Resins.pptx

Pharmacognosy 3rd year

1. Resins Subject = PHARMACOGNOSY Assignment = RESINS Submitted by : Muhammad Izhar 3 rd Proff : Department of Pharmacy ... Submitted to : Ikram Sir

2. Introduction Resins are solid or semisolid plant exudates formed in schizogenous or schizolysigeneous ducts or cavities. These are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are considered as end products of metabolism, and are believed to arise by oxidation of polymerized terpenoids metabolites forming complex mixtures. Resins are found as exudations from the trunk of various trees Some resins such as ( Benzoin and Balsam of Tolu ) are formed when the plant is injured. These Resin are called Pathological Resins

3. Classification of Resins On the Basis of Formation: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESINS : Formed as a normal metabolism product. Examples : Cannabis , Podophyllum , Ginger. PATHALOGICAL RESINS : Formed as a result of Wound, Injury or abnormal circumstances. Examsples : Guggul , Benzoin, Assafoetida .

4. Classification Resins are also classified on the basis of their occurrence in combination with other compounds as : RESIN ACIDS These includes abietic acid, copaivic acid, oxycopaivic acid and commiphoric acid, found in a free state or as esters On combination with alkali it gives soap like solution. Example : Abietic acid => COLOPHONY Aleuritic acid from Shellac , commiphoric acid in Myrrh. RESIN ALCOHOL Contain Phenolic group. Having High molecular weight. They are sub- devided as : (a) RESINOTANNOLS: These Resins give a specific tannin reaction with iron salts (FeCl3) are termed as resinotannols .

5. Classification these are complex nature Ressin of high molecular weight and they give a tannin reaction with iron salts. Examples of these alcohols include peruresinotannol from Balsam of peru and sumaresinotannol from Benzoin (b) RESINOL These are simple alcohols such as benzoresinol and Storesinol . They have high molecular weight and can occur in both free and combined form. They are colourless and do not give specific tannin Reaction with iron salts. Example are Storesinol from Storax Resin. Guaiacresinol from Guaiac Redin

6. CLASSIFICATION RESIN ESTERS They are esters of resin alcohol or resinotannols Combined with Resin acid. This group contain Esters as a chief constituent of resins. Examples are Benzyl Benzoate , Cinnamyl Benzoate RESENES These are complex and high molecular weight Neutral substances. They are very stable and are not affected by chemical Reagents, light and moisture. Insoluble in acids , alkalies and do not form any salts and esters. Examples are Asaresenes and Asafoetida

7. Combination of Resins BALSAMS Balsams are resinous mixtures that contain large proportions of cinnamic acid, benzoic acid or both or esters of these acids. Tolu Balsam contains 35% to 50% of balsamic acid chiefly benzoic acid or cinnamic acids. Other example is Balsam of peru .

8. Combination of Resins OLEORESINS When resins occur with volatile oils , the Mixture is called as Oleoresins. Turpentine , Capsicum , Ginger , Copaiba are Oleoresins. GUM RESINS When resins are found in combination with Gums then such resins are known as Gum RESINS These resins are purified by dissolving the associated gum in water. Asafoetida , Gambage are gum-resins.

9. Gums are extracted from the sap of various trees and plants, whereas resins are extracted from the sap that has hardened and accumulated in the cracks and wounds of trees. Gums are complex mixtures of polysaccharides and other organic compounds, while resins are mostly made up of terpenes

10. OLEO-GUM RESINS Oleo gum resins are associated with gum and volatile oil both. The volatile oil is removed by steam distillation while gum is removed by dissolving in water. GLYCORESINS Some resins are found in combination with glycosides. They are also called Glucoresins . Examples are podophyllum , Jalap etc. On Hydrolysis they produce Sugars and resin acids as Aglycones

11. Other Active Constituents of Resins TERPENES : Most plant resins are composed of terpenes . Specific components are alpha- pinene , beta- pinene , delta-3 carene , and sabinene , the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene , and smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes , longifolene , caryophyllene , and delta- cadinene . Carotenoids : These are pigments that are found in some oleoresins and have antioxidant properties. Examples include beta-carotene and lycopene . Flavonoids : These are plant-derived compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Examples include quercetin and kaempferol .

12. EXTRACTION OR ISOLATION The isolation of resins is a process that involves separating the resin from other components present in a mixture. There are several methods that can be used for the isolation of resins, depending on the specific characteristics of the resin and the mixture it is present in. Some of the common methods used for the isolation of resins include: Solvent extraction : This is a common method for isolating resins that are soluble in organic solvents. The mixture is dissolved in the solvent, and the resin can be separated from the other components by either filtration or evaporation of the solvent. Precipitation : This method is used for resins that are not soluble in solvents but can be precipitated out of solution by changes in the chemical conditions. For example, changes in pH or the addition of a precipitant can cause the resin to precipitate out of solution, allowing it to be separated by filtration.

13. Chromatography : Chromatography is a separation technique that is used to isolate resins based on differences in their physical and chemical properties. For example, column chromatography can be used to isolate resins by passing a mixture through a column packed with a stationary phase. The resin will elute at a different time than the other components in the mixture, allowing it to be collected and separated. Distillation : This method can be used for the isolation of volatile resins. The mixture is heated, causing the resin to vaporize, and it can be collected and condensed back into a liquid for further purification.

14. Enfleurage : This method involves spreading the plant material containing the resin on a layer of animal fat, which absorbs the resin. The fat is then melted, and the resin is separated from the fat by a solvent, such as alcohol. This method is primarily used for obtaining floral scents, such as jasmine.

15. Physical properties of Resins These are transparent or translucent solid or semisolid. The specific gravity of Resins is more than water. Therefore, these are heavier than water. They generally become soft at heating. On further heating, Resins will be melted. Resins generally occur in an amorphous state rarely crystalline. These are insoluble in water but are soluble in organic compounds like alcohol, volatile oils, and chloral hydrate. Resins are deprived of nitrogen and oxygen. Resins undergo a slow oxidation process in the atmosphere and become dark in color . Resins burns with a smoky flame because of the presence of hydrocarbons.

16. USES OF RESINS Resins are a class of polymers that have a wide range of uses in various industries due to their unique properties, such as high strength, durability, chemical resistance, and ability to form various shapes and structures. Some of the common uses of resins are: Adhesives : Resins are used as adhesives in various applications, such as woodworking, packaging, and construction. Epoxy resins, in particular, are known for their strong bonding properties and are commonly used in the production of composite materials. Coatings : Resins are used as coatings for a variety of surfaces, including floors, walls, and furniture. They provide a durable and attractive finish, and can also provide protection from moisture and other environmental elements.

17. Composites : Resins are used in the production of composite materials, which are made by combining a reinforcement material, such as glass or carbon fibers , with a resin matrix. These composites are used in a variety of applications, including aerospace, sporting goods, and construction . Molding and Casting: Resins are used in the process of molding and casting to create various shapes and structures. The liquid resin is poured into a mold and then cured to form a solid shape.

18. Printing : Resins are used in the production of 3D printing filaments and inks, which are used to produce objects by building up layers of material. THERAPEUTICAL USES Resins have a variety of therapeutic uses, including: Anti-inflammatory : Resins like frankincense and myrrh have anti-inflammatory properties that can be beneficial in treating conditions such as arthritis, skin irritation, and other inflammatory conditions. Antiseptic : Resins like tea tree oil have antiseptic properties that can help prevent infections in wounds and other skin conditions.

19. Analgesic : Resins like copaiba have analgesic properties that can help reduce pain and discomfort. Antioxidant : Resins like pine and spruce have high antioxidant activity, which can help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. Relaxation : Resins like lavender and sandalwood have a calming effect on the body and mind and can help reduce stress, anxiety, and insomnia. It’s important to note that not all resins have been extensively studied for their therapeutic effects, and further research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and drawbacks. Additionally, it’s essential to use resins in the appropriate way, as some can be toxic if taken internally in large amounts or if they are applied directly to the skin in their pure form

20. Resins containing drugs possess Purgative ( Podophyllum ), cathartic ( Gambage , Ipomoea ), Hydragogue ( Jalap ) , Anthelmintic ( Asphidium ) , Expectorant ( White pine , Copaiba ) , counter irritant ( Capsicum ) and Laxative ( Asafoetida ) properties. Externally Resins are used as mild antiseptic in the form of ointments and plasters. They are employed in the preparation of emulsions.

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