resesrch & survey methods - introduction to reseach.pdf

research methods

1. ui Research and survey methods

Introduction to Research

Islamic University College of Nursing

2. Le” Research:

e Definition:

e The application of a scientific and systematic
inquiry or investigation to validate and refine
existing knowledge and generate new
knowledge that directly or indirectly
influence practices.

e To explain or help understand health issues,
questions, or problems.

3. 4 Definition: cont...

e Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

e A movement from the known to the
unknown.

4. 4 Definition: cont...

e Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

e A movement from the known to the
unknown.

5. 4 Research is an academic activity

e Research comprises defining and_ redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating
data; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the

conclusions to determine whether they fit the

formulating hypothesis.

6. 4 Goal:

To explain or help
understand health issues,

questions, or problems.

7. Purpose of Research

1. Description:

How prevalent is the phenomenon?

What are the characteristics of the phenomenon?

2. Exploration:

What factors are related to phenomenon?

3. Explanation:

Why does the phenomenon exist?

e 4. Prediction:

e If phenomenon X occurs, well phenomenon Y follow?
5. Control:

e Can the occurrence of the phenomenon be controlled?

8. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

9. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

10. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

11. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

12. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

13. Deductive vs Inductive

+
Deductive Hypothesis Baa

[Observation [aa Y

Tentative
Hypothesis

_D Inductive
[Observaton ed

14. 4 Inductive/deductive reasoning

e It is important to recognize whether
the form of an argument is inductive
or deductive, because each requires
different types of support.

15. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

16. Research

e Research provides the most unbiased
and verifiable understanding.

e Some decisions require such evidence,
others do not.

17. The scientific problem solving approach
4 and research process

1. Assessment

I Data collection

2. Diagnosis

3. Planning

| Goal identification

| Planned intervention
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation

| modification

1. Identify phenomena

. Problem & purpose
identification

3. Methodology
e Design

e Sample
e
4

N

Measurement
. Data collection

5. Outcome &
disseminating findings.

18. 4 Limitations of Research

a Moral or Ethical Issues.
o Measurement Problems.
: Human complexity.

ı General Limitations.

19. 4 Functions of Research

e Evaluation Research:
e Conducted to assess the value or worth of a
specific practice in terms of the values operating
at a specific site

e Is“X” program accomplishing what is was supposed
to accomplish.

20. 4 Functions of Research

e Evaluation Research:
e Conducted to assess the value or worth of a
specific practice in terms of the values operating
at a specific site

e Is“X” program accomplishing what is was supposed
to accomplish.

21. Types of research

e Qualitative Research:

e Involves analysis of data derived from words
(e.g., Surveys and questionnaires).

e Investigates naturally occurring phenomena
without trying to manipulate them.

e

e Phenomena are studied as a whole (holistic)
rather than focusing on narrow aspects.

22. Types of research

e Qualitative Research:

e Involves analysis of data derived from words
(e.g., Surveys and questionnaires).

e Investigates naturally occurring phenomena
without trying to manipulate them.

e

e Phenomena are studied as a whole (holistic)
rather than focusing on narrow aspects.

23. 4 Quantitative Designs

e Experimental

e Purpose — to establish cause and effect

relationships between variables.
e Characteristics:

e Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups.

e Manipulation of the causal variable.

e Control of extraneous variables.

e Statistical analysis of numerical data.

24. 4 Quantitative Designs

e Experimental

e Purpose — to establish cause and effect

relationships between variables.
e Characteristics:

e Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups.

e Manipulation of the causal variable.

e Control of extraneous variables.

e Statistical analysis of numerical data.

25. 4 Quantitative Designs

e Experimental

e Purpose — to establish cause and effect

relationships between variables.
e Characteristics:

e Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups.

e Manipulation of the causal variable.

e Control of extraneous variables.

e Statistical analysis of numerical data.

26. 4 Quantitative Designs

e Experimental

e Purpose — to establish cause and effect

relationships between variables.
e Characteristics:

e Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups.

e Manipulation of the causal variable.

e Control of extraneous variables.

e Statistical analysis of numerical data.

27. 4 Quantitative Designs

e Experimental

e Purpose — to establish cause and effect

relationships between variables.
e Characteristics:

e Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups.

e Manipulation of the causal variable.

e Control of extraneous variables.

e Statistical analysis of numerical data.

28. 4 Experimental Des. (continued)

e Potential problems

e Inability of researcher to adequately
control extraneous variables.

e Use of complicated research designs.
e Complex statistical analyses of data.

29. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

30. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

31. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

32. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

33. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

34. Qualitative Designs

e Phenomenological-

e Purpose

To describe experience as they are lived.
Explores the meaning of human experience
through intensive dialogue.

e Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons

- The individual must willing to express inner

feelings
- Data are collected through a variety of means

35. Establishes relationships
and causation

Uses instruments

Strive for generalization

Designs:
descriptive, correlation,

quasi-experimental & experimental.

Sample size: Vary

Quantitative Vs Qualitative

Describes meaning and discovery

Uses communication and observe.
Strives for uniqueness

Designs:
phenomenological, grounded
theory, ethnographic, historical,
philosophical.

Sample size is not a concern;
seeks "information rich" sample

36. Establishes relationships
and causation

Uses instruments

Strive for generalization

Designs:
descriptive, correlation,

quasi-experimental & experimental.

Sample size: Vary

Quantitative Vs Qualitative

Describes meaning and discovery

Uses communication and observe.
Strives for uniqueness

Designs:
phenomenological, grounded
theory, ethnographic, historical,
philosophical.

Sample size is not a concern;
seeks "information rich" sample