guidelines aim to professionalize BPATs by standardizing their functions and ensuring that they
are well-equipped to handle community-based security concerns.
Additionally, DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2022-002 establishes further guidelines
to enhance BPATs’ effectiveness in addressing local crime and disorder (DILG, 2022). This
directive emphasizes the importance of capacity-building programs that equip BPAT members
with the necessary skills to respond to emergencies, enforce barangay ordinances, and assist law
enforcement authorities when necessary. By adhering to these legal frameworks, BPATs are
empowered to act as the frontline force in maintaining peace and order at the grassroots level.
The integration of BPATs into the local governance structure underscores the Philippine
government's commitment to community-based policing. This approach decentralizes law
enforcement efforts and fosters a collaborative environment where community members actively
participate in ensuring their own safety and security. Such legal backing ensures that BPATs
operate with authority and legitimacy, enhancing their effectiveness in performing their duties
and maintaining public trust in local security measures (Local Government Academy, 2023).
BPATs are typically composed of civilian volunteers appointed by the Punong Barangay
(Barangay Captain) upon the recommendation of the Barangay Peace and Order Council
(BPOC). These teams are structured to include various sectors of the community, ensuring
representation and inclusivity (PNP, 2023). The diverse composition of BPATs allows for a
comprehensive approach to addressing peace and order concerns within the barangay, as
members have a deep understanding of the specific challenges faced by their respective
communities.
13
guidelines aim to professionalize BPATs by standardizing their functions and ensuring that they
are well-equipped to handle community-based security concerns.
Additionally, DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2022-002 establishes further guidelines
to enhance BPATs’ effectiveness in addressing local crime and disorder (DILG, 2022). This
directive emphasizes the importance of capacity-building programs that equip BPAT members
with the necessary skills to respond to emergencies, enforce barangay ordinances, and assist law
enforcement authorities when necessary. By adhering to these legal frameworks, BPATs are
empowered to act as the frontline force in maintaining peace and order at the grassroots level.
The integration of BPATs into the local governance structure underscores the Philippine
government's commitment to community-based policing. This approach decentralizes law
enforcement efforts and fosters a collaborative environment where community members actively
participate in ensuring their own safety and security. Such legal backing ensures that BPATs
operate with authority and legitimacy, enhancing their effectiveness in performing their duties
and maintaining public trust in local security measures (Local Government Academy, 2023).
BPATs are typically composed of civilian volunteers appointed by the Punong Barangay
(Barangay Captain) upon the recommendation of the Barangay Peace and Order Council
(BPOC). These teams are structured to include various sectors of the community, ensuring
representation and inclusivity (PNP, 2023). The diverse composition of BPATs allows for a
comprehensive approach to addressing peace and order concerns within the barangay, as
members have a deep understanding of the specific challenges faced by their respective
communities.
13
The primary duties of BPAT members encompass a wide range of activities aimed at
maintaining community safety. These include organizing and mobilizing community sectors in
support of peace and order initiatives, conducting crisis management and disaster response
operations, and assisting in the implementation of barangay ordinances (PNP, 2023). BPATs also
play a crucial role in crime prevention and deterrence, often serving as the first responders to
incidents within their communities. Their presence is instrumental in resolving conflicts and
mitigating potential threats before they escalate into larger security concerns.
To effectively perform these duties, BPAT members undergo training programs designed
to enhance their skills in areas such as conflict resolution, emergency response, and community
relations. These training sessions are provided through partnerships between local government
units (LGUs), the Philippine National Police (PNP), and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) focused on community safety (DILG, 2022). The continuous professionalization of
BPATs ensures that they remain effective in fulfilling their mandate and adapting to the evolving
challenges of community policing.
Community policing strategies vary across municipalities, reflecting the unique needs
and resources of each community. In urban areas, law enforcement agencies implement
specialized community policing units that engage directly with residents to address local
concerns. These units are often equipped with advanced technology and resources, enabling them
to implement sophisticated crime prevention strategies, such as predictive policing and
surveillance systems (ResearchGate, 2023).
In contrast, rural municipalities rely more heavily on volunteer-based organizations like
BPATs. These teams leverage local knowledge and social networks to maintain peace and order.
Unlike formal law enforcement agencies, BPATs function as community-driven policing units
14
maintaining community safety. These include organizing and mobilizing community sectors in
support of peace and order initiatives, conducting crisis management and disaster response
operations, and assisting in the implementation of barangay ordinances (PNP, 2023). BPATs also
play a crucial role in crime prevention and deterrence, often serving as the first responders to
incidents within their communities. Their presence is instrumental in resolving conflicts and
mitigating potential threats before they escalate into larger security concerns.
To effectively perform these duties, BPAT members undergo training programs designed
to enhance their skills in areas such as conflict resolution, emergency response, and community
relations. These training sessions are provided through partnerships between local government
units (LGUs), the Philippine National Police (PNP), and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) focused on community safety (DILG, 2022). The continuous professionalization of
BPATs ensures that they remain effective in fulfilling their mandate and adapting to the evolving
challenges of community policing.
Community policing strategies vary across municipalities, reflecting the unique needs
and resources of each community. In urban areas, law enforcement agencies implement
specialized community policing units that engage directly with residents to address local
concerns. These units are often equipped with advanced technology and resources, enabling them
to implement sophisticated crime prevention strategies, such as predictive policing and
surveillance systems (ResearchGate, 2023).
In contrast, rural municipalities rely more heavily on volunteer-based organizations like
BPATs. These teams leverage local knowledge and social networks to maintain peace and order.
Unlike formal law enforcement agencies, BPATs function as community-driven policing units
14
that integrate traditional conflict resolution mechanisms with modern crime prevention
techniques (Index Copernicus, 2023). Their deep-rooted connections within their communities
allow them to build trust with residents, making it easier to gather intelligence and address
security concerns proactively.
Despite differences in structure and resources, the core principles of community policing
—partnership, problem-solving, and organizational transformation—remain consistent across
various models. Studies have shown that community policing strategies, including BPATs,
contribute significantly to reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety (ResearchGate,
2023). By tailoring these strategies to the specific context of each municipality, communities can
effectively address their unique challenges and improve overall quality of life.
2.3 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of BPAT
Patrolling – The Significance of Regular Monitoring and Visibility in Crime Deterrence
Regular patrolling plays a crucial role in deterring criminal activities within communities,
as visibility alone can discourage potential offenders from engaging in unlawful behavior.
Studies indicate that frequent and strategic patrolling by community policing units, including
BPATs, significantly reduces crime rates by creating a sense of security among residents (Garcia
& Bautista, 2021). When BPAT members maintain a consistent presence in key areas, they
establish familiarity with community members and enhance trust, making it easier for them to
gather intelligence and respond to potential threats.
The effectiveness of BPAT patrolling efforts largely depends on their ability to cover
high-risk areas and adapt to emerging security concerns. Research suggests that crime rates are
lower in areas where law enforcement agencies and community policing groups conduct routine
15
techniques (Index Copernicus, 2023). Their deep-rooted connections within their communities
allow them to build trust with residents, making it easier to gather intelligence and address
security concerns proactively.
Despite differences in structure and resources, the core principles of community policing
—partnership, problem-solving, and organizational transformation—remain consistent across
various models. Studies have shown that community policing strategies, including BPATs,
contribute significantly to reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety (ResearchGate,
2023). By tailoring these strategies to the specific context of each municipality, communities can
effectively address their unique challenges and improve overall quality of life.
2.3 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of BPAT
Patrolling – The Significance of Regular Monitoring and Visibility in Crime Deterrence
Regular patrolling plays a crucial role in deterring criminal activities within communities,
as visibility alone can discourage potential offenders from engaging in unlawful behavior.
Studies indicate that frequent and strategic patrolling by community policing units, including
BPATs, significantly reduces crime rates by creating a sense of security among residents (Garcia
& Bautista, 2021). When BPAT members maintain a consistent presence in key areas, they
establish familiarity with community members and enhance trust, making it easier for them to
gather intelligence and respond to potential threats.
The effectiveness of BPAT patrolling efforts largely depends on their ability to cover
high-risk areas and adapt to emerging security concerns. Research suggests that crime rates are
lower in areas where law enforcement agencies and community policing groups conduct routine
15
foot or mobile patrols (Reyes et al., 2022). The presence of BPATs in crime-prone zones not only
discourages criminal activities but also fosters community engagement, as residents feel safer
when they see active security personnel monitoring their surroundings.
However, challenges such as limited manpower, lack of resources, and inconsistent
scheduling of patrols can undermine the effectiveness of BPATs. Addressing these concerns
requires proper coordination between barangay officials and local law enforcement to ensure that
BPATs are deployed efficiently and strategically. Additionally, implementing data-driven patrol
strategies—such as mapping crime hotspots—can help BPATs maximize their efforts in
preventing crime (Santos & Dela Cruz, 2023).
Equipment – The Role of Proper Tools and Technology in Enhancing BPAT Performance
The effectiveness of BPATs in maintaining community safety is highly dependent on their
access to proper equipment and technology. Research highlights that well-equipped community
policing teams are better able to respond to emergencies, enforce barangay ordinances, and
handle crisis situations (Mendoza et al., 2021). Essential tools such as radios, flashlights, batons,
and protective gear not only improve BPAT members’ safety but also enhance their ability to
perform their duties effectively.
Modern technology, including surveillance cameras and digital communication systems,
further enhances BPAT operations by enabling real-time monitoring and faster coordination with
law enforcement agencies. Studies have shown that barangays that invest in surveillance
technology experience lower crime rates due to improved monitoring and evidence collection
(Villanueva & Santos, 2022). Equipping BPATs with body cameras or mobile applications for
reporting incidents can also increase transparency and accountability in their policing activities.
16
discourages criminal activities but also fosters community engagement, as residents feel safer
when they see active security personnel monitoring their surroundings.
However, challenges such as limited manpower, lack of resources, and inconsistent
scheduling of patrols can undermine the effectiveness of BPATs. Addressing these concerns
requires proper coordination between barangay officials and local law enforcement to ensure that
BPATs are deployed efficiently and strategically. Additionally, implementing data-driven patrol
strategies—such as mapping crime hotspots—can help BPATs maximize their efforts in
preventing crime (Santos & Dela Cruz, 2023).
Equipment – The Role of Proper Tools and Technology in Enhancing BPAT Performance
The effectiveness of BPATs in maintaining community safety is highly dependent on their
access to proper equipment and technology. Research highlights that well-equipped community
policing teams are better able to respond to emergencies, enforce barangay ordinances, and
handle crisis situations (Mendoza et al., 2021). Essential tools such as radios, flashlights, batons,
and protective gear not only improve BPAT members’ safety but also enhance their ability to
perform their duties effectively.
Modern technology, including surveillance cameras and digital communication systems,
further enhances BPAT operations by enabling real-time monitoring and faster coordination with
law enforcement agencies. Studies have shown that barangays that invest in surveillance
technology experience lower crime rates due to improved monitoring and evidence collection
(Villanueva & Santos, 2022). Equipping BPATs with body cameras or mobile applications for
reporting incidents can also increase transparency and accountability in their policing activities.
16
Despite the importance of proper equipment, many BPATs struggle with inadequate
resources due to limited funding from local government units (LGUs). Addressing this issue
requires increased budget allocation and partnerships with non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) and private sectors to provide necessary tools and training for BPAT members. Investing
in updated security equipment ensures that BPATs remain efficient and capable of fulfilling their
peacekeeping responsibilities (Lazaro & Cruz, 2023).
Response – The Impact of Quick and Effective Interventions in Maintaining Community
Safety
Rapid response to emergencies and security threats is a key factor in the effectiveness of
BPATs. The ability to act swiftly in situations such as theft, domestic disputes, and minor
disturbances helps prevent escalation and reinforces public confidence in community policing
efforts (Gonzales & Ramos, 2021). Quick interventions also contribute to crime deterrence, as
perpetrators are less likely to commit offenses in areas where security personnel are known to
respond promptly.
One study found that communities with well-trained and organized BPATs experience
lower incident rates due to their ability to provide immediate assistance in emergencies (Cabrera
et al., 2022). This includes assisting victims, reporting crimes to law enforcement agencies, and
facilitating initial interventions before the arrival of police officers. BPATs also play a critical
role in emergency preparedness, such as disaster response and medical assistance during
accidents.
However, delays in response time can significantly affect the efficiency of BPAT
operations. Factors such as lack of transportation, poor communication infrastructure, and
17
resources due to limited funding from local government units (LGUs). Addressing this issue
requires increased budget allocation and partnerships with non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) and private sectors to provide necessary tools and training for BPAT members. Investing
in updated security equipment ensures that BPATs remain efficient and capable of fulfilling their
peacekeeping responsibilities (Lazaro & Cruz, 2023).
Response – The Impact of Quick and Effective Interventions in Maintaining Community
Safety
Rapid response to emergencies and security threats is a key factor in the effectiveness of
BPATs. The ability to act swiftly in situations such as theft, domestic disputes, and minor
disturbances helps prevent escalation and reinforces public confidence in community policing
efforts (Gonzales & Ramos, 2021). Quick interventions also contribute to crime deterrence, as
perpetrators are less likely to commit offenses in areas where security personnel are known to
respond promptly.
One study found that communities with well-trained and organized BPATs experience
lower incident rates due to their ability to provide immediate assistance in emergencies (Cabrera
et al., 2022). This includes assisting victims, reporting crimes to law enforcement agencies, and
facilitating initial interventions before the arrival of police officers. BPATs also play a critical
role in emergency preparedness, such as disaster response and medical assistance during
accidents.
However, delays in response time can significantly affect the efficiency of BPAT
operations. Factors such as lack of transportation, poor communication infrastructure, and
17
insufficient personnel can hinder their ability to act quickly. Strengthening BPAT response
strategies requires better resource allocation, emergency response training, and coordination with
local authorities to ensure that assistance reaches communities in a timely manner (Rivera &
Lopez, 2023).
2.3 Communication – Importance of Coordination Between BPAT, Barangay Officials, and
Local Law Enforcement
Effective communication is essential in ensuring that BPATs function efficiently within
their communities. Coordination between BPAT members, barangay officials, and local law
enforcement agencies facilitates better decision-making, faster response times, and improved
crime prevention strategies (Fernandez et al., 2021). Communication channels such as two-way
radios, group messaging apps, and barangay command centers enable seamless information-
sharing, allowing BPATs to act on potential threats before they escalate.
In barangays where BPATs maintain strong communication with local authorities, crime
resolution rates tend to be higher due to better reporting and documentation of incidents (Santos
& Villanueva, 2022). This collaboration also ensures that BPAT members receive proper
guidance and support in handling complex security issues. Barangay officials play a crucial role
in reinforcing BPAT operations by providing logistical assistance and ensuring that peacekeeping
efforts align with local governance policies.
Despite the importance of communication, challenges such as lack of training in crisis
communication, uncoordinated reporting systems, and bureaucratic delays can hinder BPAT
operations. Addressing these issues requires capacity-building programs that focus on improving
BPAT members’ communication skills and establishing clear protocols for reporting and
18
strategies requires better resource allocation, emergency response training, and coordination with
local authorities to ensure that assistance reaches communities in a timely manner (Rivera &
Lopez, 2023).
2.3 Communication – Importance of Coordination Between BPAT, Barangay Officials, and
Local Law Enforcement
Effective communication is essential in ensuring that BPATs function efficiently within
their communities. Coordination between BPAT members, barangay officials, and local law
enforcement agencies facilitates better decision-making, faster response times, and improved
crime prevention strategies (Fernandez et al., 2021). Communication channels such as two-way
radios, group messaging apps, and barangay command centers enable seamless information-
sharing, allowing BPATs to act on potential threats before they escalate.
In barangays where BPATs maintain strong communication with local authorities, crime
resolution rates tend to be higher due to better reporting and documentation of incidents (Santos
& Villanueva, 2022). This collaboration also ensures that BPAT members receive proper
guidance and support in handling complex security issues. Barangay officials play a crucial role
in reinforcing BPAT operations by providing logistical assistance and ensuring that peacekeeping
efforts align with local governance policies.
Despite the importance of communication, challenges such as lack of training in crisis
communication, uncoordinated reporting systems, and bureaucratic delays can hinder BPAT
operations. Addressing these issues requires capacity-building programs that focus on improving
BPAT members’ communication skills and establishing clear protocols for reporting and
18
responding to security incidents (Lopez & Cruz, 2023). Strengthening partnerships with the
Philippine National Police (PNP) and other law enforcement agencies can further enhance BPAT
effectiveness in community policing.
Conflict Dispute Resolution – BPAT's Role in Handling Minor Conflicts to Prevent
Escalation
Conflict resolution is a fundamental aspect of BPAT responsibilities, as minor disputes
can escalate into serious crimes if left unaddressed. Studies indicate that effective mediation by
BPAT members significantly reduces the likelihood of violent confrontations within barangays
(Diaz & Martinez, 2022). By intervening early in conflicts involving neighbors, families, or
business disputes, BPATs help maintain social harmony and prevent legal disputes from
escalating.
BPATs are trained to use nonviolent methods, such as dialogue, negotiation, and referral
to barangay justice systems, to resolve disputes. Research suggests that barangays with active
dispute resolution mechanisms experience fewer incidents of community violence and legal
cases, as conflicts are settled at the grassroots level before they require formal legal intervention
(Gonzales et al., 2023). BPATs also work closely with the Lupong Tagapamayapa (Barangay
Justice Committee) to facilitate peaceful resolutions to disputes.
However, BPATs may face difficulties when dealing with highly sensitive conflicts, such
as domestic violence or disputes involving influential individuals in the community. In such
cases, referral to higher authorities, such as social workers or law enforcement, becomes
necessary to ensure fair and just resolution. Strengthening BPAT training in conflict mediation
19
Philippine National Police (PNP) and other law enforcement agencies can further enhance BPAT
effectiveness in community policing.
Conflict Dispute Resolution – BPAT's Role in Handling Minor Conflicts to Prevent
Escalation
Conflict resolution is a fundamental aspect of BPAT responsibilities, as minor disputes
can escalate into serious crimes if left unaddressed. Studies indicate that effective mediation by
BPAT members significantly reduces the likelihood of violent confrontations within barangays
(Diaz & Martinez, 2022). By intervening early in conflicts involving neighbors, families, or
business disputes, BPATs help maintain social harmony and prevent legal disputes from
escalating.
BPATs are trained to use nonviolent methods, such as dialogue, negotiation, and referral
to barangay justice systems, to resolve disputes. Research suggests that barangays with active
dispute resolution mechanisms experience fewer incidents of community violence and legal
cases, as conflicts are settled at the grassroots level before they require formal legal intervention
(Gonzales et al., 2023). BPATs also work closely with the Lupong Tagapamayapa (Barangay
Justice Committee) to facilitate peaceful resolutions to disputes.
However, BPATs may face difficulties when dealing with highly sensitive conflicts, such
as domestic violence or disputes involving influential individuals in the community. In such
cases, referral to higher authorities, such as social workers or law enforcement, becomes
necessary to ensure fair and just resolution. Strengthening BPAT training in conflict mediation
19
and providing legal support from barangay officials can enhance their ability to manage disputes
effectively (Reyes & Santos, 2023).
2.4 Review of Existing Literature on BPAT's Effectiveness in Various Barangays
The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) plays a vital role in ensuring grassroots
security and maintaining public safety in various communities. Research highlights BPAT’s
effectiveness in enforcing local ordinances, such as curfew hours, and fostering a sense of
security among residents. In Ozamiz City, a study found that BPAT members actively patrol
barangay areas, preventing crimes and ensuring compliance with barangay policies (MiilcenJay
& Bienes, 2022). Their presence was seen as a deterrent to criminal activities, strengthening the
local law enforcement system.
Similarly, BPAT operations in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, have demonstrated high levels
of effectiveness, particularly in apprehending criminals and conducting routine checkpoints
(Caliguid et al., 2019). The study emphasized the importance of community-based policing in
strengthening barangay-level security. However, resource limitations and lack of formalized
training among BPAT members were cited as challenges to their overall efficiency.
Further research in Barangay Tubod, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, assessed BPAT’s
performance based on educational attainment. Findings indicated that BPAT members with
higher levels of education exhibited greater competency in responding to community concerns
and handling conflict situations (Recomes et al., 2024). This suggests that continuous training
and educational programs for BPAT members could significantly enhance their effectiveness in
ensuring public safety.
Empirical Studies on the Impact of Community Policing on Crime Rates and Compliance
20
effectively (Reyes & Santos, 2023).
2.4 Review of Existing Literature on BPAT's Effectiveness in Various Barangays
The Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) plays a vital role in ensuring grassroots
security and maintaining public safety in various communities. Research highlights BPAT’s
effectiveness in enforcing local ordinances, such as curfew hours, and fostering a sense of
security among residents. In Ozamiz City, a study found that BPAT members actively patrol
barangay areas, preventing crimes and ensuring compliance with barangay policies (MiilcenJay
& Bienes, 2022). Their presence was seen as a deterrent to criminal activities, strengthening the
local law enforcement system.
Similarly, BPAT operations in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, have demonstrated high levels
of effectiveness, particularly in apprehending criminals and conducting routine checkpoints
(Caliguid et al., 2019). The study emphasized the importance of community-based policing in
strengthening barangay-level security. However, resource limitations and lack of formalized
training among BPAT members were cited as challenges to their overall efficiency.
Further research in Barangay Tubod, Bansalan, Davao del Sur, assessed BPAT’s
performance based on educational attainment. Findings indicated that BPAT members with
higher levels of education exhibited greater competency in responding to community concerns
and handling conflict situations (Recomes et al., 2024). This suggests that continuous training
and educational programs for BPAT members could significantly enhance their effectiveness in
ensuring public safety.
Empirical Studies on the Impact of Community Policing on Crime Rates and Compliance
20
Community policing strategies, including BPAT initiatives, have been shown to influence
crime rates and community compliance positively. A study in Ozamiz City revealed that residents
had high satisfaction levels regarding BPAT’s role in promoting community security and
enforcing regulations (Saligan et al., 2020). However, while BPAT presence reduced petty
crimes, the study highlighted the need for more structured and consistent intervention programs
to sustain long-term public safety.
Research on BPAT's effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated
the impact of community policing in crisis situations. Findings from Ozamiz City indicated that
BPAT members played a crucial role in enforcing health protocols, ensuring that curfew hours
and social distancing measures were strictly followed (MiilcenJay & Bienes, 2022). This study
highlights the adaptability of BPAT in addressing emerging security concerns beyond traditional
crime prevention.
Moreover, an evaluation of crime rates in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, showed that
barangays with active BPAT participation experienced lower crime incidents compared to those
with weaker enforcement (Caliguid et al., 2019). The study emphasized that sustained
community policing efforts are essential in maintaining order and reducing the prevalence of
criminal activities in barangay jurisdictions.
Comparative Analysis of BPAT Implementation in Urban vs. Rural Settings
BPAT implementation differs significantly between urban and rural settings due to
variations in crime patterns and resource availability. In urban barangays, BPAT faces challenges
such as high population density, gang-related activities, and complex crime networks (Saligan et
21
crime rates and community compliance positively. A study in Ozamiz City revealed that residents
had high satisfaction levels regarding BPAT’s role in promoting community security and
enforcing regulations (Saligan et al., 2020). However, while BPAT presence reduced petty
crimes, the study highlighted the need for more structured and consistent intervention programs
to sustain long-term public safety.
Research on BPAT's effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated
the impact of community policing in crisis situations. Findings from Ozamiz City indicated that
BPAT members played a crucial role in enforcing health protocols, ensuring that curfew hours
and social distancing measures were strictly followed (MiilcenJay & Bienes, 2022). This study
highlights the adaptability of BPAT in addressing emerging security concerns beyond traditional
crime prevention.
Moreover, an evaluation of crime rates in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, showed that
barangays with active BPAT participation experienced lower crime incidents compared to those
with weaker enforcement (Caliguid et al., 2019). The study emphasized that sustained
community policing efforts are essential in maintaining order and reducing the prevalence of
criminal activities in barangay jurisdictions.
Comparative Analysis of BPAT Implementation in Urban vs. Rural Settings
BPAT implementation differs significantly between urban and rural settings due to
variations in crime patterns and resource availability. In urban barangays, BPAT faces challenges
such as high population density, gang-related activities, and complex crime networks (Saligan et
21
al., 2020). These barangays often require more structured coordination with local law
enforcement agencies to address security concerns effectively.
In contrast, rural barangays tend to focus on crime deterrence through community engagement
and increased police visibility. A comparative analysis found that rural BPAT teams often
struggle with limited logistical support, affecting their ability to conduct regular patrolling and
emergency response operations (Terluin, 2022). The study also emphasized that rural
communities often rely on strong interpersonal relationships between BPAT members and
residents, making community trust a crucial factor in maintaining security.
Despite these differences, both urban and rural BPAT implementations emphasize the
importance of localized security measures. A case study in Ozamiz City suggested that
integrating technological tools, such as CCTV monitoring and mobile communication platforms,
could enhance BPAT efficiency across diverse settings (Recomes et al., 2024). The study
proposed that investing in modern security technologies and continuous training programs would
bridge the resource gap between urban and rural barangays.
Research Gap and Justification for the Study
Existing studies on the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) have primarily
focused on its role in crime prevention and community safety across various barangays in the
Philippines. However, there is a noticeable gap in research specifically examining the
performance and effectiveness of BPAT in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. Most available literature
provides general assessments of BPAT’s operations in urban centers or larger municipalities, but
there is a lack of localized studies addressing how BPAT adapts to the unique socio-political and
economic conditions of smaller barangays (Recomes et al., 2024). Understanding BPAT’s role in
22
enforcement agencies to address security concerns effectively.
In contrast, rural barangays tend to focus on crime deterrence through community engagement
and increased police visibility. A comparative analysis found that rural BPAT teams often
struggle with limited logistical support, affecting their ability to conduct regular patrolling and
emergency response operations (Terluin, 2022). The study also emphasized that rural
communities often rely on strong interpersonal relationships between BPAT members and
residents, making community trust a crucial factor in maintaining security.
Despite these differences, both urban and rural BPAT implementations emphasize the
importance of localized security measures. A case study in Ozamiz City suggested that
integrating technological tools, such as CCTV monitoring and mobile communication platforms,
could enhance BPAT efficiency across diverse settings (Recomes et al., 2024). The study
proposed that investing in modern security technologies and continuous training programs would
bridge the resource gap between urban and rural barangays.
Research Gap and Justification for the Study
Existing studies on the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) have primarily
focused on its role in crime prevention and community safety across various barangays in the
Philippines. However, there is a noticeable gap in research specifically examining the
performance and effectiveness of BPAT in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. Most available literature
provides general assessments of BPAT’s operations in urban centers or larger municipalities, but
there is a lack of localized studies addressing how BPAT adapts to the unique socio-political and
economic conditions of smaller barangays (Recomes et al., 2024). Understanding BPAT’s role in
22
Barangay Lagtang is crucial as it provides insights into localized policing strategies, community
engagement, and unique security challenges that may differ from those documented in more
extensively studied areas.
Another significant gap in research is the lack of updated empirical data on BPAT's
performance, particularly in adapting to contemporary security concerns such as technological
integration, digital communication, and emergency response coordination. Recent studies have
primarily analyzed BPAT’s traditional roles in patrolling and dispute resolution but have not fully
explored how modern challenges—such as cyber-related crimes, pandemic-related enforcement,
and rapid urbanization—affect their efficiency (MiilcenJay & Bienes, 2022). Given that
community safety concerns are constantly evolving, there is a need for real-time assessments of
BPAT’s operational capacity to determine whether their training, equipment, and enforcement
mechanisms remain effective and relevant in addressing new security threats.
To bridge these research gaps, this study aims to assess BPAT’s effectiveness using key
performance indicators, including patrolling, response time, communication efficiency, and
conflict resolution skills. These variables are essential in measuring how well BPAT fulfills its
mandate in deterring crime, handling security incidents, and collaborating with other community
stakeholders. Prior research has often focused on crime reduction statistics without analyzing the
operational aspects that contribute to BPAT’s effectiveness (Saligan et al., 2020). By focusing on
these specific indicators, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of BPAT’s role
in Barangay Lagtang, offering evidence-based recommendations to enhance their functionality,
resource allocation, and policy support.
23
engagement, and unique security challenges that may differ from those documented in more
extensively studied areas.
Another significant gap in research is the lack of updated empirical data on BPAT's
performance, particularly in adapting to contemporary security concerns such as technological
integration, digital communication, and emergency response coordination. Recent studies have
primarily analyzed BPAT’s traditional roles in patrolling and dispute resolution but have not fully
explored how modern challenges—such as cyber-related crimes, pandemic-related enforcement,
and rapid urbanization—affect their efficiency (MiilcenJay & Bienes, 2022). Given that
community safety concerns are constantly evolving, there is a need for real-time assessments of
BPAT’s operational capacity to determine whether their training, equipment, and enforcement
mechanisms remain effective and relevant in addressing new security threats.
To bridge these research gaps, this study aims to assess BPAT’s effectiveness using key
performance indicators, including patrolling, response time, communication efficiency, and
conflict resolution skills. These variables are essential in measuring how well BPAT fulfills its
mandate in deterring crime, handling security incidents, and collaborating with other community
stakeholders. Prior research has often focused on crime reduction statistics without analyzing the
operational aspects that contribute to BPAT’s effectiveness (Saligan et al., 2020). By focusing on
these specific indicators, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of BPAT’s role
in Barangay Lagtang, offering evidence-based recommendations to enhance their functionality,
resource allocation, and policy support.
23
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in assessing the effectiveness
of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It details the
research design, setting, respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and
statistical treatment used to ensure a systematic and objective analysis of the study variables.
3.1 Research Design
This study employs a descriptive quantitative research design, which focuses on
systematically collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe characteristics of a population
or phenomenon without manipulating variables. This approach is effective in identifying
patterns, frequencies, and trends within a specific group (Scribbr, 2019). By utilizing structured
surveys and statistical analyses, descriptive quantitative research provides a clear snapshot of the
current state of the subject under investigation (Qualtrics, 2021). In this study, this design
facilitates an objective assessment of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team's (BPAT)
effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by quantifying variables such as patrolling
efficiency, response times, and communication effectiveness.
3.2 Research Setting
24
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in assessing the effectiveness
of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It details the
research design, setting, respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and
statistical treatment used to ensure a systematic and objective analysis of the study variables.
3.1 Research Design
This study employs a descriptive quantitative research design, which focuses on
systematically collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe characteristics of a population
or phenomenon without manipulating variables. This approach is effective in identifying
patterns, frequencies, and trends within a specific group (Scribbr, 2019). By utilizing structured
surveys and statistical analyses, descriptive quantitative research provides a clear snapshot of the
current state of the subject under investigation (Qualtrics, 2021). In this study, this design
facilitates an objective assessment of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team's (BPAT)
effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, by quantifying variables such as patrolling
efficiency, response times, and communication effectiveness.
3.2 Research Setting
24
The research is set in Barangay Lagtang, a rural barangay in the municipality of Alubijid,
Misamis Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 Census, Barangay Lagtang has a
population of 1,578, representing approximately 4.91% of Alubijid's total population (PhilAtlas,
2022). Alubijid itself is a coastal municipality with a land area of 85.56 square kilometers and a
total population of 32,163 as of 2020 (PhilAtlas, 2022). The barangay's demographic and
geographic characteristics provide a unique context for assessing BPAT's role in community
safety.
3.3 Respondents of the Study
The study's respondents include 10 barangay officials and a sample of community
residents from Barangay Lagtang. A purposive sampling technique is employed to select
barangay officials due to their direct involvement in community safety initiatives. For
community residents, a simple random sampling method ensures that every individual has an
equal chance of being selected, promoting the representativeness of the sample. This
combination of sampling methods allows for a comprehensive understanding of BPAT's
effectiveness from both administrative and resident perspectives.
3.4 Research Instrument
To address the second specific objective, the study utilizes an adapted survey
questionnaire originally developed by Laroza, J. M. A., Tacogdoy, G. J. A., Cambal, H. B., Page,
J. J. E., Canape, B. B., & Cuevas, J. F., Jr. in their 2022 research titled " Performance-Based
assessment of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team during COVID-19 pandemic in Ozamiz
City" published in the Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology. The questionnaire
comprises 10 questions for each variable related to BPAT's effectiveness indicators, such as
25
Misamis Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2020 Census, Barangay Lagtang has a
population of 1,578, representing approximately 4.91% of Alubijid's total population (PhilAtlas,
2022). Alubijid itself is a coastal municipality with a land area of 85.56 square kilometers and a
total population of 32,163 as of 2020 (PhilAtlas, 2022). The barangay's demographic and
geographic characteristics provide a unique context for assessing BPAT's role in community
safety.
3.3 Respondents of the Study
The study's respondents include 10 barangay officials and a sample of community
residents from Barangay Lagtang. A purposive sampling technique is employed to select
barangay officials due to their direct involvement in community safety initiatives. For
community residents, a simple random sampling method ensures that every individual has an
equal chance of being selected, promoting the representativeness of the sample. This
combination of sampling methods allows for a comprehensive understanding of BPAT's
effectiveness from both administrative and resident perspectives.
3.4 Research Instrument
To address the second specific objective, the study utilizes an adapted survey
questionnaire originally developed by Laroza, J. M. A., Tacogdoy, G. J. A., Cambal, H. B., Page,
J. J. E., Canape, B. B., & Cuevas, J. F., Jr. in their 2022 research titled " Performance-Based
assessment of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team during COVID-19 pandemic in Ozamiz
City" published in the Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology. The questionnaire
comprises 10 questions for each variable related to BPAT's effectiveness indicators, such as
25
patrolling, response, and communication. Responses are measured using a 4-point Likert scale,
ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree), facilitating the quantification of
perceptions and experiences.
This instrument was pilot tested, which obtained a Cronbach alpha of 0.890 for
Patrolling, 0.803 for Equipment, 0.914 for Response, 0.842 for Communication, and 0.811 for
Conflict Dispute; which indicated a highly reliable research instrument and has a high internal
consistency.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
Prior to data collection, necessary permissions and approvals were obtained from relevant
authorities, including the barangay council and local ethics committees, to ensure ethical
compliance. The research team conducted pre-survey meetings with barangay officials to explain
the study's objectives and procedures, fostering cooperation and transparency. Additionally, the
survey questionnaire underwent a pilot testing phase with a small group of residents to assess
clarity and reliability, allowing for necessary adjustments before full deployment.
The data collection phase involved administering the survey questionnaires to the
selected respondents. For barangay officials, surveys were conducted face-to-face in their offices
to facilitate immediate clarification of any queries. Community residents received the
questionnaires through household visits, ensuring accessibility and encouraging participation.
The research team adhered to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent from all
participants and ensuring the confidentiality of their responses.
Following data collection, completed questionnaires were compiled and encoded into a
statistical software for analysis. The data underwent cleaning and verification processes to
26
ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree), facilitating the quantification of
perceptions and experiences.
This instrument was pilot tested, which obtained a Cronbach alpha of 0.890 for
Patrolling, 0.803 for Equipment, 0.914 for Response, 0.842 for Communication, and 0.811 for
Conflict Dispute; which indicated a highly reliable research instrument and has a high internal
consistency.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure
Prior to data collection, necessary permissions and approvals were obtained from relevant
authorities, including the barangay council and local ethics committees, to ensure ethical
compliance. The research team conducted pre-survey meetings with barangay officials to explain
the study's objectives and procedures, fostering cooperation and transparency. Additionally, the
survey questionnaire underwent a pilot testing phase with a small group of residents to assess
clarity and reliability, allowing for necessary adjustments before full deployment.
The data collection phase involved administering the survey questionnaires to the
selected respondents. For barangay officials, surveys were conducted face-to-face in their offices
to facilitate immediate clarification of any queries. Community residents received the
questionnaires through household visits, ensuring accessibility and encouraging participation.
The research team adhered to ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent from all
participants and ensuring the confidentiality of their responses.
Following data collection, completed questionnaires were compiled and encoded into a
statistical software for analysis. The data underwent cleaning and verification processes to
26
address any inconsistencies or missing values. Subsequently, the research team performed
statistical analyses as outlined in the study's objectives. The findings were then documented and
interpreted, forming the basis for conclusions and recommendations regarding BPAT's
effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang.
3.6 Statistical Treatment of Data
To analyze the collected data, the study employs both descriptive and inferential
statistics.
For the first and second specific objectives, descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and
percentages are utilized to summarize respondents' perceptions of BPAT's effectiveness.
Table 1
Interpretation of the Mean for the respondents' perceptions of BPAT's effectiveness
Mean Range Description Interpretation
4 3.25 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Very Effective
3 2.50 – 3.24 Agree Effective
2 1.75 – 2.49 Disagree Ineffective
1 1.00 – 1.74 Strongly DisagreeNot Very Effective
For the third specific objective (SOP3), which involves examining relationships between
variables, inferential statistics are applied. This may include tests such as correlation analysis or
regression analysis to determine the strength and nature of associations between BPAT activities
and community safety outcomes.
27
statistical analyses as outlined in the study's objectives. The findings were then documented and
interpreted, forming the basis for conclusions and recommendations regarding BPAT's
effectiveness in Barangay Lagtang.
3.6 Statistical Treatment of Data
To analyze the collected data, the study employs both descriptive and inferential
statistics.
For the first and second specific objectives, descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and
percentages are utilized to summarize respondents' perceptions of BPAT's effectiveness.
Table 1
Interpretation of the Mean for the respondents' perceptions of BPAT's effectiveness
Mean Range Description Interpretation
4 3.25 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Very Effective
3 2.50 – 3.24 Agree Effective
2 1.75 – 2.49 Disagree Ineffective
1 1.00 – 1.74 Strongly DisagreeNot Very Effective
For the third specific objective (SOP3), which involves examining relationships between
variables, inferential statistics are applied. This may include tests such as correlation analysis or
regression analysis to determine the strength and nature of associations between BPAT activities
and community safety outcomes.
27
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the study on the effectiveness of BPAT
in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It discusses the demographic profile of respondents and evaluates
BPAT's performance across key areas such as patrolling, equipment, response, communication,
and conflict resolution.
Problem 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
Age and
Sex?
Table 1.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Age
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
18 to 20 years old 8 6.2
21 to 23 years old 6 4.6
24 to 26 years old 39 30.0
27 to 37 years old 77 59.2
Total 130 100.0
Table 1.1 shows that the majority of the respondents (59.2%) belong to the age group of
27 to 37 years old, followed by those aged 24 to 26 years old (30.0%). This indicates that most of
28
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the study on the effectiveness of BPAT
in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. It discusses the demographic profile of respondents and evaluates
BPAT's performance across key areas such as patrolling, equipment, response, communication,
and conflict resolution.
Problem 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
Age and
Sex?
Table 1.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Age
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
18 to 20 years old 8 6.2
21 to 23 years old 6 4.6
24 to 26 years old 39 30.0
27 to 37 years old 77 59.2
Total 130 100.0
Table 1.1 shows that the majority of the respondents (59.2%) belong to the age group of
27 to 37 years old, followed by those aged 24 to 26 years old (30.0%). This indicates that most of
28
the participants in the study are in their late twenties to mid-thirties, suggesting that Barangay
Lagtang’s community safety and compliance initiatives involve individuals who are likely to
have more experience and awareness regarding public safety programs. The predominance of
this age group implies that older young adults and middle-aged individuals play a crucial role in
BPAT effectiveness, as they may have developed a deeper sense of responsibility in maintaining
peace and order within the community. This result is supported by Khen et al. (2023), who
emphasized that community safety programs are more effective when the majority of participants
are mature individuals with practical experience in law enforcement and community
engagement.
Conversely, the lowest percentage of respondents falls within the 21 to 23 years old
category (4.6%), followed by those aged 18 to 20 years old (6.2%). This finding suggests that
younger individuals have minimal participation in BPAT-related activities, possibly due to their
focus on education or early career development. The lower engagement of younger respondents
may also imply that awareness and recruitment efforts for BPAT membership are more effective
among older age groups. This result is in line with the findings of Morales and Reyes (2022),
who noted that younger individuals are less likely to participate in community policing efforts
due to competing personal and professional commitments.
Table 1.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 73 56.2
Female 57 43.8
Total 130 100.0
29
Lagtang’s community safety and compliance initiatives involve individuals who are likely to
have more experience and awareness regarding public safety programs. The predominance of
this age group implies that older young adults and middle-aged individuals play a crucial role in
BPAT effectiveness, as they may have developed a deeper sense of responsibility in maintaining
peace and order within the community. This result is supported by Khen et al. (2023), who
emphasized that community safety programs are more effective when the majority of participants
are mature individuals with practical experience in law enforcement and community
engagement.
Conversely, the lowest percentage of respondents falls within the 21 to 23 years old
category (4.6%), followed by those aged 18 to 20 years old (6.2%). This finding suggests that
younger individuals have minimal participation in BPAT-related activities, possibly due to their
focus on education or early career development. The lower engagement of younger respondents
may also imply that awareness and recruitment efforts for BPAT membership are more effective
among older age groups. This result is in line with the findings of Morales and Reyes (2022),
who noted that younger individuals are less likely to participate in community policing efforts
due to competing personal and professional commitments.
Table 1.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents’ Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 73 56.2
Female 57 43.8
Total 130 100.0
29
Table 1.2 shows that the majority of the respondents are male (56.2%), while females
account for 43.8% of the total sample. This suggests that BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) participation in Barangay Lagtang is slightly male-dominated, which may be attributed to
the perception that community safety initiatives require physical strength and assertiveness—
traits often associated with men. The higher male participation also implies that men may be
more inclined to volunteer for security roles within the barangay, reinforcing traditional gender
roles in public safety. This result is supported by Rivera et al. (2024), who found that community
safety programs tend to have higher male participation due to the nature of responsibilities
involved, such as patrol duties and conflict mediation.
Conversely, the female respondents make up a smaller portion of BPAT members
(43.8%), indicating lower female involvement in community peacekeeping efforts. This may
suggest that women face barriers to participation, such as household responsibilities, safety
concerns, or social norms that discourage them from engaging in law enforcement activities.
However, the presence of women in BPAT remains significant, which highlights the increasing
recognition of their role in fostering community safety. This finding aligns with the study by
Santos and Villanueva (2021), who noted that while women are underrepresented in barangay
peacekeeping teams, their contributions to conflict resolution and community engagement are
crucial.
Problem 2. What is the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in
Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, in terms of:
Patrolling;
Equipment;
30
account for 43.8% of the total sample. This suggests that BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) participation in Barangay Lagtang is slightly male-dominated, which may be attributed to
the perception that community safety initiatives require physical strength and assertiveness—
traits often associated with men. The higher male participation also implies that men may be
more inclined to volunteer for security roles within the barangay, reinforcing traditional gender
roles in public safety. This result is supported by Rivera et al. (2024), who found that community
safety programs tend to have higher male participation due to the nature of responsibilities
involved, such as patrol duties and conflict mediation.
Conversely, the female respondents make up a smaller portion of BPAT members
(43.8%), indicating lower female involvement in community peacekeeping efforts. This may
suggest that women face barriers to participation, such as household responsibilities, safety
concerns, or social norms that discourage them from engaging in law enforcement activities.
However, the presence of women in BPAT remains significant, which highlights the increasing
recognition of their role in fostering community safety. This finding aligns with the study by
Santos and Villanueva (2021), who noted that while women are underrepresented in barangay
peacekeeping teams, their contributions to conflict resolution and community engagement are
crucial.
Problem 2. What is the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in
Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, in terms of:
Patrolling;
Equipment;
30
Response;
Communication; and
Conflict Dispute?
Table 2.1
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Patrolling
Indicator MeanS.D. DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members conduct regular
patrols in key areas of the barangay.
3.380.61
Strongly Agree Very High
2. Patrol schedules are consistently
followed to ensure continuous
monitoring.
3.110.72 Agree High
3. BPAT presence is visible in high-
risk areas during peak hours.
3.150.65
Agree High
4. BPAT members conduct foot and
mobile patrols as part of their
security measures.
3.250.57 Agree High
5. The frequency of BPAT patrols is
sufficient to deter criminal
activities.
3.220.67 Agree High
6. BPAT members coordinate with
barangay officials regarding patrol
routes.
3.270.63Strongly Agree Very High
7. BPAT patrols have contributed to
reducing incidents of crime and
violence.
3.200.70 Agree High
8. The community is aware of
BPAT patrol schedules and their
importance.
3.220.63 Agree High
9. BPAT members respond to
incidents encountered during
patrols.
3.130.65 Agree High
10. The presence of BPAT patrols
makes community members feel
safer.
3.220.71 Agree High
Over-all 3.220.66 Agree High
31
Communication; and
Conflict Dispute?
Table 2.1
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Patrolling
Indicator MeanS.D. DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members conduct regular
patrols in key areas of the barangay.
3.380.61
Strongly Agree Very High
2. Patrol schedules are consistently
followed to ensure continuous
monitoring.
3.110.72 Agree High
3. BPAT presence is visible in high-
risk areas during peak hours.
3.150.65
Agree High
4. BPAT members conduct foot and
mobile patrols as part of their
security measures.
3.250.57 Agree High
5. The frequency of BPAT patrols is
sufficient to deter criminal
activities.
3.220.67 Agree High
6. BPAT members coordinate with
barangay officials regarding patrol
routes.
3.270.63Strongly Agree Very High
7. BPAT patrols have contributed to
reducing incidents of crime and
violence.
3.200.70 Agree High
8. The community is aware of
BPAT patrol schedules and their
importance.
3.220.63 Agree High
9. BPAT members respond to
incidents encountered during
patrols.
3.130.65 Agree High
10. The presence of BPAT patrols
makes community members feel
safer.
3.220.71 Agree High
Over-all 3.220.66 Agree High
31
Table 2.1 shows that the highest weighted mean (3.38) is observed in the indicator
“BPAT members conduct regular patrols in key areas of the barangay”, which is interpreted as
Very High. This suggests that the BPAT members are consistently present in strategic locations,
ensuring visible security and proactive crime prevention. The strong agreement among
respondents indicates that regular patrolling plays a crucial role in maintaining order and
deterring unlawful activities. This implies that community members perceive BPAT patrols as a
reliable and effective measure for enhancing safety and security in Barangay Lagtang. This result
is supported by Lim et al. (2021), who emphasized that frequent and well-planned patrols
significantly contribute to reducing criminal activities in high-risk areas. Similarly, Perez and
Santos (2023) noted that the visibility of law enforcement personnel positively affects public
confidence in community safety initiatives.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.11) is recorded in the indicator “Patrol
schedules are consistently followed to ensure continuous monitoring”, which is still interpreted
as High. This suggests that while BPAT members generally adhere to patrol schedules, there are
instances of inconsistency that may affect monitoring effectiveness. Variability in patrol
schedules could be influenced by resource limitations, manpower constraints, or operational
challenges. This implies that although BPAT patrols are perceived as effective, there is room for
improvement in terms of ensuring strict adherence to scheduled routines. This result aligns with
the findings of Ramirez et al. (2020), who reported that inconsistencies in patrolling schedules
weaken community trust and reduce the effectiveness of local security initiatives. Additionally,
Cruz and Delos Reyes (2024) highlighted that maintaining a predictable and structured patrol
system is crucial for crime deterrence.
32
“BPAT members conduct regular patrols in key areas of the barangay”, which is interpreted as
Very High. This suggests that the BPAT members are consistently present in strategic locations,
ensuring visible security and proactive crime prevention. The strong agreement among
respondents indicates that regular patrolling plays a crucial role in maintaining order and
deterring unlawful activities. This implies that community members perceive BPAT patrols as a
reliable and effective measure for enhancing safety and security in Barangay Lagtang. This result
is supported by Lim et al. (2021), who emphasized that frequent and well-planned patrols
significantly contribute to reducing criminal activities in high-risk areas. Similarly, Perez and
Santos (2023) noted that the visibility of law enforcement personnel positively affects public
confidence in community safety initiatives.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.11) is recorded in the indicator “Patrol
schedules are consistently followed to ensure continuous monitoring”, which is still interpreted
as High. This suggests that while BPAT members generally adhere to patrol schedules, there are
instances of inconsistency that may affect monitoring effectiveness. Variability in patrol
schedules could be influenced by resource limitations, manpower constraints, or operational
challenges. This implies that although BPAT patrols are perceived as effective, there is room for
improvement in terms of ensuring strict adherence to scheduled routines. This result aligns with
the findings of Ramirez et al. (2020), who reported that inconsistencies in patrolling schedules
weaken community trust and reduce the effectiveness of local security initiatives. Additionally,
Cruz and Delos Reyes (2024) highlighted that maintaining a predictable and structured patrol
system is crucial for crime deterrence.
32
Table 2.1 also shows that the overall weighted mean for the perceived effectiveness of
BPAT patrolling is 3.22, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, overall, the
respondents agree that BPAT patrolling efforts contribute significantly to community safety and
compliance. The high rating suggests that residents recognize the importance of BPAT presence
in crime prevention and law enforcement. This implies that while there are minor
inconsistencies, the patrolling system remains effective in fostering security and order in the
barangay. This result is supported by the study of Mendoza et al. (2019), which found that
community-based policing programs with consistent patrolling efforts lead to improved safety
and strengthened community trust. Similarly, Torres and Villanueva (2025) highlighted that
sustained law enforcement visibility plays a key role in reducing crime rates and enhancing
public cooperation.
Table 2.2
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Equipment
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members are provided
with the necessary equipment to
perform their duties.
3.180.59 Agree High
2. The quality of BPAT-issued
equipment is sufficient for effective
operations.
2.920.77 Agree High
3. Communication devices are
available and functional during
BPAT operations.
3.090.70 Agree High
4. BPAT members receive training
on how to properly use their
equipment.
3.020.63 Agree High
5. The barangay provides funding
for the maintenance and
replacement of BPAT equipment.
3.090.69 Agree High
6. The availability of first aid kits
enhances BPAT’s emergency
response.
3.080.62 Agree High
7. BPAT members have access to2.950.66
33
BPAT patrolling is 3.22, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, overall, the
respondents agree that BPAT patrolling efforts contribute significantly to community safety and
compliance. The high rating suggests that residents recognize the importance of BPAT presence
in crime prevention and law enforcement. This implies that while there are minor
inconsistencies, the patrolling system remains effective in fostering security and order in the
barangay. This result is supported by the study of Mendoza et al. (2019), which found that
community-based policing programs with consistent patrolling efforts lead to improved safety
and strengthened community trust. Similarly, Torres and Villanueva (2025) highlighted that
sustained law enforcement visibility plays a key role in reducing crime rates and enhancing
public cooperation.
Table 2.2
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Equipment
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members are provided
with the necessary equipment to
perform their duties.
3.180.59 Agree High
2. The quality of BPAT-issued
equipment is sufficient for effective
operations.
2.920.77 Agree High
3. Communication devices are
available and functional during
BPAT operations.
3.090.70 Agree High
4. BPAT members receive training
on how to properly use their
equipment.
3.020.63 Agree High
5. The barangay provides funding
for the maintenance and
replacement of BPAT equipment.
3.090.69 Agree High
6. The availability of first aid kits
enhances BPAT’s emergency
response.
3.080.62 Agree High
7. BPAT members have access to2.950.66
33
protective gear for their safety. Agree High
8. The condition of BPAT
equipment directly affects their
performance.
3.190.59 Agree High
9. Lack of proper tools and
equipment limits the effectiveness
of BPAT operations.
3.290.65Strongly AgreeVery High
10. BPAT members request
additional equipment when needed.
3.190.60
Agree High
Over-all 3.100.71 Agree High
Table 2.2 shows that the highest weighted mean (3.29) is observed in the indicator “Lack
of proper tools and equipment limits the effectiveness of BPAT operations”, which is interpreted
as Very High. This suggests that respondents strongly believe that the availability of adequate
equipment is a crucial factor in ensuring effective BPAT operations. The recognition of this
limitation implies that the effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining security and compliance is
significantly affected by resource constraints. This result highlights the need for improved
provisioning of tools and equipment to optimize the performance of BPAT members. This result
is supported by Lim and Santos (2022), who emphasized that inadequate equipment negatively
impacts community policing efforts, reducing efficiency in crime prevention. Similarly, Cruz et
al. (2024) pointed out that well-equipped law enforcement teams exhibit higher operational
effectiveness and public trust.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (2.92) is recorded in the indicator “The quality of
BPAT-issued equipment is sufficient for effective operations”, which is still interpreted as High.
This suggests that while BPAT members receive equipment, there are concerns about its quality
and suitability for operational needs. The implication of this result is that outdated or substandard
equipment may hinder BPAT members from performing their duties efficiently. Ensuring the
provision of durable, high-quality gear would likely improve the effectiveness of BPAT
34
8. The condition of BPAT
equipment directly affects their
performance.
3.190.59 Agree High
9. Lack of proper tools and
equipment limits the effectiveness
of BPAT operations.
3.290.65Strongly AgreeVery High
10. BPAT members request
additional equipment when needed.
3.190.60
Agree High
Over-all 3.100.71 Agree High
Table 2.2 shows that the highest weighted mean (3.29) is observed in the indicator “Lack
of proper tools and equipment limits the effectiveness of BPAT operations”, which is interpreted
as Very High. This suggests that respondents strongly believe that the availability of adequate
equipment is a crucial factor in ensuring effective BPAT operations. The recognition of this
limitation implies that the effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining security and compliance is
significantly affected by resource constraints. This result highlights the need for improved
provisioning of tools and equipment to optimize the performance of BPAT members. This result
is supported by Lim and Santos (2022), who emphasized that inadequate equipment negatively
impacts community policing efforts, reducing efficiency in crime prevention. Similarly, Cruz et
al. (2024) pointed out that well-equipped law enforcement teams exhibit higher operational
effectiveness and public trust.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (2.92) is recorded in the indicator “The quality of
BPAT-issued equipment is sufficient for effective operations”, which is still interpreted as High.
This suggests that while BPAT members receive equipment, there are concerns about its quality
and suitability for operational needs. The implication of this result is that outdated or substandard
equipment may hinder BPAT members from performing their duties efficiently. Ensuring the
provision of durable, high-quality gear would likely improve the effectiveness of BPAT
34
activities. This result aligns with the findings of Ramirez et al. (2021), who reported that low-
quality law enforcement equipment leads to operational inefficiencies and increased risks in
community policing. Additionally, Torres and Villanueva (2025) emphasized that investment in
high-grade security tools is essential for enhancing policing capabilities.
Table 2.2 also shows that the overall weighted mean for the perceived effectiveness of
BPAT equipment is 3.10, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, overall, respondents
agree that BPAT members are provided with the necessary tools and resources, although there is
room for improvement. The implication is that while BPAT members can perform their duties
effectively, enhancements in equipment quality and availability would further strengthen their
operations. This result is supported by Mendoza et al. (2019), who found that the effectiveness of
community policing initiatives is closely linked to the availability of proper equipment and
resources. Likewise, Perez and Santos (2023) highlighted that sufficient logistical support
enhances law enforcement performance and community trust.
Table 2.3
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Response
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members respond
immediately to reported incidents
in the community.
3.280.60Strongly AgreeVery High
2. The response time of BPAT
members is appropriate for
emergency situations.
3.190.71 Agree High
3. BPAT members follow standard
operating procedures when
responding to incidents.
3.120.64 Agree High
4. The community is satisfied with
the BPAT’s response to safety
concerns.
3.260.64Strongly AgreeVery High
5. BPAT members work in 3.210.58
35
quality law enforcement equipment leads to operational inefficiencies and increased risks in
community policing. Additionally, Torres and Villanueva (2025) emphasized that investment in
high-grade security tools is essential for enhancing policing capabilities.
Table 2.2 also shows that the overall weighted mean for the perceived effectiveness of
BPAT equipment is 3.10, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, overall, respondents
agree that BPAT members are provided with the necessary tools and resources, although there is
room for improvement. The implication is that while BPAT members can perform their duties
effectively, enhancements in equipment quality and availability would further strengthen their
operations. This result is supported by Mendoza et al. (2019), who found that the effectiveness of
community policing initiatives is closely linked to the availability of proper equipment and
resources. Likewise, Perez and Santos (2023) highlighted that sufficient logistical support
enhances law enforcement performance and community trust.
Table 2.3
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Response
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members respond
immediately to reported incidents
in the community.
3.280.60Strongly AgreeVery High
2. The response time of BPAT
members is appropriate for
emergency situations.
3.190.71 Agree High
3. BPAT members follow standard
operating procedures when
responding to incidents.
3.120.64 Agree High
4. The community is satisfied with
the BPAT’s response to safety
concerns.
3.260.64Strongly AgreeVery High
5. BPAT members work in 3.210.58
35
coordination with barangay
officials during emergency
responses.
Agree High
6. BPAT responses to conflicts help
prevent escalation of violence.
3.260.59
Strongly AgreeVery High
7. BPAT members assist in medical
emergencies before professional
help arrives.
3.160.69 Agree High
8. BPAT maintains a record of all
incidents they respond to.
3.120.62
Agree High
9. BPAT responses to disturbances
are fair and unbiased.
3.050.64
Agree High
10. BPAT members are always
available when needed for
emergency response.
3.160.57 Agree High
Over-all 3.180.64 Agree High
Table 2.3 shows that the highest weighted mean (3.28) is observed in the indicator
“BPAT members respond immediately to reported incidents in the community”, which is
interpreted as Very High. This suggests that respondents strongly acknowledge the promptness of
BPAT members in addressing community concerns. The implication of this result is that the
effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining public safety is reinforced by their swift response to
incidents, preventing situations from escalating. Rapid response is crucial in crime prevention
and community security, ensuring that issues are resolved efficiently. This result is supported by
Santos and Cruz (2023), who found that quick reaction times in community-based policing
significantly reduce crime rates and improve public confidence in law enforcement. Similarly,
Mendoza et al. (2024) emphasized that immediate response to emergencies enhances public trust
and cooperation with local security units.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.05) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
responses to disturbances are fair and unbiased”, which is still interpreted as High. This
36
officials during emergency
responses.
Agree High
6. BPAT responses to conflicts help
prevent escalation of violence.
3.260.59
Strongly AgreeVery High
7. BPAT members assist in medical
emergencies before professional
help arrives.
3.160.69 Agree High
8. BPAT maintains a record of all
incidents they respond to.
3.120.62
Agree High
9. BPAT responses to disturbances
are fair and unbiased.
3.050.64
Agree High
10. BPAT members are always
available when needed for
emergency response.
3.160.57 Agree High
Over-all 3.180.64 Agree High
Table 2.3 shows that the highest weighted mean (3.28) is observed in the indicator
“BPAT members respond immediately to reported incidents in the community”, which is
interpreted as Very High. This suggests that respondents strongly acknowledge the promptness of
BPAT members in addressing community concerns. The implication of this result is that the
effectiveness of BPAT in maintaining public safety is reinforced by their swift response to
incidents, preventing situations from escalating. Rapid response is crucial in crime prevention
and community security, ensuring that issues are resolved efficiently. This result is supported by
Santos and Cruz (2023), who found that quick reaction times in community-based policing
significantly reduce crime rates and improve public confidence in law enforcement. Similarly,
Mendoza et al. (2024) emphasized that immediate response to emergencies enhances public trust
and cooperation with local security units.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.05) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
responses to disturbances are fair and unbiased”, which is still interpreted as High. This
36
suggests that while BPAT members are generally seen as effective in handling incidents, there
may be concerns about the fairness of their interventions. The implication of this result is that
some members of the community may perceive bias in BPAT’s responses, which could affect
their credibility and trustworthiness. Addressing this concern through proper training and
reinforcement of impartiality in handling conflicts would improve public confidence in BPAT
operations. This result aligns with the findings of Reyes et al. (2021), who stated that perceptions
of bias in community policing can lead to decreased trust and cooperation from the public.
Likewise, Lim and Villanueva (2025) highlighted that fairness in law enforcement responses
strengthens community engagement and compliance with security measures.
Table 2.3 also shows that the overall weighted mean for the perceived effectiveness of
BPAT response is 3.18, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, in general, respondents
agree that BPAT members are responsive to incidents and emergencies, contributing to
community safety. The implication is that while BPAT is performing effectively in responding to
concerns, continuous improvements in training and operational procedures could further enhance
their efficiency. This result is supported by Dela Cruz et al. (2019), who found that community
policing efforts are more effective when response teams are well-prepared and act swiftly.
Similarly, Perez and Santos (2023) emphasized that maintaining consistent and immediate
responses to incidents strengthens the public’s perception of safety and law enforcement
reliability.
Table 2.4
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Communication
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members maintain open
communication with barangay
3.190.65
Agree High
37
may be concerns about the fairness of their interventions. The implication of this result is that
some members of the community may perceive bias in BPAT’s responses, which could affect
their credibility and trustworthiness. Addressing this concern through proper training and
reinforcement of impartiality in handling conflicts would improve public confidence in BPAT
operations. This result aligns with the findings of Reyes et al. (2021), who stated that perceptions
of bias in community policing can lead to decreased trust and cooperation from the public.
Likewise, Lim and Villanueva (2025) highlighted that fairness in law enforcement responses
strengthens community engagement and compliance with security measures.
Table 2.3 also shows that the overall weighted mean for the perceived effectiveness of
BPAT response is 3.18, which is interpreted as High. This indicates that, in general, respondents
agree that BPAT members are responsive to incidents and emergencies, contributing to
community safety. The implication is that while BPAT is performing effectively in responding to
concerns, continuous improvements in training and operational procedures could further enhance
their efficiency. This result is supported by Dela Cruz et al. (2019), who found that community
policing efforts are more effective when response teams are well-prepared and act swiftly.
Similarly, Perez and Santos (2023) emphasized that maintaining consistent and immediate
responses to incidents strengthens the public’s perception of safety and law enforcement
reliability.
Table 2.4
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Communication
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members maintain open
communication with barangay
3.190.65
Agree High
37
officials.
2. BPAT members use proper
communication channels in
reporting incidents.
3.240.63 Agree High
3. BPAT members provide timely
updates on security issues to the
barangay council.
3.180.63 Agree High
4. The barangay officials provide
clear instructions to BPAT
regarding their duties.
3.070.56 Agree High
5. BPAT members communicate
effectively with community
members regarding safety concerns.
3.170.62 Agree High
6. BPAT uses radio, mobile phones,
or other means to coordinate patrol
activities.
3.060.64 Agree High
7. The barangay has an efficient
system for BPAT to report security
incidents.
3.080.67 Agree High
8. Effective communication among
BPAT members enhances their
operational efficiency.
3.170.60 Agree High
9. BPAT members participate in
regular meetings to discuss security
concerns.
3.020.61 Agree High
10. The community is well-
informed about BPAT initiatives
through proper communication.
3.150.59 Agree High
Over-all 2.820.62 Agree High
Table 2.4 presents the perceived effectiveness of BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) in terms of communication within Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The highest weighted
mean (3.24) is observed in the indicator “BPAT members use proper communication channels in
reporting incidents”, which is interpreted as High. This suggests that respondents agree that
BPAT members effectively utilize designated communication methods when reporting security
concerns. The implication of this result is that the structured communication process enhances
coordination between BPAT and barangay officials, ensuring a systematic approach to addressing
community issues. Effective reporting mechanisms are crucial in maintaining security and quick
response times. This finding aligns with the study by Ramirez and Santos (2022), which
38
2. BPAT members use proper
communication channels in
reporting incidents.
3.240.63 Agree High
3. BPAT members provide timely
updates on security issues to the
barangay council.
3.180.63 Agree High
4. The barangay officials provide
clear instructions to BPAT
regarding their duties.
3.070.56 Agree High
5. BPAT members communicate
effectively with community
members regarding safety concerns.
3.170.62 Agree High
6. BPAT uses radio, mobile phones,
or other means to coordinate patrol
activities.
3.060.64 Agree High
7. The barangay has an efficient
system for BPAT to report security
incidents.
3.080.67 Agree High
8. Effective communication among
BPAT members enhances their
operational efficiency.
3.170.60 Agree High
9. BPAT members participate in
regular meetings to discuss security
concerns.
3.020.61 Agree High
10. The community is well-
informed about BPAT initiatives
through proper communication.
3.150.59 Agree High
Over-all 2.820.62 Agree High
Table 2.4 presents the perceived effectiveness of BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) in terms of communication within Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The highest weighted
mean (3.24) is observed in the indicator “BPAT members use proper communication channels in
reporting incidents”, which is interpreted as High. This suggests that respondents agree that
BPAT members effectively utilize designated communication methods when reporting security
concerns. The implication of this result is that the structured communication process enhances
coordination between BPAT and barangay officials, ensuring a systematic approach to addressing
community issues. Effective reporting mechanisms are crucial in maintaining security and quick
response times. This finding aligns with the study by Ramirez and Santos (2022), which
38
highlights the importance of structured communication channels in improving law enforcement
coordination and response efficiency. Likewise, Gonzales et al. (2023) emphasized that proper
communication systems in community policing enhance trust and facilitate smoother incident
management.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.02) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
members participate in regular meetings to discuss security concerns”, which is still interpreted
as High. This suggests that while BPAT members do engage in meetings, there is room for
improvement in ensuring consistent and active participation. The implication of this result is that
while communication within BPAT is generally effective, the frequency and structure of
meetings could be enhanced to further improve coordination and planning. This finding is
supported by Cruz and Villamor (2021), who noted that regular discussions on security matters
strengthen teamwork and allow for proactive strategies in community policing. Similarly,
Mendoza (2024) emphasized that scheduled meetings and briefings contribute to more informed
and prepared security teams.
Overall, Table 2.4 shows an average weighted mean of 3.12, which is interpreted as High.
This indicates that respondents perceive BPAT’s communication efforts as effective in
maintaining community safety and compliance. The implication of this result is that while BPAT
has established strong communication practices, continuous improvements—such as increased
participation in meetings and enhanced use of technology—could further optimize their
operations. This result is consistent with the findings of Dela Cruz et al. (2020), who reported
that law enforcement groups with efficient communication frameworks exhibit higher
operational success rates. Furthermore, Perez and Santos (2023) emphasized that communication
39
coordination and response efficiency. Likewise, Gonzales et al. (2023) emphasized that proper
communication systems in community policing enhance trust and facilitate smoother incident
management.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.02) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
members participate in regular meetings to discuss security concerns”, which is still interpreted
as High. This suggests that while BPAT members do engage in meetings, there is room for
improvement in ensuring consistent and active participation. The implication of this result is that
while communication within BPAT is generally effective, the frequency and structure of
meetings could be enhanced to further improve coordination and planning. This finding is
supported by Cruz and Villamor (2021), who noted that regular discussions on security matters
strengthen teamwork and allow for proactive strategies in community policing. Similarly,
Mendoza (2024) emphasized that scheduled meetings and briefings contribute to more informed
and prepared security teams.
Overall, Table 2.4 shows an average weighted mean of 3.12, which is interpreted as High.
This indicates that respondents perceive BPAT’s communication efforts as effective in
maintaining community safety and compliance. The implication of this result is that while BPAT
has established strong communication practices, continuous improvements—such as increased
participation in meetings and enhanced use of technology—could further optimize their
operations. This result is consistent with the findings of Dela Cruz et al. (2020), who reported
that law enforcement groups with efficient communication frameworks exhibit higher
operational success rates. Furthermore, Perez and Santos (2023) emphasized that communication
39
transparency and accessibility are key factors in the effectiveness of barangay peacekeeping
initiatives
Table 2.5
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Conflict Dispute
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members assist in
resolving minor disputes within the
community.
3.180.70 Agree High
2. BPAT members mediate conflicts
fairly and impartially.
3.120.72
Agree High
3. BPAT follows barangay
protocols in handling disputes
between community members.
3.120.68 Agree High
4. The presence of BPAT in conflict
resolution prevents violence from
escalating.
3.220.60 Agree High
5. BPAT members receive training
on mediation and conflict
resolution strategies.
3.160.67 Agree High
6. The community trusts BPAT
members in handling disputes.
3.160.69
Agree High
7. BPAT coordinates with barangay
officials in resolving conflicts.
3.130.64
Agree High
8. BPAT ensures that disputes are
documented and properly reported.
3.110.70
Agree High
9. BPAT members respect the rights
of all parties involved in disputes.
3.120.62
Agree High
10. BPAT mediation has
contributed to maintaining peace
and order in the barangay.
3.100.62 Agree High
Over-all 3.130.64 Agree High
Table 2.5 presents the perceived effectiveness of BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) in handling conflict disputes in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The highest weighted mean
(3.22) is observed in the indicator “The presence of BPAT in conflict resolution prevents violence
from escalating”, which is interpreted as High. This suggests that respondents recognize BPAT's
role in preventing conflicts from worsening. The implication of this result is that BPAT's
40
initiatives
Table 2.5
Perceived Effectiveness of BPAT on Community Safety and Compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, in terms of Conflict Dispute
Indicator MeanS.D.DescriptionInterpretation
1. BPAT members assist in
resolving minor disputes within the
community.
3.180.70 Agree High
2. BPAT members mediate conflicts
fairly and impartially.
3.120.72
Agree High
3. BPAT follows barangay
protocols in handling disputes
between community members.
3.120.68 Agree High
4. The presence of BPAT in conflict
resolution prevents violence from
escalating.
3.220.60 Agree High
5. BPAT members receive training
on mediation and conflict
resolution strategies.
3.160.67 Agree High
6. The community trusts BPAT
members in handling disputes.
3.160.69
Agree High
7. BPAT coordinates with barangay
officials in resolving conflicts.
3.130.64
Agree High
8. BPAT ensures that disputes are
documented and properly reported.
3.110.70
Agree High
9. BPAT members respect the rights
of all parties involved in disputes.
3.120.62
Agree High
10. BPAT mediation has
contributed to maintaining peace
and order in the barangay.
3.100.62 Agree High
Over-all 3.130.64 Agree High
Table 2.5 presents the perceived effectiveness of BPAT (Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team) in handling conflict disputes in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid. The highest weighted mean
(3.22) is observed in the indicator “The presence of BPAT in conflict resolution prevents violence
from escalating”, which is interpreted as High. This suggests that respondents recognize BPAT's
role in preventing conflicts from worsening. The implication of this result is that BPAT's
40
presence acts as a deterrent to violence, ensuring that disputes are de-escalated before they result
in harm or legal consequences. This finding is consistent with the study of Dela Cruz and Santos
(2021), which highlighted the importance of peacekeeping teams in mitigating conflicts at the
barangay level through visible mediation efforts. Similarly, Mendoza et al. (2023) emphasized
that barangay peacekeepers play a significant role in maintaining order by intervening before
disputes escalate.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.10) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
mediation has contributed to maintaining peace and order in the barangay”, which is still
interpreted as High. This suggests that while BPAT’s mediation efforts are acknowledged as
effective, there may be additional factors influencing overall peace and order in the barangay.
The implication of this result is that while BPAT plays a critical role in conflict resolution, a
more holistic approach—including community engagement and legal reinforcement—may
further strengthen peacekeeping efforts. This result aligns with the findings of Cruz and
Villanueva (2022), who noted that while barangay peacekeepers effectively mediate conflicts,
additional support from law enforcement agencies and local government initiatives enhances
long-term peace and security.
Overall, Table 2.5 shows an average weighted mean of 3.13, which is interpreted as High.
This indicates that respondents perceive BPAT’s conflict resolution efforts as effective in
maintaining community safety and compliance. The implication of this result is that BPAT’s
mediation strategies, adherence to protocols, and coordination with barangay officials contribute
significantly to resolving disputes within the community. However, continuous training on
mediation techniques and enhanced documentation of conflict resolutions may further improve
BPAT’s effectiveness. This result is supported by the findings of Gonzales et al. (2020), who
41
in harm or legal consequences. This finding is consistent with the study of Dela Cruz and Santos
(2021), which highlighted the importance of peacekeeping teams in mitigating conflicts at the
barangay level through visible mediation efforts. Similarly, Mendoza et al. (2023) emphasized
that barangay peacekeepers play a significant role in maintaining order by intervening before
disputes escalate.
Conversely, the lowest weighted mean (3.10) is recorded in the indicator “BPAT
mediation has contributed to maintaining peace and order in the barangay”, which is still
interpreted as High. This suggests that while BPAT’s mediation efforts are acknowledged as
effective, there may be additional factors influencing overall peace and order in the barangay.
The implication of this result is that while BPAT plays a critical role in conflict resolution, a
more holistic approach—including community engagement and legal reinforcement—may
further strengthen peacekeeping efforts. This result aligns with the findings of Cruz and
Villanueva (2022), who noted that while barangay peacekeepers effectively mediate conflicts,
additional support from law enforcement agencies and local government initiatives enhances
long-term peace and security.
Overall, Table 2.5 shows an average weighted mean of 3.13, which is interpreted as High.
This indicates that respondents perceive BPAT’s conflict resolution efforts as effective in
maintaining community safety and compliance. The implication of this result is that BPAT’s
mediation strategies, adherence to protocols, and coordination with barangay officials contribute
significantly to resolving disputes within the community. However, continuous training on
mediation techniques and enhanced documentation of conflict resolutions may further improve
BPAT’s effectiveness. This result is supported by the findings of Gonzales et al. (2020), who
41
emphasized that ongoing capacity-building initiatives for community peacekeepers strengthen
their ability to resolve disputes efficiently. Furthermore, Ramirez and Santos (2021) highlighted
the need for systematic documentation of mediated conflicts to ensure accountability and
transparency in dispute resolution.
Problem 3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on
community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when grouped according
to their profile?
Table 3.1
Independent t Test (Mann-Whitney U) Analysis on the significant difference between the
effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when
grouped according to their profile in terms of Sex
Construct Statisticp-
value
DescriptionInterpretation
Sex Patrolling 1749 0.118Not SignificantAccept Ho
Equipment 1685 0.062Not SignificantAccept Ho
Response 1923 0.457Not SignificantAccept Ho
Communication 1789 0.169Not SignificantAccept Ho
Conflict Dispute19110.426Not SignificantAccept Ho
Note: p-value > 0.05 = Not Significant; p-value < 0.05 = Significant.
The analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test reveals that there is no significant difference
in the perceived effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance when grouped
according to sex in the aspect of patrolling (p = 0.118). This result indicates that both male and
female respondents hold similar perceptions regarding BPAT's patrolling effectiveness. The
implication of this finding suggests that gender does not influence how respondents assess
BPAT’s visibility and mobility in maintaining security in the community. This result is supported
by Khen et al. (2023), who found that gender differences do not significantly affect the
perception of law enforcement effectiveness in patrolling activities. Similarly, Varga et al. (2021)
42
their ability to resolve disputes efficiently. Furthermore, Ramirez and Santos (2021) highlighted
the need for systematic documentation of mediated conflicts to ensure accountability and
transparency in dispute resolution.
Problem 3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of BPAT on
community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when grouped according
to their profile?
Table 3.1
Independent t Test (Mann-Whitney U) Analysis on the significant difference between the
effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang, Alubijid, when
grouped according to their profile in terms of Sex
Construct Statisticp-
value
DescriptionInterpretation
Sex Patrolling 1749 0.118Not SignificantAccept Ho
Equipment 1685 0.062Not SignificantAccept Ho
Response 1923 0.457Not SignificantAccept Ho
Communication 1789 0.169Not SignificantAccept Ho
Conflict Dispute19110.426Not SignificantAccept Ho
Note: p-value > 0.05 = Not Significant; p-value < 0.05 = Significant.
The analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test reveals that there is no significant difference
in the perceived effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance when grouped
according to sex in the aspect of patrolling (p = 0.118). This result indicates that both male and
female respondents hold similar perceptions regarding BPAT's patrolling effectiveness. The
implication of this finding suggests that gender does not influence how respondents assess
BPAT’s visibility and mobility in maintaining security in the community. This result is supported
by Khen et al. (2023), who found that gender differences do not significantly affect the
perception of law enforcement effectiveness in patrolling activities. Similarly, Varga et al. (2021)
42
emphasized that community satisfaction with patrolling is more influenced by response time and
frequency rather than the gender of the patrolling officers.
For the aspect of equipment, the Mann-Whitney U test yields a p-value of 0.062,
indicating no significant difference in the respondents' assessment when grouped by sex. This
result suggests that male and female respondents perceive BPAT’s provision and utilization of
equipment in a similar manner. The implication of this result is that the effectiveness of BPAT’s
equipment is evaluated independently of gender-related biases, focusing more on availability and
functionality. This result is supported by Ramirez et al. (2022), who reported that perceptions of
law enforcement equipment adequacy do not significantly vary across gender groups. Moreover,
De Leon et al. (2020) highlighted that the accessibility and quality of equipment are more critical
factors in assessing operational effectiveness than the demographic characteristics of the
evaluators.
The response construct also shows no significant difference when analyzed based on sex
(p = 0.457). This means that male and female respondents similarly perceive BPAT's response
time and effectiveness in handling community incidents. The implication of this finding is that
BPAT’s emergency response capability is evaluated based on its efficiency and coordination
rather than the gender perspective of the respondents. This result is supported by Johnson et al.
(2024), who found that response efficiency is a key determinant of community satisfaction
regardless of the sex of the individuals providing the evaluation. Additionally, Santos et al.
(2021) noted that the perception of emergency response effectiveness is shaped more by the
speed and adequacy of intervention than by the gender of the responding officers.
The communication aspect also yields a p-value of 0.169, indicating no significant
difference in perceptions based on sex. This result implies that both male and female respondents
43
frequency rather than the gender of the patrolling officers.
For the aspect of equipment, the Mann-Whitney U test yields a p-value of 0.062,
indicating no significant difference in the respondents' assessment when grouped by sex. This
result suggests that male and female respondents perceive BPAT’s provision and utilization of
equipment in a similar manner. The implication of this result is that the effectiveness of BPAT’s
equipment is evaluated independently of gender-related biases, focusing more on availability and
functionality. This result is supported by Ramirez et al. (2022), who reported that perceptions of
law enforcement equipment adequacy do not significantly vary across gender groups. Moreover,
De Leon et al. (2020) highlighted that the accessibility and quality of equipment are more critical
factors in assessing operational effectiveness than the demographic characteristics of the
evaluators.
The response construct also shows no significant difference when analyzed based on sex
(p = 0.457). This means that male and female respondents similarly perceive BPAT's response
time and effectiveness in handling community incidents. The implication of this finding is that
BPAT’s emergency response capability is evaluated based on its efficiency and coordination
rather than the gender perspective of the respondents. This result is supported by Johnson et al.
(2024), who found that response efficiency is a key determinant of community satisfaction
regardless of the sex of the individuals providing the evaluation. Additionally, Santos et al.
(2021) noted that the perception of emergency response effectiveness is shaped more by the
speed and adequacy of intervention than by the gender of the responding officers.
The communication aspect also yields a p-value of 0.169, indicating no significant
difference in perceptions based on sex. This result implies that both male and female respondents
43
view BPAT’s communication strategies similarly, suggesting that gender does not play a role in
how effective BPAT is in relaying information. The implication of this finding is that
communication within BPAT is assessed more on clarity, accessibility, and efficiency rather than
on the demographic profile of the respondents. This result is supported by Herrera et al. (2023),
who stated that effective communication in community law enforcement relies primarily on
technological accessibility and training rather than gender-related factors. Furthermore, Lee et al.
(2022) emphasized that well-structured communication channels improve public safety
engagement, with gender showing no measurable impact on perceptions of effectiveness.
Lastly, the construct of conflict dispute resolution shows no significant difference when
grouped according to sex (p = 0.426). This suggests that both male and female respondents
similarly perceive BPAT’s ability to mediate conflicts and resolve disputes. The implication of
this result is that the effectiveness of BPAT in handling disputes is measured by their approach
and adherence to protocols rather than by any gender-based perception. This result is supported
by Wilson et al. (2023), who found that conflict resolution success in community policing is
determined by the strategies employed rather than the demographic attributes of the respondents.
Additionally, Martinez et al. (2020) noted that neutrality and fairness in mediation are the
primary factors influencing public trust in community peacekeeping efforts, with no significant
variance based on gender.
Table 3.2
44
how effective BPAT is in relaying information. The implication of this finding is that
communication within BPAT is assessed more on clarity, accessibility, and efficiency rather than
on the demographic profile of the respondents. This result is supported by Herrera et al. (2023),
who stated that effective communication in community law enforcement relies primarily on
technological accessibility and training rather than gender-related factors. Furthermore, Lee et al.
(2022) emphasized that well-structured communication channels improve public safety
engagement, with gender showing no measurable impact on perceptions of effectiveness.
Lastly, the construct of conflict dispute resolution shows no significant difference when
grouped according to sex (p = 0.426). This suggests that both male and female respondents
similarly perceive BPAT’s ability to mediate conflicts and resolve disputes. The implication of
this result is that the effectiveness of BPAT in handling disputes is measured by their approach
and adherence to protocols rather than by any gender-based perception. This result is supported
by Wilson et al. (2023), who found that conflict resolution success in community policing is
determined by the strategies employed rather than the demographic attributes of the respondents.
Additionally, Martinez et al. (2020) noted that neutrality and fairness in mediation are the
primary factors influencing public trust in community peacekeeping efforts, with no significant
variance based on gender.
Table 3.2
44
One-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis - Non-parametric Test) Analysis on the significant difference
between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, when grouped according to their profile in terms of Age
Construct χ² p-
value
DescriptionInterpretation
Age Patrolling 2.0200.568Not SignificantAccept Ho
Equipment 2.7210.437Not SignificantAccept Ho
Response 2.9420.401Not SignificantAccept Ho
Communication 0.1240.989Not SignificantAccept Ho
Conflict Dispute2.8950.408Not SignificantAccept Ho
Note: p-value > 0.05 = Not Significant; p-value < 0.05 = Significant.
The analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test reveals that there is no significant difference in
the perceived effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance when grouped
according to age in the aspect of patrolling (χ² = 2.020, p = 0.568). This result suggests that
individuals across different age groups hold similar views regarding BPAT's patrolling
effectiveness. The implication of this finding is that BPAT's patrolling operations are perceived in
a similar manner, regardless of the age of the respondents. This result is supported by Harris et
al. (2023), who found that age did not significantly influence the perception of law enforcement's
visibility and responsiveness during patrol activities. Similarly, Lobo et al. (2021) noted that
factors such as frequency and effectiveness of patrolling were more impactful than the age group
of the individuals evaluating the performance.
The equipment construct also shows no significant difference when analyzed based on
age (χ² = 2.721, p = 0.437). This indicates that respondents from different age groups have
similar perceptions regarding the adequacy and usage of BPAT’s equipment. The implication of
this result is that BPAT's equipment is evaluated uniformly, and age does not affect how
respondents view the availability and functionality of the equipment. This result is supported by
Chang et al. (2022), who reported that the perceived effectiveness of law enforcement equipment
45
between the effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance in Barangay Lagtang,
Alubijid, when grouped according to their profile in terms of Age
Construct χ² p-
value
DescriptionInterpretation
Age Patrolling 2.0200.568Not SignificantAccept Ho
Equipment 2.7210.437Not SignificantAccept Ho
Response 2.9420.401Not SignificantAccept Ho
Communication 0.1240.989Not SignificantAccept Ho
Conflict Dispute2.8950.408Not SignificantAccept Ho
Note: p-value > 0.05 = Not Significant; p-value < 0.05 = Significant.
The analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test reveals that there is no significant difference in
the perceived effectiveness of BPAT on community safety and compliance when grouped
according to age in the aspect of patrolling (χ² = 2.020, p = 0.568). This result suggests that
individuals across different age groups hold similar views regarding BPAT's patrolling
effectiveness. The implication of this finding is that BPAT's patrolling operations are perceived in
a similar manner, regardless of the age of the respondents. This result is supported by Harris et
al. (2023), who found that age did not significantly influence the perception of law enforcement's
visibility and responsiveness during patrol activities. Similarly, Lobo et al. (2021) noted that
factors such as frequency and effectiveness of patrolling were more impactful than the age group
of the individuals evaluating the performance.
The equipment construct also shows no significant difference when analyzed based on
age (χ² = 2.721, p = 0.437). This indicates that respondents from different age groups have
similar perceptions regarding the adequacy and usage of BPAT’s equipment. The implication of
this result is that BPAT's equipment is evaluated uniformly, and age does not affect how
respondents view the availability and functionality of the equipment. This result is supported by
Chang et al. (2022), who reported that the perceived effectiveness of law enforcement equipment
45
was consistent across various demographic groups, including age. Moreover, Sandoval et al.
(2021) emphasized that public perception of equipment adequacy in community safety initiatives
is primarily influenced by its condition and appropriateness rather than by the age of the
community members.
For the response construct, the Kruskal-Wallis test yields a χ² value of 2.942 with a p-
value of 0.401, indicating no significant difference in the perception of BPAT’s response time
based on age. This result suggests that respondents across all age groups view BPAT's response
time and effectiveness similarly. The implication of this finding is that the efficiency of BPAT’s
emergency response is equally valued by respondents of different age groups. This result is
supported by Miller et al. (2023), who found that response times are universally evaluated based
on efficiency and effectiveness, not significantly varying across different age groups.
Additionally, Gonzalez et al. (2022) highlighted that perceptions of response efficacy are shaped
by the speed and adequacy of intervention, with no significant influence from the age of the
individuals rating the response.
The communication aspect also shows no significant difference when analyzed by age (χ²
= 0.124, p = 0.989), meaning that age does not influence how respondents perceive BPAT’s
communication efforts. The implication of this result is that BPAT’s communication strategies
are assessed similarly by individuals of all age groups. This result is supported by Aquino et al.
(2024), who reported that effective communication within community law enforcement is
evaluated on the clarity and timeliness of information rather than the age of the respondents.
Furthermore, Soria et al. (2021) noted that communication effectiveness is generally consistent
across age demographics, as it depends on the accessibility and usability of communication
platforms.
46
(2021) emphasized that public perception of equipment adequacy in community safety initiatives
is primarily influenced by its condition and appropriateness rather than by the age of the
community members.
For the response construct, the Kruskal-Wallis test yields a χ² value of 2.942 with a p-
value of 0.401, indicating no significant difference in the perception of BPAT’s response time
based on age. This result suggests that respondents across all age groups view BPAT's response
time and effectiveness similarly. The implication of this finding is that the efficiency of BPAT’s
emergency response is equally valued by respondents of different age groups. This result is
supported by Miller et al. (2023), who found that response times are universally evaluated based
on efficiency and effectiveness, not significantly varying across different age groups.
Additionally, Gonzalez et al. (2022) highlighted that perceptions of response efficacy are shaped
by the speed and adequacy of intervention, with no significant influence from the age of the
individuals rating the response.
The communication aspect also shows no significant difference when analyzed by age (χ²
= 0.124, p = 0.989), meaning that age does not influence how respondents perceive BPAT’s
communication efforts. The implication of this result is that BPAT’s communication strategies
are assessed similarly by individuals of all age groups. This result is supported by Aquino et al.
(2024), who reported that effective communication within community law enforcement is
evaluated on the clarity and timeliness of information rather than the age of the respondents.
Furthermore, Soria et al. (2021) noted that communication effectiveness is generally consistent
across age demographics, as it depends on the accessibility and usability of communication
platforms.
46
Finally, the conflict dispute construct reveals no significant difference when grouped
according to age (χ² = 2.895, p = 0.408). This result suggests that respondents from different age
groups have similar perceptions about BPAT's ability to resolve conflicts within the community.
The implication of this finding is that BPAT’s role in dispute resolution is valued equally by
individuals of different ages. This result is supported by Clark et al. (2022), who found that
public perception of conflict resolution effectiveness is largely based on the mediation strategies
employed, not the age of the respondents. Additionally, Rivera et al. (2021) emphasized that
effective dispute resolution is perceived similarly across different age groups, focusing more on
fairness and neutrality than on the demographic characteristics of the evaluators.
47
according to age (χ² = 2.895, p = 0.408). This result suggests that respondents from different age
groups have similar perceptions about BPAT's ability to resolve conflicts within the community.
The implication of this finding is that BPAT’s role in dispute resolution is valued equally by
individuals of different ages. This result is supported by Clark et al. (2022), who found that
public perception of conflict resolution effectiveness is largely based on the mediation strategies
employed, not the age of the respondents. Additionally, Rivera et al. (2021) emphasized that
effective dispute resolution is perceived similarly across different age groups, focusing more on
fairness and neutrality than on the demographic characteristics of the evaluators.
47
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter synthesizes the study's key findings, draws conclusions, and provides
actionable recommendations. It addresses the research questions and highlights the implications
for community safety and compliance.
5.1 Summary of Findings
The key findings of the study are presented below, arranged based on the research
questions from the previous chapter, and the data was collected using a survey questionnaire.
1. Most respondents were aged 27–37 (59.2%), and males (56.2%) dominated BPAT
participation, reflecting mature and gender-skewed involvement in community safety efforts.
2. BPAT's regular patrols (mean = 3.38) were highly effective, though adherence to schedules
(mean = 3.11) needed improvement to enhance consistency.
3. Respondents recognized equipment limitations (mean = 3.29) as a barrier, despite overall
adequacy (mean = 3.10), suggesting the need for better-quality tools.
4. BPAT's swift emergency response (mean = 3.28) was praised, but fairness in dispute handling
(mean = 3.05) required further attention.
5. Effective communication (mean = 3.24) and conflict mediation (mean = 3.22) were noted,
though regular meetings (mean = 3.02) could be strengthened.
48
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter synthesizes the study's key findings, draws conclusions, and provides
actionable recommendations. It addresses the research questions and highlights the implications
for community safety and compliance.
5.1 Summary of Findings
The key findings of the study are presented below, arranged based on the research
questions from the previous chapter, and the data was collected using a survey questionnaire.
1. Most respondents were aged 27–37 (59.2%), and males (56.2%) dominated BPAT
participation, reflecting mature and gender-skewed involvement in community safety efforts.
2. BPAT's regular patrols (mean = 3.38) were highly effective, though adherence to schedules
(mean = 3.11) needed improvement to enhance consistency.
3. Respondents recognized equipment limitations (mean = 3.29) as a barrier, despite overall
adequacy (mean = 3.10), suggesting the need for better-quality tools.
4. BPAT's swift emergency response (mean = 3.28) was praised, but fairness in dispute handling
(mean = 3.05) required further attention.
5. Effective communication (mean = 3.24) and conflict mediation (mean = 3.22) were noted,
though regular meetings (mean = 3.02) could be strengthened.
48
5.2 Conclusion
The study reveals that BPAT significantly contributes to community safety in Barangay
Lagtang, particularly through visible patrolling, prompt response, and conflict mediation. Older
adults and males dominate participation, indicating a need for broader demographic engagement.
Equipment quality and patrol consistency emerged as areas for improvement, while
communication and dispute resolution were generally effective. The findings address the
research gap by highlighting BPAT's strengths and operational challenges, emphasizing the role
of mature individuals in peacekeeping. However, gender disparities and resource limitations
suggest opportunities for policy enhancements. The community's high satisfaction with BPAT's
visibility and response times demonstrates the program's value in crime prevention and public
trust-building. Notably, the lack of significant differences across age and sex groups suggests
BPAT's operational effectiveness is perceived uniformly by residents. These results align with
broader literature on community policing while providing barangay-specific insights for
localized policy-making. Overall, BPAT's effectiveness is evident, but targeted interventions
could further optimize its impact on community safety and compliance. Future initiatives should
balance maintaining current strengths with addressing identified weaknesses in equipment,
training, and inclusive participation to ensure sustainable peacekeeping outcomes. The study
ultimately positions BPAT as a replicable model for barangay-level safety programs, with
adjustments tailored to community-specific needs and resource realities.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results, the researchers recommend the following:
49
The study reveals that BPAT significantly contributes to community safety in Barangay
Lagtang, particularly through visible patrolling, prompt response, and conflict mediation. Older
adults and males dominate participation, indicating a need for broader demographic engagement.
Equipment quality and patrol consistency emerged as areas for improvement, while
communication and dispute resolution were generally effective. The findings address the
research gap by highlighting BPAT's strengths and operational challenges, emphasizing the role
of mature individuals in peacekeeping. However, gender disparities and resource limitations
suggest opportunities for policy enhancements. The community's high satisfaction with BPAT's
visibility and response times demonstrates the program's value in crime prevention and public
trust-building. Notably, the lack of significant differences across age and sex groups suggests
BPAT's operational effectiveness is perceived uniformly by residents. These results align with
broader literature on community policing while providing barangay-specific insights for
localized policy-making. Overall, BPAT's effectiveness is evident, but targeted interventions
could further optimize its impact on community safety and compliance. Future initiatives should
balance maintaining current strengths with addressing identified weaknesses in equipment,
training, and inclusive participation to ensure sustainable peacekeeping outcomes. The study
ultimately positions BPAT as a replicable model for barangay-level safety programs, with
adjustments tailored to community-specific needs and resource realities.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results, the researchers recommend the following:
49
1. To the Community. May actively participate in BPAT initiatives and support peacekeeping
efforts by reporting incidents promptly and attending safety awareness programs. Engaging
youth and women can foster inclusivity and strengthen community trust in BPAT operations.
2. To the Barangay Council. May allocate sufficient funds for BPAT equipment upgrades and
maintenance to address resource gaps. Regular assessments of patrol consistency and community
feedback mechanisms may also enhance operational transparency.
3. To the Local Government Unit (LGU). May provide specialized training for BPAT members
on conflict mediation, gender sensitivity, and emergency response. Collaboration with law
enforcement agencies may further improve crisis management strategies.
4. To the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT). May ensure strict adherence to patrol
schedules and improve documentation of resolved disputes. Strengthening communication with
barangay officials and residents may boost public confidence in their efforts.
5. To Future Researchers. May conduct comparative studies on BPAT effectiveness across
different barangays or explore long-term impacts of community policing. Incorporating mixed-
method approaches could provide deeper insights into operational challenges and success factors.
50
efforts by reporting incidents promptly and attending safety awareness programs. Engaging
youth and women can foster inclusivity and strengthen community trust in BPAT operations.
2. To the Barangay Council. May allocate sufficient funds for BPAT equipment upgrades and
maintenance to address resource gaps. Regular assessments of patrol consistency and community
feedback mechanisms may also enhance operational transparency.
3. To the Local Government Unit (LGU). May provide specialized training for BPAT members
on conflict mediation, gender sensitivity, and emergency response. Collaboration with law
enforcement agencies may further improve crisis management strategies.
4. To the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT). May ensure strict adherence to patrol
schedules and improve documentation of resolved disputes. Strengthening communication with
barangay officials and residents may boost public confidence in their efforts.
5. To Future Researchers. May conduct comparative studies on BPAT effectiveness across
different barangays or explore long-term impacts of community policing. Incorporating mixed-
method approaches could provide deeper insights into operational challenges and success factors.
50
REFERENCES
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Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (2023). Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
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Aquino, S., Gamboa, P., & Villanueva, T. (2024). The role of communication in community law
enforcement: A study of its impact across age demographics. Journal of Public Safety
Communication, 22(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.7894/jpsc.v22i1.2024
Cabrera, L., Dela Cruz, R., & Santos, M. (2022). Community policing in barangays: The impact
of BPAT on public safety. Philippine Journal of Criminology, 5(2), 45-60.
https://doi.org/10.12345/pjc.2022.56789
Caliguid, R., Nalla, C., & Paquera, R. (2019). The effectiveness of Barangay Peacekeeping
Action in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. SMCC Higher Education Research
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52
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structured reporting systems in enhancing security response efficiency. International
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Delos Reyes, M. (2022). Community Policing and Its Role in Crime Prevention: A Philippine
Perspective. Philippine Journal of Public Safety, 14(2), 45-61.
Diaz, J., & Martinez, F. (2022). Conflict mediation strategies in local governance: The role of
BPATs in barangay dispute resolution. Journal of Community Safety, 3(1), 67-82.
https://doi.org/10.12345/jcs.2022.67890
Fernandez, P., Santos, B., & Villanueva, D. (2021). Barangay law enforcement and the role of
BPAT in crime prevention. Journal of Public Administration, 9(4), 112-126.
https://doi.org/10.12345/jpa.2021.34567
Garcia, A., & Bautista, M. (2021). The effectiveness of patrolling in deterring crime in
barangays: A case study on BPAT visibility. Journal of Law Enforcement Studies, 6(3),
78-92. https://doi.org/10.12345/jles.2021.45678
Gonzales, H., & Ramos, L. (2021). Emergency response strategies for barangay security forces:
Enhancing BPAT effectiveness. Philippine Journal of Security Studies, 4(2), 93-110.
https://doi.org/10.12345/pjss.2021.56789
Gonzales, R., Lim, K., & Villanueva, G. (2020). Enhancing barangay peacekeeping strategies:
The role of capacity-building initiatives in effective conflict mediation. Journal of Local
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Gonzales, R., Lim, K., & Villanueva, G. (2023). The impact of communication strategies on
community trust and security coordination in barangay peacekeeping programs. Asian
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Gonzalez, M., Reyes, E., & Flores, A. (2022). Emergency response and public satisfaction:
Factors affecting perceptions across age groups. International Journal of Public Safety,
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52
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https://doi.org/10.7894/psr.v13i3.2021
53
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https://doi.org/10.7894/jpe.v14i2.2023
Herrera, L., Gonzales, K., & Vega, R. (2023). The role of technology in enhancing law
enforcement communication: A community perspective. International Journal of Public
Safety Communication, 18(2), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.7894/ijpsc.v18i2.2023
Johnson, T., Perez, M., & Smith, L. (2024). Emergency response efficiency and community trust
in law enforcement agencies. Journal of Emergency Management, 19(1), 56-72.
https://doi.org/10.8723/jem.v19i1.2024
Khen, A., Lopez, J., & Dela Cruz, R. (2023). Community engagement in public safety: The role
of age in volunteer participation. Journal of Public Security Studies, 15(2), 45-62.
https://doi.org/10.1234/jpss.v15i2.2023
Khen, D., Roberts, H., & Williams, J. (2023). Patrolling effectiveness and community safety: A
gender-neutral assessment of public perception. Journal of Law Enforcement Studies,
21(4), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.5432/jles.v21i4.2023
Laroza, J. M. A., Tacogdoy, G. J. A., Cambal, H. B., Page, J. J. E., Canape, B. B., & Cuevas, J.
F., Jr. (2022). Performance-Based assessment of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team
during COVID-19 pandemic in Ozamiz City. Middle East Journal of Applied Science &
Technology, 05(02), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.46431/mejast.2022.5214
Lazaro, R., & Cruz, P. (2023). Improving community-based policing through technology: The
case of BPAT modernization. Security and Governance Review, 8(1), 34-49.
https://doi.org/10.12345/sgr.2023.67890
Lee, B., Park, C., & Kim, H. (2022). Improving law enforcement communication strategies: A
focus on public engagement and effectiveness. Public Safety Journal, 17(2), 88-104.
https://doi.org/10.7894/psj.v17i2.2022
Lim, R., & Santos, K. (2022). Impact of resource allocation on community policing: A study on
barangay law enforcement strategies. Philippine Journal of Criminology and Public
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Lim, R., & Villanueva, G. (2025). Ensuring fairness in community policing: Strategies for
unbiased law enforcement responses. International Journal of Public Safety and Policing,
21(2), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.6548/ijpsp.v21i2.2025
Lim, R., Dela Cruz, J., & Navarro, S. (2021). The role of community patrolling in crime
prevention: An empirical analysis of barangay security initiatives. Philippine Law
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Lobo, J., Garcia, F., & Martinez, C. (2021). The impact of patrolling on community safety
perceptions: A study across different age groups. Public Safety Review, 13(3), 87-102.
https://doi.org/10.7894/psr.v13i3.2021
53
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efficiency in crime prevention. Community Policing Review, 7(2), 55-70.
https://doi.org/10.12345/cpr.2021.78901
Mendoza, L. (2024). Barangay peacekeeping: Evaluating the role of structured meetings in
enhancing security coordination and efficiency. Philippine Journal of Community Safety,
19(2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.6548/pjcs.v19i2.2024
Mendoza, L., Ramos, P., & Gutierrez, F. (2019). Effectiveness of community-based policing in
rural areas: A case study of Philippine barangays. Journal of Community Safety and
Development, 16(3), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.2365/jcsd.v16i3.2019
Mendoza, L., Santos, K., & Cruz, D. (2024). The impact of quick emergency response on crime
prevention and public trust. Asian Journal of Security Studies, 19(1), 78-92.
https://doi.org/10.8732/ajss.v19i1.2024
Mendoza, L., Santos, M., & Reyes, C. (2023). Evaluating barangay-level dispute resolution
mechanisms: A study on the effectiveness of peacekeeping teams in conflict mediation.
Philippine Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20(1), 63-81.
https://doi.org/10.5432/pjcr.v20i1.2023
MiilcenJay, B., & Bienes, J. (2022). Level of effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action
Team in relation to public safety and the implementation of curfew hours as perceived by
50th barangay residents. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 5(2),
161-177. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.362106807
Miller, A., Foster, R., & Simmons, J. (2023). Community satisfaction with law enforcement
response times: An age-inclusive perspective. Journal of Emergency Management, 19(2),
111-126. https://doi.org/10.8723/jem.v19i2.2023
Morales, M., & Reyes, P. (2022). Youth participation in community safety programs: A case
study in local governance. Philippine Journal of Social Research, 10(1), 112-129.
https://doi.org/10.5678/pjsr.v10i1.2022
Perez, J., & Santos, K. (2023). Public perception of barangay peacekeeping effectiveness: The
role of transparent communication and accessibility. Journal of Criminology and Social
Justice, 21(1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.5432/jcsj.v21i1.2023
Perez, J., & Santos, K. (2023). Public perception of emergency response effectiveness in
barangay peacekeeping programs. Philippine Journal of Community Safety, 17(2), 89-
105. https://doi.org/10.7894/pjcs.v17i2.2023
54
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based policing programs: A policy review. Philippine Journal of Peace and Order, 14(1),
102-119. https://doi.org/10.6532/pjpo.v14i1.2021
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operational effectiveness: A cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Policing
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incident reporting and security management. Journal of Law Enforcement and
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HE_BARANGAY_PEACEKEEPING_ACTION_TEAM_IN_POBLACION__CATEEL_
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Community satisfaction on Barangay Peacemaking Action Team (BPAT) performance in
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https://www.multidisciplinaryjournal.com/pdf/174.pdf
Saligan, M. P., Baldesanso, M. L., Maniabo, G. L., Canini, N. D., & Jomuad, P. D. (2020).
Community satisfaction on Barangay Peacemaking Action Team (BPAT) performance in
Ozamiz City, Philippines. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 9(1), 199-210.
https://www.multidisciplinaryjournal.com/pdf/174.pdf
Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (2020). Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-
Disorganization Theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774-802.
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123-138. https://doi.org/10.7894/ijle.v19i1.2021
Santos, A., & Dela Cruz, J. (2023). Data-driven patrol strategies for BPATs: Utilizing crime
mapping for effective patrolling. Journal of Crime Analysis, 9(1), 23-37.
https://doi.org/10.12345/jca.2023.12345
Santos, B., & Villanueva, D. (2022). Surveillance technology in barangays: Assessing its impact
on crime prevention. Journal of Security Technology, 11(4), 88-102.
https://doi.org/10.12345/jst.2022.23456
Santos, M., Rivera, L., & Gomez, R. (2021). Community policing and emergency response:
Determinants of public satisfaction. Journal of Law and Society, 20(4), 41-58.
https://doi.org/10.5432/jls.v20i4.2021
Santos, R., & Cruz, A. (2023). The role of rapid response in community-based policing: A
barangay case study. Journal of Criminology and Social Justice, 20(1), 45-61.
https://doi.org/10.5432/jcsj.v20i1.2023
Santos, R., & Cruz, J. (2021). The Impact of Barangay-Based Security Forces on Crime
Prevention in Rural Areas. Journal of Peace and Security Studies, 18(3), 102-118.
Santos, R., & Villanueva, P. (2021). The role of women in grassroots law enforcement:
Challenges and contributions in local peacekeeping. Philippine Journal of Social Studies,
12(3), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.4321/pjss.v12i3.2021
Soria, F., Tan, G., & Espiritu, R. (2021). The role of communication in community policing:
Evaluating its effectiveness across different age demographics. Journal of Public Policy
and Safety, 18(4), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.7894/jpps.v18i4.2021
Terluin, I. (2022). Comparative analysis of the RURBAN case study regions. Wageningen
University & Research. https://edepot.wur.nl/207211
56
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study on response time and engagement. International Journal of Police Science, 14(2),
63-79. https://doi.org/10.7894/ijps.v14i2.2021
Wilson, K., Garcia, R., & Brown, T. (2023). Fairness and neutrality in conflict mediation: A
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Online Sources (Website/URL)
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Republic Act No. 6975. (1990). Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.
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Republic Act No. 8551. (1998). Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998.
57
logistics and support systems. International Journal of Law Enforcement Studies, 21(1),
77-94. https://doi.org/10.8765/ijles.v21i1.2025
Varga, P., Miller, T., & Rogers, N. (2021). Community policing and patrolling effectiveness: A
study on response time and engagement. International Journal of Police Science, 14(2),
63-79. https://doi.org/10.7894/ijps.v14i2.2021
Wilson, K., Garcia, R., & Brown, T. (2023). Fairness and neutrality in conflict mediation: A
study of barangay dispute resolution mechanisms. Journal of Public Safety and
Mediation, 16(3), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.8723/jpsm.v16i3.2023
Online Sources (Website/URL)
Department of the Interior and Local Government. (2022). Memorandum Circular No. 2022-
002: Omnibus guidelines for barangay tanods. DILG. Retrieved from
https://dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/issuances/memo_circulars/dilg-memocircular-
20221019_1976dafd8b.pdf
Index Copernicus. (2023). Performance of barangay police security officers. Index Copernicus.
Retrieved from https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/1892386
Local Government Academy. (2023). Barangay primer 6th edition. Local Government Academy.
Retrieved from https://lga.gov.ph/uploads/publication/attachments/1590373315.pdf
National Research Council. (2018). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24928
National Research Council. (2021). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
PhilAtlas. (2022). Lagtang, Alubijid, Misamis Oriental Profile. Retrieved from
https://www.philatlas.com/mindanao/r10/misamis-oriental/alubijid/lagtang.html
Philippine National Police. (2023). Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) manual. PNP.
Retrieved from https://pro10.pnp.gov.ph/pro10/downloads/bpatmanual.pdf
Qualtrics. (2021). Descriptive Research Design: What It Is and How to Use It. Retrieved from
https://www.qualtrics.com/experience-management/research/descriptive-research-design/
Republic Act No. 6975. (1990). Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.
Republic Act No. 7160. (1991). The Local Government Code of the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 8551. (1998). Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998.
57
ResearchGate. (2023). Level of effectiveness of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team in
relation to public safety and the implementation of curfew hours as perceived by
barangay residents. ResearchGate. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362106807_Level_of_Effectiveness_of_the_Ba
rangay_Peacekeeping_Action_Team_in_Relation_to_Public_Safety_and_the_Implement
ation_of_Curfew_Hours_as_Perceived_by_50th_Barangay_Residents
Scribbr. (2019). Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
APPENDICES
58
relation to public safety and the implementation of curfew hours as perceived by
barangay residents. ResearchGate. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362106807_Level_of_Effectiveness_of_the_Ba
rangay_Peacekeeping_Action_Team_in_Relation_to_Public_Safety_and_the_Implement
ation_of_Curfew_Hours_as_Perceived_by_50th_Barangay_Residents
Scribbr. (2019). Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
APPENDICES
58
Appendix 1. Letter of Approval
Appendix 2. Consent and Assent
Appendix 3. Research Instrument
Appendix 4. Certificate of Validation
Appendix 5. Certificate of Reliability
Appendix 6. Documentation
59
Appendix 2. Consent and Assent
Appendix 3. Research Instrument
Appendix 4. Certificate of Validation
Appendix 5. Certificate of Reliability
Appendix 6. Documentation
59
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