Resources from TV ReedT.V. ReedThe Art of Protest Culture an.docx

Resources from TV Reed:
T.V. Reed
The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights Movements to the Streets of Seattle.
University of Minnesota Press, 2005, 216 pp.
$US 24.95 paper (0-8166-3771-7), $US 74.95 hardcover (0-8166-3770-9)

In the past twenty years or so, students of social movements have rediscovered the importance of culture. European theorists of post-industrial movements (like Touraine or Melucci), whose works were translated into English in the 1980s, have helped to inspire researchers to rethink their commitment to mobilization and political process approaches through a rediscovery of culture. Even some theorists most associated with the mobilization paradigm (Gamson, Oberschall, McCarthy) have recognized the importance of culture in protest.

In The Art of Protest, T.V. Reed focuses on the dramatic actions of U.S. social movements. His book serves as an introduction to the movements, but also offers a new perspective. The author’s claims are modest, his goal being to reinterpret and synthesize elements already available in the large body of literature through cultural issues. By doing so, he challenges easy distinctions between culture and politics, and questions how culture works in and around movements. From “We shall overcome” to cyberculture, Reed pairs each movement with a defining cultural practice: singing with the Civil Rights movement, drama with the Black Panthers, poetry with Women’s Rights, murals with Chicano/a movements, movies with the American Indian Movement, rock music with actions against famine and apartheid, graphic arts with action against AIDS, literature with the environmental movement, and cyberculture with the Global Justice movement.

The book’s main focus is the civil rights movement, with music and religion as the forms of culture at its centre. Although measuring subjective change or a change in consciousness is a challenge, Reed believes that “freedom songs are one of the best records we have of the transformation of consciousness in the ordinary people, the masses, who took part in the movement” (p. 14). Yet music did not enter the movement spontaneously. A legacy had to be uncovered and reworked, sometimes with radical alterations, adding political content to the emotional content. “Three clusters of events
in particular are key to the rise of both the music and the movement: the Montgomery bus boycott, the student-led sit-ins, and the Albany, Georgia, movement” (p. 16). A musical group from Albany, the Freedom Singers, played a role in singing the movement’s story and raising funds through their concerts, thereby bringing the movement’s messages to the North and to young people while helping to create a network for the Freedom Summer of 1964. Freedom songs brought people together and became “litanies against fear” (p. 25). Music transformed the personal and collective identities of the
movement’s activists; it was not the only force shaping the movement’s identities, but it wa ...

1. Resources from TV Reed:
T.V. Reed
The Art of Protest: Culture and Activism from the Civil Rights
Movements to the Streets of Seattle.
University of Minnesota Press, 2005, 216 pp.
$US 24.95 paper (0-8166-3771-7), $US 74.95 hardcover (0-
8166-3770-9)

In the past twenty years or so, students of social movements
have rediscovered the importance of culture. European theorists
of post-industrial movements (like Touraine or Melucci), whose
works were translated into English in the 1980s, have helped to
inspire researchers to rethink their commitment to mobilization
and political process approaches through a rediscovery of
culture. Even some theorists most associated with the
mobilization paradigm (Gamson, Oberschall, McCarthy) have
recognized the importance of culture in protest.

In The Art of Protest, T.V. Reed focuses on the dramatic actions
of U.S. social movements. His book serves as an introduction to
the movements, but also offers a new perspective. The author’s
claims are modest, his goal being to reinterpret and synthesize
elements already available in the large body of literature
through cultural issues. By doing so, he challenges easy
distinctions between culture and politics, and questions how
culture works in and around movements. From “We shall
overcome” to cyberculture, Reed pairs each movement with a
defining cultural practice: singing with the Civil Rights
movement, drama with the Black Panthers, poetry with
Women’s Rights, murals with Chicano/a movements, movies
with the American Indian Movement, rock music with actions
against famine and apartheid, graphic arts with action against
AIDS, literature with the environmental movement, and
cyberculture with the Global Justice movement.

2. The book’s main focus is the civil rights movement, with music
and religion as the forms of culture at its centre. Although
measuring subjective change or a change in consciousness is a
challenge, Reed believes that “freedom songs are one of the best
records we have of the transformation of consciousness in the
ordinary people, the masses, who took part in the movement”
(p. 14). Yet music did not enter the movement spontaneously. A
legacy had to be uncovered and reworked, sometimes with
radical alterations, adding political content to the emotional
content. “Three clusters of events
in particular are key to the rise of both the music and the
movement: the Montgomery bus boycott, the student-led sit-ins,
and the Albany, Georgia, movement” (p. 16). A musical group
from Albany, the Freedom Singers, played a role in singing the
movement’s story and raising funds through their concerts,
thereby bringing the movement’s messages to the North and to
young people while helping to create a network for the Freedom
Summer of 1964. Freedom songs brought people together and
became “litanies against fear” (p. 25). Music transformed the
personal and collective identities of the
movement’s activists; it was not the only force shaping the
movement’s identities, but it was certainly a strong one.

Taking a more radical approach, the black power movement
used drama to change society, often through the media, which
loved the highly dramatic, stylized confrontations. The cultural
front of the black power movement managed to launch new
messages of black pride and empowerment that exerted
considerable influence. The television screens in the late 1960s
United States were filled with images of the Panthers “looking
both black and powerful” (p. 53). A new black aesthetic was
spreading not only in the arts, but in everyday life (clothing,
hairstyle, gestures) as well. Today this legacy is audible (and
visible) in certain rap groups and artists who borrow some of
their messages from the Black Panthers, not without some

3. ideological confusion.

No social movement in the past fifty years has had a greater
cultural impact than the women’s movement, which has
tremendously changed everyday life, including laws and
political institutions, and it used poetry as a medium for doing
so. Poetry is particularly well equipped to challenge two
dichotomies: the separation of private and public spheres, and
the split between “emotion” and “intellect” (p. 91). More than
any other movement, the women’s movement has challenged the
division between the cultural and the political. According to
Reed, “Some social scientists divide social movement activity
into (serious) ‘instrumental’ social and political action, and
(merely) ‘expressive’ cultural activity. We will never find the
real women’s movement if we use these categories. Culture was
a prime ‘instrument’ of change for the movement, not some
decorative, ‘expressive’ addition” (p. 79).

In an effort to cover a larger cultural and political spectrum,
Reed evokes a heritage of struggle and art celebrated in the
Chicano Murals of the Los Angeles area. The author finds
multiple levels of interpretation: this art form can be seen as a
way to reclaim space; it can express pride and celebrate culture;
or it can serve as a tool to expose violence, exploitation or other
problems. He then discusses three fictional films that deal to
one degree or another with the American Indian Movement
(AIM), the “most famous and infamous native organization of
the red power era” (p. 129), a group which used high drama and
staged events to bring its oppression to light, culminating in the
two-and-a-halfmonth Indian occupation of the village of
Wounded Knee, South Dakota in spring 1973.

The next cultural act of protest is embodied in mid-1980s rock
and roll activism. Despite their contradictions and limitations,
“‘benefit rock’ events are important because they are among the
most compelling attempts to create moments of ‘popular global

4. culture,’ in contrast to ‘global pop culture’” (p. 157). Reed’s
affirmation leads us to believe that he sees popular culture as a
zone of significant political resistance when in this case, and he
shows that without question, these efforts carried one of the
most problematic humanist ideas: patriarchal charity. Did the
insipid song “We Are the World” change the world? No. It
reinforced Western ethnocentric racism by presenting
Africans not as capable social actors, but rather as victims (of
natural disasters or of their own technical inabilities).

One key argument of this book—that all movement politics
involves a degree of cultural politics—owes much to recent
activist groups like ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash
Power). In the early 1980s, a new disease, which came to be
known as AIDS, emerged in the United States, while the social
disease of homophobia was on the rise in a time of right-wing
ascendancy in national politics. In the face of neglect by
government and the medical system, the gay community had no
choice but to self-organize, tying the AIDS crisis to the politics
of lesbian and gay liberation. In addition to fighting visible
“enemies” such as government or media bias, ACT UP
recognized that they were also fighting an invisible force: social
norms that define what is normal/abnormal, natural/unnatural
and appropriate/deviant. Strategies developed accordingly,
aimed at bringing these invisible norms out into the open where
they could be challenged. People discovered a playful cultural
coding (graphic images, slogans, costumes and highly theatrical
demonstration style) interlaced with controversial actions.
Canadian Journal of Sociology Online January-February 2006
Reed, Art of Protest – 3

This playfulness was also visible in anti-globalization activism,
in the carnival atmosphere of some gatherings, from the “Battle
of Seattle” to more recent events. As Seattle was a turning point
in the corporate antiglobalization movement(s), Reed dedicates
his last analysis to what is new in cultural resistance.

5. Independent media and protest art groups are described as quite
inventive in bringing global justice issues to light. Renowned
cultural and literary critic Edward W. Said once said that
“culture is a way of fighting
against extinction and obliteration.” Culture has also been a
way of fighting against all forms of oppression. For sociologists
at the beginning of the twenty-first century, social movements
are no longer theorized as corresponding solely to the concrete
interests of organized social groups; they combine in a creative
and challenging way political action with cultural motivations
(and cultural practices with political motivations).

T.V. Reed obviously has an in-depth knowledge of the subject
and provides the reader with a lot of facts and descriptions.
However, the dual intention of the book (to serve as an
introduction and to renew cultural analysis of the social
movements of the twentieth century) is not always well served:
novices will not necessarily have the tools to follow the
analysis and scholars will find a lot of déjà vu.
Caroline Désy
Université du Québec à Montréal
[email protected]
Caroline Désy specializes in social movements, ideologies and
discourse analysis; her current research
examines the discourse of political protest and the cultural
practices associated with antiglobalization
movements.
http://www.cjsonline.ca/reviews/artofprotest.html
March 2006
© Canadian Journal of Sociology Online
http://www.upress.umn.edu/artofprotest
http://art-of-protest.net/chapterintro.html
http://culturalpolitics.net/social_movements/
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6. · Anarchist Movements
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Imagine the civil rights movement without freedom songs or the
politics of women’s movements without poetry. More difficult
yet, imagine an America unaffected by the cultural expressions
of the twentieth-century social movements that have shaped our
nation. The first broad overview of social movements and the
distinctive cultural forms that helped shape them, The Art of
Protest shows the vital importance of these movements to
American culture.
In comparative accounts of movements beginning with the
African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s
and running through the Internet-driven movement for global

7. justice of the twenty-first century (“Will the revolution be
cybercast?”), T. V. Reed enriches our understanding of protest
and its cultural expression. Reed explores the street drama of
the Black Panthers, the revolutionary murals of the Chicano
movement, the American Indian Movement’s use of film and
video, rock music and the struggles against famine and
apartheid, ACT UP’s use of visual art in the campaign against
AIDS, and the literature of environmental justice. Throughout,
Reed employs the concept of culture in three interrelated ways:
by examining social movements as sub- or countercultures; by
looking at poetry, painting, music, murals, film, and fiction in
and around social movements; and by considering the ways in
which the cultural texts generated by resistance movements
have reshaped the contours of the wider American culture.
The United States is a nation that began with a protest. Through
the kaleidoscopic lens of artistic and cultural expression, Reed
reveals how activism continues to remake our world.
The Art of ProtestCulture and Activism from the Civil Rights
Movement to the Streets of Seattle
T. V. Reed
The first overview of social movements and the cultural forms
that helped shape them, The Art of Protest shows the
importance of these movements to American culture. In
comparative accounts of movements beginning with the African
American civil rights movement through the Internet-driven
movement for global justice, T. V. Reed enriches our
understanding of protest and its cultural expression.
This companion website provides summaries of each chapter,
updated print and multimedia resources for further study, and a
bonus chapter on anti-war poster art.
$25.00 | paperback | ISBN 0-8166-3771-7
408 pages | 17 halftones | 5 7 ⁄8 x 9 |
Chapter Summaries
Chapter 1 argues that music played a crucial role in virtually
every dimension of the African American Civil Rights
movement. It traces the rise and varied use of the "freedom

8. songs," as activists transformed deep-seeded Black religious
and secular musical traditions into a major resource for the
struggle against racial injustice.

Chapter 2 focuses on the Black Power phase of the African
American liberation struggle, demonstrating that the Black
Panther Party can be seen as engaging in a deadly serious form
of political drama on the national and world stage. The chapter,
like most, challenges easy distinctions between culture and
politics, in this case between literary dramas and the "theater"
of politics.

Chapter 3 looks at the emergence and development of a new
radical wave of women's movements beginning in the mid-
1960s. Here I focus on the role of poetry as one site of feminist
consciousness-raising action, and as a resource in the formation
of a variety of contested feminist identities rooted in
differences of race, ethnicity, class, sexuality and nationality, as
they have evolved up to the present.

Chapter 4 treats the Chicano/a Movement, focusing on the ways
in which the thousands of murals produced in and around the
Brown power movimiento embody and reflect the political and
cultural changes the movement generates in its efforts to bring
justice to U.S. communities of Mexican descent.

Chapter 5 focuses on the group that called itself the American
Indian Movement (AIM), one of the key organizations in the
wider Native American Red Power Movement. This chapter
examines the ways in which the movement‚s story has been told
through the widely circulated, if inevitably distorting, medium
of the Hollywood film.

Chapter 6 takes a look at the role played by pop and rock music
in movements of the mid 1980s, especially the student-based
anti-apartheid movement. Student movements, from the 1930s

9. to the 1960s to the 1980s and into the present have used popular
culture as an organizing tool. In focusing on one of these waves
of student activism, I try to show the important potential, as
well as the limits, of using pop culture as a force in the
promotion of social movements.

Chapter 7 analyzes the brilliant use of graphic arts (posters, T-
shirts, banners, stickers, etc.) by ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to
Unleash Power), the movement group at the forefront of the
fight against HIV/AIDS. I focus on how the group mobilized
both the gay community and other affected populations through
a direct action campaign illustrating how homophobia, racism,
sexism, and class prejudice had created a deadly "epidemic of
signification" that stalled progress in saving lives.

Chapter 8 addresses the relationship between academia and
social movements by describing an emerging trend in the
academic literary and cultural study that I call "environmental
justice eco-criticism." The environmental justice movement has
shown over two decades how environmental dangers have
unevenly fallen upon poor whites and people of color, and
demonstrates how the field of ecocriticism needs to expand
beyond its concern with wilderness appreciation to treat these
complex issues.

Chapter 9 rounds out the movement story by focusing on the
broad, coalitional movement against corporate globalization.
Here I analyze the ways in which the new medium of the
Internet has helped foster a global culture of resistance to the
poverty, environmental degradation, and human rights abuses
brought about by forms of globalization which attend only to
the rights of corporations and nation-states.

Chapter 10 offers some concluding "Reflections on the Cultural
Study of Social Movements." It raises more systematic
questions about various relations between culture(s) and

10. movements that are discussed and exemplified in the course of
the book. Those seeking a more explicit framework of analysis
through which to think culture-movement relations may wish to
read this final chapter first. It is aimed a bit more at academic
movement scholars than the other chapters, but I think it can be
useful to all readers.
Resources for Learning More about Social Movements and
Culture
This website is designed to provide supplementary material for
the book The Art of Protest. The site consists of ten sections
corresponding to the ten chapters of the book. Each section
includes general works as well as materials geared more
specifically to cultural dimensions of each movement, and is
divided into three categories: Books and Articles, Multimedia,
and Websites. Many other useful resources exist, but these are
the most relevant for readers who want to do further research.
In addition to listing current sources about each movement, the
site will be updated regularly as important new materials
emerge. We welcome suggestions for corrections, additions, or
other changes to the site; send e-mail to the author.
Resources for Learning More about Social Movements and
Culture
Chapter 1. Singing Civil Rights: The Freedom Song Tradition
Books and Articles
Burns, Stewart, ed. Daybreak of Freedom. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press. 1997. Excellent book that
tells the story of the pivotal Montgomery bus boycott through
firsthand accounts and documents from many perspectives.
Carawan, Guy, and Candie Carawan, eds. Sing for Freedom: The
Story of the Civil Rights Movement through Its Songs. New
York: Sing Out, 1990. Fine compilation of lyrics and songs with
commentaries on each by the editors and other movement
activists.
Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black
Awakening of the 1960s. 1981; repr. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1995. Best overview of the Student Non-

11. violent Coordinating Committee.
Collier-Thomas, Bettye, and V. P. Franklin, eds. Sisters in the
Struggle: African American Women of the Civil Rights–Black
Power Movement. New York: New York University Press, 2001.
Extends, updates, and deepens the work begun in Black Women
in the Civil Rights Movement, edited by Crawford, Rouse, and
Woods.
Crawford, Vicki, Jacqueline Rouse, and Barbara Woods, eds.
Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and
Torchbearers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Pathbreaking volume in the ongoing task of correcting the
distorted gender picture in histories of the civil rights
movement. Includes women foremothers preceding the 1950–
60s movement.
Denisoff, R. Serge. Sing a Song of Social Significance. Bowling
Green, KY: Bowling Green State University Popular Press,
1983. Includes much analysis of freedom songs, as well as other
related protest songs, before and after the civil rights
movement.
Dittmer, John. Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in
Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
Important study focuses on ordinary folks struggling in one of
the most dangerous areas the movement entered.
McDonnell, John. Songs of Struggle and Protest. Dublin:
Mercier Press, 1979. Places freedom songs in the wide tradition
of folk rebellions going back centuries.
Morris, Aldon. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. New
York: Free Press, 1984. Excellent treatment of church culture
and politics of the early civil rights movement.
Payne, Charles. I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing
Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1995. The best book on the
movement culture of the Student Non-violent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC) in the Deep South, and the richest treatment
of the radically democratic culture growing out of the
“organizing tradition” nourished by folks like Ella Baker.

12. Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Excellent biography of the great antileader of the civil rights
movement.
Reagon, Bernice Johnson. “Songs of the Civil Rights
Movement, 1955–1965: A Study in Culture History.” PhD diss.,
Howard University, 1975. Ann Arbor, MI: Xerox University
Microfilms, 1975. The major study of music in the civil rights
movement by the great participant-observer member of the
SNCC Freedom Singers.
———. “The Power of Communal Song.” In Cultures in
Contention, ed. Douglas Kahn and Diane Neumaier. Seattle:
Real Comet Press, 1985. Condensed statement of Reagon’s
wisdom on music in movement struggles.
Sanger, Kerran L. “When the Spirit Says Sing!”: The Role of
Freedom Songs in the Civil Rights Movement. New York:
Garland, 1995. Solid, detailed study.
Seeger, Pete, and Bob Reiser. Everyone Says Freedom. New
York: Norton, 1989. Collection of freedom song lyrics and
music with commentary.
Walker, Alice. Meridian. New York: Pocket Books, 1976.
Powerful novel about the civil rights movement and its
transition into the black power phase.
Multimedia
Eyes on the Prize (first series). Directed by Henry Hampton.
Blackside, 1987. Six great one-hour documentaries tracing the
whole history of the civil rights movement. Bernice Johnson
Reagon did the music for the series, and it is therefore rich in
freedom songs. See also the excellent companion PBS website.
A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict.
Directed by Steve York and Peter Ackerman. York
Zimmerman/WETA Production, 2000. PBS documentary that
places the civil rights movement in relation to the long tradition
of nonviolent struggle. Includes some freedom song audio clips.
Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Songs of the Mississippi Civil
Rights Movement. Various Artists. Folk Era Records, 1994.

13. Freedom on My Mind. Directed by Connie Field and Marilyn
Mumford. California Newsreel, 1994. Excellent documentary
film using organizing in the crucial state of Mississippi as the
lens through which to tell the movement story.
Freedom Song. Directed by Phil Alden Robinson. Turner
Television Movies, 2001. One of the few good fiction films
about the civil rights movement era, the film focuses on
ordinary folks doing extraordinary things. See the online
educator’s guide.
Fundi. Directed by Joanne Grant. Icarus Films, 1986.
Documentary film on the life of the great organizer Ella Baker.
The Story of Greenwood Mississippi. Smithsonian Folkways
Records. Traces the impact of freedom songs on one particular
community in struggle.
Strange Fruit. Directed by Joel Katz. PBS Independent Lens,
2003. Places Billie Holiday’s antilynching song “Strange Fruit”
in the context of the wider history of freedom songs.
Voices of the Civil Rights Movement: Black American Freedom
Songs, 1960–1966. Smithsonian Folkways Records. Excellent,
extensive set of recordings.
We Shall Overcome. Directed by Jim Brown. California
Newsreel, 1989. Documentary using the story of the most
famous freedom song to trace the role of music in the labor and
civil rights movements.
Websites
African American History: The Civil Rights Movement. List of
some additional civil rights movement links beyond the ones
listed below.
Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. Exhibits and documents
from one of the battlegrounds of the movement.
The Civil Rights Era. Overview site from the American Memory
Project, rich in images and sound.
Civil Rights in Mississippi: Digital Archive. Get a sense of the
daily life struggles of ordinary folks in the civil rights
movement.
Civil Rights Movement Veterans. Direct commentary from

14. dozens of participants in the movement. Includes excellent
bibliography and many useful links on specific figures,
organizations, events, and ideas of the movement.
Educator’s Guide to “Follow the Drinking Gourd.” Tells the
story of how song was used in the Underground Railroad to lead
folks out of slavery.
Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Carrying on in the
tradition of “Miss Baker’s” group-centered organizing methods.
Freedom Songs. Includes audio tracks and lyrics, focused
especially on the important Nashville movement.
Greensboro Sit-ins: Launch of a Civil Rights Movement.
Pictures, audio, and documents about the rise of the sit-in phase
of the movement in the town where it was born.
Guy and Candie Carawan: A Personal Story through Sight and
Sound. Civil rights story in song. Civil rights movement singer-
activists Guy and Candie Carawan discuss the movement and
the role of music they did so much to foster.
The King Center, Atlanta. Not only a documentation of King’s
work and the wider movement, but an ongoing resource for
nonviolent resistance to oppression.
Lift Every Voice: Protest Songs. University of Virginia Library.
Words, images, and audio on the place of protest songs in wider
U.S. musical culture.
Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project. Stanford University.
Includes video and audio clips of speeches, documents,
chronology, and bibliography.
National Civil Rights Museum. Memphis. Located in the motel
where King was assassinated, this museum includes many
interactive features on civil rights movement history. Exhibits
have included “Music and the Movement.”
Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. These three Folkways
Records sites include sample audio clips of the songs:
Voices of the Civil Rights Movement.
Freedom Songs: Selma, Alabama.
The Story of Greenwood, Mississippi.
SNCC: 1960–1966. Provides a solid overview of this key group

15. and has links to many SNCC documents and other resources.
Southern Freedom Movement Links. Good list of additional
civil rights movement–related websites.Chapter 2. Scenarios for
Revolution: The Drama of the Black Panthers
Books and Articles
Acham, Christine. Revolution Televised: Prime Time and the
Struggle for Black Power. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 2004. Explores the way TV performers like
Richard Pryor, Diahann Carroll, and Redd Foxx were influenced
by and in turn popularized certain black power ideas via
mainstream television in the late 1960s and early 1970s. See
also chapter 2 on news coverage of the black power movement.
Bambara, Toni Cade. Black Woman, An Anthology. New York:
New American Library, 1970. Classic set of creative and critical
writing offering a feminist or womanist take on black power and
the Black Arts.
———. The Salt Eaters. New York: Random House, 1980. Great
novel about the aftermath of the black power movement among
black activists, especially women.
Baraka, Amiri (Leroi Jones). Selected Plays and Prose of Amiri
Baraka. New York: Morrow, 1979. Traces the evolution of
Baraka’s black power aesthetic.
Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story. New
York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1992. Autobiography of one of the
most influential women in the Black Panther Party.
Bullins, Ed, ed. New Plays for the Black Theater. New York:
Bantam, 1969. Selection of black power plays by a variety of
playwrights.
———. The Theme Is Blackness. New York: Morrow, 1973.
Collected black power era plays of this onetime Black Panther
Party member and key black playwright.
Chapman, Abraham ed. New Black Voices. New York:
Penguin/Putnam, 1972. A key anthology from the era, including
black power poetry, drama, fiction, and criticism.
Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: McGraw-
Hill/Ramparts Book, 1967. One of the most widely read books

16. of the black power era. Sensationalist and powerful.
Cleaver, Kathleen, and George Katsiaficas, eds. Liberation,
Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the
Panthers and Their Legacy. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Reconsideration of the Black Panther Party by members and
scholars. See especially the essays by Churchill, K. Cleaver
(chapter 8), and Doss.
Fabvre, Geneviève. Drumbeats, Masks, and Metaphor.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983. Sophisticated
study of black theater, especially the black power phase.
Foner, Philip S., ed. The Black Panthers Speak. New York: Da
Capo Press, 2002. Reprint of a key book introducing the Black
Panther Party to a wider audience than when originally
published in 1970.
Gayle, Addison, ed. The Black Aesthetic. New York:
Doubleday, 1971. Key text of essays from the era trying to
define a black power aesthetic.
Hilliard, David, and Donald Weise, eds. Huey P. Newton
Reader. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002. Key selections
from Newton’s writings that give a sense of his intellectual and
ideological range.
Jones, Charles, ed. The Black Panther Party Reconsidered.
Baltimore: Black Classics Press, 1998. Excellent collection of
analytic essays. See especially pieces by Singh, Abron, and all
of section 4 on gender dynamics in the party.
Newton, Huey P. To Die for the People: The Writings of Huey
P. Newton, ed. Toni Morrison. 1972; repr. New York: Writers
and Readers Publishers, 1995. This collection gives a sense of
Newton’s writings as published during the black power era.
Van Deburg, William. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power
Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1992. The most comprehensive
examination to date of the impact of black power and the Black
Arts movement on all aspects of U.S. culture.Multimedia
All Power to the People! The Black Panther Party and Beyond.
Directed by Lee Lew Lee. Filmakers Library, 1996.

17. Documentary film placing the Black Panther Party in the wider
context of black liberation struggles.
Eyes on the Prize (second series). Directed by Sheila Curran
Bernard and others. Blackside, 1990. Eight-part series that takes
up the story of the movement where the first Eyes on the Prize
series ends, as the black power phase emerges.
Huey P. Newton. Directed by Spike Lee. Luna Ray Films, 1990.
Film based on Robert Guenveur Smith’s one-man play.
Newton’s political brilliance and street craziness seamlessly
abide side by side. See the PBS site for the film.
Panther. Directed by Mario Van Peebles. Polygram/Tribeca
Productions, 1990. Not always good history but often good
drama, this fiction film introduced the Panthers to new
generations.
Public Enemy. Directed by Jens Meurer. Icarus Films, 1990.
Tells the story of the Black Panthers via memories and analysis
by former party members Bobby Seale, Kathleen Cleaver, Nile
Rogers, and Jamal Joseph.Websites
Amiri Baraka home page. Includes bibliography and links to
articles and audio clips of readings by the black power poet,
critic, and playwright.
Amiri Baraka/Leroi Jones, “The Revolutionary Theatre.”
Complete text of this pivotal 1965 essay.
Black Arts Movement. Essay by two University of Michigan
scholars, with hyperlinks on various aspects of the cultural arm
of the black power movement.
Black Panther, 1967–70. Online access to all the articles from
this Black Panther Party newspaper.
Black Panther Party. Site from the Huey P. Newton Foundation,
with history, documents, photographs, and other useful
resources.
Civil Rights Songs. Focused not on the better-known freedom
songs, but on soul music as an expression of civil rights and
black power.
Davey D’s Hip Hop Corner. Useful site from which to trace the
impact of politics of black power on such hip-hop artists as

18. Public Enemy, Roxanne Shante, Paris, Dead Prez, Tupac (whose
parents were both Panther members), and many others.
Good for a Girl. Resource site for womanist/feminist work on
and in the form of hip-hop and rap.
Modern American Poetry: Black Arts Movement. New American
poetry site with documents, links, bibliographies, biographies of
artists, and excerpts from the writings of key Black Arts
movement figures.
Panther Photo Archive. Great photos of the Black Panther Party
by Roz Payne.
The Sixties Project: “The Basis of Black Power.” Complete text
of SNCC manifesto on the meaning of black power.
Social Activism Sound Recording Project: The Black Panther
Party. University of California, Berkeley. Includes texts,
videos, and audio recordings relating to Black Panther Party
activities in California.
“To Serve the People.” Site from the California Heritage
Society with bibliography, history, photos, links, and more.
World History Archives: The History of the Black Panther
Party. Links to member bios, documents, and articles about the
Black Panther Party.
Chapter 3. The Poetical Is the Political: Feminist Poetry and the
Poetics of Women’s Rights
Books and Articles
Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, eds. This Bridge Called
My Back. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Press, 1981. Pioneering
anthology of Chicana, black, Asian, and Native American
feminism that includes essays, poetry, and short fiction.
Fisher, Dexter, ed. The Third Woman. Boston: Houghton-
Mifflin, 1979. Collection of poetry and fiction by feminist
women of color that helped signal the greater visibility of
woman of color feminisms in creative work.
Howe, Florence, ed. No More Masks: An Anthology of
Twentieth-Century American Women Poets. New York:
Perennial, 1993. Newer edition of the groundbreaking anthology
that did much to propel the feminist poetry movement.

19. Hull, Gloria, Patricia Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds. All the
Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us
Are Brave: Black Women’s Studies. New York: Feminist Press,
1982. Classic anthology that did much to define a black feminist
aesthetic and politics.
King, Katie. Feminist Theory in Its Travels. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1994. Masterly book tracing relations
between feminist theory and cultural production.
Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press,
1984. Brilliant, influential collection of essays redefining
feminism through greater attention to intersections of race,
class, sexuality, and gender.
Montefiore, Jan. Feminism and Poetry. London: Rivers
Oram/Pandora, 2004. Excellent introduction to a variety of
issues in the relations between various feminisms and poetries.
Ostriker, Alicia. Stealing the Language. Boston: Beacon Press,
1986. Places explicitly feminist poetry into the wider context of
twentieth-century American women’s poetry.
Rich, Adrienne. Art of the Possible. New York: W. W. Norton,
2001. Collects many of Rich’s most influential essays,
including several on relations between poetry and feminism.
Smith, Barbara, ed. Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology.
1983; repr. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001.
Important follow-up volume to All the Women Are White, All
the Blacks Are Men.
Whitehead, Kim. The Feminist Poetry Movement. Jackson:
University Press of Mississippi, 1986. The first full-length
study of the connection between the feminist movement and
feminist poetry.
Young, Stacey. Changing the Wor(l)d: Discourse, Politics, and
the Feminist Movement. New York: Routledge, 1997. Analyzes
and criticizes various histories of post–World War II U.S.
feminism for their inattention to cultural factors, and offers a
case study of the role of culture within the movement,
especially poetry.
And books of poems by any of the following feminist poets:

20. Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa, Gwendolyn Brooks, Lorna
Dee Cervantes, Lucille Clifton, Jayne Cortez, Toi Derricotte,
Judy Grahn, Marilyn Hacker, Joy Harjo, June Jordan, Irena
Kelpfisz, Audre Lorde, Janice Mirikitani, Cherríe Moraga,
Grace Paley, Marge Piercy, Adrienne Rich, Muriel Rukeyser,
Sonia Sanchez, Ntozake Shange, and Mitsuye Yamada, among
many others. Websites
Academica: Resources for Chicana and Chicano studies.
Includes annotated bibliographies, book reviews, articles, and
links to other resource sites inside and outside academia.
African American/Black/Womanist Feminism on the Web.
Annotated list of sites made by the University of Wisconsin.
African American Feminism. Includes links on many prominent
black womanist/feminist theorists and creative artists.
Alicia Gaspar de Alba’s home page. Rich with syllabi and links
on Chicana feminist theory, art, and popular culture.
Documents from the Women’s Liberation Movement. Excellent
collection, from Duke University, of full text of historically
influential essays.
Feminist Chronicles. Detailed, year-by-year history of social,
economic, and political developments shaping feminism from
1953 to 1993.
Feminist Theory Website. The most comprehensive site on this
topic.
Guerilla Girls. Lively site from the (in)famous feminist artists
who have challenge sexist, racist, and homophobic elements in
the visual art world.
National Organization for Women. NOW is one of the major
organizational legacies of the new wave of feminism action in
the 1960s and 1970s.
“The Politics of Black Feminist Thought.” First chapter of
Patricia Hill Collin’s groundbreaking book, Black Feminist
Thought.
Voices from the Gaps: Women Artists and Writers of Color.
Great resource site for poets and novelists of color.
Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000.

21. Site for Women and Social Movements journal, with many links
to articles and resource sites.
Women of Color Web. Comprehensive site for feminisms
pertinent to women of color.
Women’s Poetry: Selections. Includes excerpts from such key
feminist poets as Shange, Piercy, Lorde, and Rich.
Chapter 4. Revolutionary Walls: Chicano/a Murals, Chicano/a
Movements
Books and Articles
Anzaldúa, Gloria, ed. Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo
Cara: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color.
San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Books, 1990. Excellent
collection of woman-of-color creative theorizing in the spirit of
Anzaldúa and Moraga’s classic This Bridge Called My Back.
Arredondo, Gabriela, et al., eds. Chicana Feminisms: A Critical
Reader. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003. Excellent
collection. Most directly relevant isthe essay by Maylei
Blackwell on Chicanas in the Chicano movement and Ana
Nieto-Gomez’s response.
Chabram-Dernersesian, Angie. “I Throw Punches for My Race
but I Don’t Want to Be a Man: Writing Us—Chica-Nos (Girl,
Us) Chicanas—into the Movement Script.” In Cultural Studies,
ed. Lawrence Grossberg. New York: Routledge, 1992, 81–96.
Classic essay that includes reflection on Chicana murals as
political theory.
Chavez, Ernesto. “¡Mi Raza Primero!” (My People First!):
Nationalism, Identity, and Insurgency in the Chicano Movement
in Los Angeles, 1966–1978. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2002. First major study of the Los Angeles Brown Berets
and their movement context.
Cockcroft, Eva, and Holly Barnet-Sanchez, eds. Signs from the
Heart: California Chicano Murals. Venice, CA: Social and
Public Art Resource Center, 1990. Four excellent, richly
illustrated essays on the mural movement in the context of the
Chicano/a movement culture.
García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, eds. Chicana Feminist

22. Thought: The Basic Historical Writings. New York: Routledge,
1997. Traces the evolution of Chicana feminism from the early
movement days to the 1990s.
García, Ignacio. Chicanismo: The Forging of a Militant Ethos
among Mexican Americans. Tucson: University of Arizona
Press, 1997. Brief overview study that gives short shrift to
Chicanas but offers useful explanations of major ideologies in
el movimiento.
———. United We Win: The Rise and Fall of La Raza Unida
Party. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989. Full-length
study of the major attempt of the southwest branch of the
movement to enter the electoral arena with a third party.
Gaspar de Alba, Alicia. Chicano Art inside/outside the Master’s
House: Cultural Politics and the CARA Exhibition. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1998. Brilliant interpretative study
of the major Chicano art exhibit of the 1990s, analyzing the
history of race, class, gender, and sexuality dynamics in the
history of the Chicano/a movement as embodied in the art
works.
———, ed. Velvet Barrios: Popular Culture and Chicana/o
Sexualities. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2003. Excellent
collection on Chicano/a sexual and gender politics in
“rasquache aesthetics” in such often-dismissed art genres as
painting on velvet; includes discussion of this aesthetic’s
impact on the Chicano/a movement.
Goldman, Shifra M. Dimensions of the Americas: Art and
Social Change in Latin America. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1994. Important study comparing and showing
links between the politics of U.S. and Latin American murals
and other visual arts.
Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky.” In Message to Aztlán: Selected
Writings. Houston: Arte Público Press, 2001. Major writings of
Denver’s most well known Chicano activist.
Griswold del Castillo, Richard, Teresa McKenna, and Yvonne
Yarbro-Bejarano, eds. Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation,
1965–1985. Los Angeles: Wight Art Gallery, University of

23. California, Los Angeles, 1991. Rich contextualization of the
first major exhibit centering on the Chicano/a movement as an
artistic force.
Gutiérrez, David G. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans,
Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1995. Historical study that
places el movimiento into the context of long-range struggles by
Americans of Mexican descent.
Martinez, Elizabeth (Bettita). “De Colores” Means All of Us:
Latina Views for a Multi-Colored Century. Boston: South End
Press, 1998. Excellent activist-focused work on the future of
Chicano/a activism in relation to wider movements.
Muñoz, Carlos. Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano
Movement. New York: Verso, 1989. Influential early overview
of the Chicano/a movement.
Navarro, Armando. Mexican American Youth Organization:
Avant-Garde of the Chicano Movement in Texas. Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1995. Full-length study of MAYO,
the major Chicano/a youth group in Texas and parts of the
Southwest.
Perez, Emma. The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into
History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. Brilliant
reconceptualization of Chicano/a history that places Chicanas at
the center of the movement and the wider arc of history.
Rosales, F. Arturo. ¡Chicano! The History of the Mexican
American Civil Rights Movement. Houston: Arte Público Press,
1996. General history to accompany the documentary film series
of the same name.
Tijerina, Reies López, and Jose Angel Gutierrez. They Called
Me “King Tiger”: My Struggle for the Land and Our Rights.
Houston: Arte Público Press, 2000. The story of the Hispano
land grant movement straight from the tiger’s mouth.
Vigil, Ernesto. The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and
the Government’s War on Dissent. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1999. Comprehensive study of Colorado’s
most influential Chicano/a movement organization.

24. Villa, Raúl Homero. Barrio Logos: Space and Place in Urban
Chicano Literature and Culture. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 2000. Brilliant reinterpretation of Chicano/a culture,
including the role of murals as claims on public space.
Multimedia
Art of Resistance. 1994. Directed by Susana Ortiz.
Documentary film on the relations between Chicano/a art and
the Chicano/a movement.
Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation, 1965–1985; Artist
Round-Table Discussion. 1990. Video dialogue among artists
from this pivotal exhibition.
¡Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights
Movement. 1996. Four-episode documentary, including archival
footage and interviews with many key activists and art activists.
Websites
Archivos Virtuales. Online archive of papers and interviews
with dozens of Latino/a and Latin American artists.
Brown Berets. Historical site on this key Chicano/a
organization, including interviews with former leaders.
Centro Cultural de la Raza. A major legacy of the Chicano/a art
movement in San Diego.
Cesar Chavez Center for Interdisciplinary Instruction. A major
resource from the UCLA Department of Chicana and Chicano
Studies.
Chicano Art: A Resource Guide. Excellent source on all aspects
of Latino/a arts, from the University of California, Santa
Barbara.
Chicano Movement. An extensive bibliography to go beyond the
works cited here.
Culture Clash. Exhibit site for one of the great Chicano/a
political theatre troupes.
Galería de la Raza. San Francisco’s main institutional
contribution to the legacy of Latino/a movement art.
The Great Wall Resource Portal. Video tour of the entire Great
Wall mural, Los Angeles, from SPARC.
History of Chicano Park, San Diego, California. Includes a

25. virtual tour and images of murals in this key site of Chicano/a
and mural movement struggle.
Latina/o Art Community. Includes online exhibits and links to
various artists and art organizations.
Making Face/Making Soul: A Chicana Feminist Homepage.
Excellent source linking poetry and other creative work to
feminist struggle.
SPARC: The Social and Public Art Resource Center. The most
important single source on murals and the mural movement.
El Teatro Campesino. Includes a sample script from the
movimiento era and photographs.
Viva Cesar E. Chavez. The best of many sites on Chavez, from
San Francisco State University.
Young Lords Party: 13 Point Program and Platform. Puerto
Rican gang morphed into a movement group similar to the
Brown Berets and the Black Panthers.
Chapter 5. Old Cowboys, New Indians: Hollywood Frames the
American Indian Movement
Books and Articles
Burnette, Robert, and John Koster, The Road to Wounded Knee.
New York: Bantam Books, 1974. Influential contemporary
account of Indian activism in the 1960s and early 1970s.
Crow Dog, Mary, as told to Richard Erdoes. Lakota Woman.
New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990. (Auto)Biography of one of
the women at the center of the Wounded Knee occupation and
other AIM actions.
Johnson, Troy. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1996. Most comprehensive
treatment of this key event in the evolution of Indian resistance.
Johnson, Troy, Joane Nagel, and Duane Champagne, eds.
American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk.
Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Collection of
articles by many of the key scholars on Indian activism before,
during, and after the Red Power era.
Josephy, Alvin, et al. eds. Red Power: The American Indians’
Fight for Freedom, 2nd ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska

26. Press, 1999. Reprint of key collection of essays by and about
Indian activists in the Red Power era.
Kilpatrick, Jacquelyn. Celluloid Indians: Native Americans and
Film. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Fine general
study of Indians in mainstream and anthropological films.
Matthiessen, Peter. In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. New York:
Viking Press, 1983. Documents the evolution of AIM and the
FBI attacks on them.
Means, Russell, with Marvin J. Wolf. Where White Men Fear to
Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means. New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1995. Autobiography of the “actorvist” who
played a key role in AIM during its heyday and then moved on
to Hollywood, while continuing to be an activist.
Nagel, Joanne. American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power
and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1996. History that places the Red Power
movement into the wider context of post–World War II Indian
cultural transformations.
Peltier. Leonard. Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. AIM activist Peltier, still
in prison for murder, has continued to be a voice for Indian
resistance.
Singer, Beverly R. Wiping the War Paint Off the Lens: Native
American Film and Video. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 2001. Traces the self-representation of Indians
in film since the 1970s, and discusses how this differs from
Hollywooden Indians.
Voices from Wounded Knee, 1973: In the Words of the
Participants. Roosevelt, NY: Akwesasne Notes, 1974. Firsthand
accounts by Indian activists at and around the Wounded Knee
occupation.
Warrior, Robert, and Paul Chaat Smith. Like a Hurricane: The
Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. New York:
New Press, 1996. Most comprehensive and balanced study of
AIM.Multimedia
Alcatraz Is Not An Island. Directed by James M. Fortier.

27. Independent Television Service (ITVS) and KQED, 2001. An
award-winning one-hour public television documentary on the
Indian occupation of Alcatraz in 1969.
Incident at Oglala. Directed by Michael Apted. Artisan
Entertainment, 1992. Documentary on AIM and the events
surrounding the murders that led to Leonard Peltier’s
imprisonment.
Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee. Directed by Frank
Pierson. Turner Films, 1994. Made for TV with video release.
Based on Mary Crow Dog’s autobiography, this is the most
substantial treatment of AIM in a fiction film.
Powwow Highway. Directed by Joanelle Nadine Romero and
Jonathan Wacks. Handmade Films/Warner Bros., 1986. Set in
the context of the AIM era, the film includes some scenes
depicting the struggles within Indian communities for political
control.
The Spirit of Crazy Horse. Directed by Milo Yellow Hair. PBS,
1990. One-hour documentary exploring the historical context of,
and the mixed reactions to, AIM on the Pine Ridge reservation.
Thunderheart. Directed by Michael Apted. Tristar Pictures,
1992. Highly improbable story of a half-Indian FBI agent who
investigates and then sides with activists modeled on AIM.
Warrior: Life of Leonard Peltier. Directed by Suzie Baer.
Cinnamon Productions, 1992. Sympathetic portrait of Peltier as
framed by the government to help stop AIM.
Websites
The Alcatraz Indian Occupation. Dr. Troy Johnson. Essay by the
leading authority on the Alcatraz protest.
Alcatraz Is Not an Island. Web site for the PBS documentary on
the Indian occupation of Alcatraz.
American Indian Film Festival and Institute. Influential film
festival put on by the American Indian Film Institute in San
Francisco since 1975.
A Brief History of the American Indian Movement. Laura
Wittstock and Elaine J. Salinas. A more or less official history
from one of the groups currently claiming the AIM legacy.

28. Index of Native American Activist Resources on the Internet.
Extensive list of links to North American and global Native
organizations, from the Virtual Library.
Indigenous Environmental Network. Excellent site treating
resistance to the environmental racism that impacts many Native
communities.
Indigenous Women’s Network. Dedicated to work on self-
determination, cultural renewal, health, and education of
indigenous peoples around the globe.
Native Networks. Information and links on film, television, and
radio produced by indigenous people of North and South
America and Hawaii.
Our Red Earth Organization. Resists the exploitation and selling
of American Indian beliefs, ceremony, and culture and supports
all First Nations in their ongoing attempt to reattain sovereignty
and carry out cultural renewal.Chapter 6. “We Are [Not] the
World”: Famine, Apartheid, and the Politics of Rock Music
Books and Articles
Clayton, Martin, Trevor Herbert, and Richard Middleton, eds.
The Cultural Study of Music. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Wide-ranging anthology for advanced study. See especially
essays by Herbert, Titon, Stokes, and Laing.
Deneslow, Robin. When the Music’s Over: The Story of
Political Pop. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1989. Readable general
survey that places Live Aid and other agit-pop events in the
context of a longer history of pop music politics.
Frith, Simon, ed. World Music, Politics, and Social Change.
London: University of Manchester Press, 1989. Rich study of
the complexity of music moving across national lines to shape
social change.
Garofalo, Reebee. ed. Rockin’ the Boat: Mass Music and Mass
Movements. Boston: South End Press, 1992. Best collection of
essays on political pop music and benefit rock.
Geldof, Bob, with Paul Vallely. Is That It? New York:
Weidenfield and Nicholson, 1986. Live Aid founder’s
reflections on the power and limits of the Live Aid concert and

29. subsequent work on the famine.
Hall, Stuart. The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the
Crisis of the Left. New York: Verso, 1988. Includes some of the
most trenchant work on the cultural politics of the 1980s in the
United Kingdom and the United States, including the “benefit
rock” phenomenon.
Jameson, Fredric. “Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture.”
Social Text 1 (1979): 130–48. Remains a key text for
understanding the relation between commercialism and social
change in mass culture.
Marsh, Dave. Sun City: The Making of a Record. New York:
Vintage-Penguin, 1985.
Omi, Michael. “A Positive Noise: The Charity Rock
Phenomenon.” Socialist Review 16, no. 2 (1986): 107–14.
Peace, R. C. A Just and Lasting Peace: The U.S. Peace
Movement from the Cold War to Desert Storm. Chicago: Noble
Press, 1991. Includes chapters on the Central American
solidarity and anti-apartheid movements.
Smith, Christian. Resisting Reagan: The U.S. Central America
Peace Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Fine detailed study of the “solidarity movements” of the 1980s.
Üllestad, Neal. “Rock and Rebellion: Subversive Effects of
‘Live Aid’ and ‘Sun City.’” Popular Music 6, no. 1 (1987): 67–
76. Thoughtful comparison of these two key events.
Vellela, Tony. New Voices: Student Activism in the ’80s and
’90s. Boston: South End Press, 1988. Includes useful analysis of
the anti-apartheid movement in the United States.
Weinstein, Deena. “The Amnesty International Tour:
Transnationalism as Cultural Commodity.” Public Culture 1, no.
2 (1989): 60–65. Challenges the self-congratulatory nature of
much benefit rock promotion.Multimedia
Artists United Against Apartheid. Sun City. Manhattan/Capitol
Records EP ST53109, 1985.
Live Aid. Warner Bros./Elektra/Atlantic DVD, 2004 [1985].
Four-DVD set with more than ten hours of concert footage.
Making of “Sun City.” Karl-Lorimar home video. VHS, 1986.

30. United Support of Artists for Africa. We Are the World.
Columbia Records 40043, 1985.
Websites
Everyday I Write the Book: A Bibliography of (Mostly)
Academic Work on Rock and Pop Music. Gilbert Rodman’s very
extensive bibliography on the study of popular music.
Farm Aid. One of the key, ongoing movements to spin off of the
Live Aid phenomenon.
Live Aid. Excellent Wikipedia article on the concert.
Chapter 7. ACTing UP against AIDS: The (Very) Graphic Arts
in a Moment of Crisis
Books and Articles
ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. Women,
AIDS, and Activism. Boston: South End Press, 1990. Important
book in bringing to light the underreported impact of AIDS on
women and girls.
Barnett, Tony, and Alan Whiteside. AIDS in the Twenty-First
Century: Disease and Globalization. London: Palgrave, 2003.
Clear, accessible, and nuanced study of the economic, social,
and cultural impact of HIV/AIDS around the world, with special
focus on the complexities of the African context.
Crimp, Douglas, ed. AIDS: Cultural Analysis/Cultural Activism.
Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988. Very influential collection of
essays on ACT UP and other early forms of resistance to the
silence around the AIDS crisis.
Crimp, Douglas, and Adam Ralston. AIDS DemoGraphics.
Seattle: Bay Press, 1990. The key book exemplifying and
contextualizing ACT UP’s posters and other visual art.
Epstein, Steven. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the
Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1996. Most comprehensive study of the medical activism
surrounding HIV/AIDS science.
Gamson, Joshua. “Silence, Death, and the Invisible Enemy:
AIDS Activism and Social Movement Newness.” In
Ethnography Unbound, ed. Michael Burawoy et al. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1991, 35–57.

31. Irwin, Alexander, Joyce Millen, and Dorothy Fallows. Global
AIDS: Myths and Facts; Tools for Fighting the AIDS Pandemic.
Boston: South End Press, 2003. At once an introduction to
issues and a tool kit for activists.
Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches.
Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984. Key text in the
evolution of lesbian of color theory.
Miller, James, ed. Fluid Exchanges: Artists and Critics in the
AIDS Crisis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992. Broad
anthology that touches on the power and limits of art in various
HIV/AIDS activist contexts.
Patton, Cindy. Inventing AIDS. New York: Routledge, 1990.
Crucial intellectual-activist text that influenced many in ACT
UP to think more critically about AIDS discourses.
Schulman, Sarah. Stagestruck: Theater, AIDS, and the
Marketing of Gay America. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press, 1998. Rich study of theater as a site of AIDS activism but
also of commercialization of a crisis.
Sturken, Marita. Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the
AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1997. Includes a rich study of
the politics of representation surrounding the AIDS Quilt.
Treichler, Paula A.How to Have Theory in an Epidemic:
Cultural Chronicles of AIDS. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press, 1999. Absolutely indispensable for understanding the
cultural languages and codes of the AIDS pandemic. Treichler’s
essays, originally consumed in an activist context, show
brilliantly and precisely why you need theory (even) in an
epidemic, and what theory can do for activists.
Vaid, Urvashi. Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and
Lesbian Liberation. New York: Doubleday, 1995. One of the
most comprehensive studies of the gay/lesbian/queer movement,
including a critical assessment of the successes and limits of
ACT UP.
Warner, Michael, ed. Fear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and
Social Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,

32. 1993. Major collection of essays in the evolution of queer social
and social movement theory. See especially the pieces by
Seidman and Patton.Multimedia
Angels in America. Directed by Mike Nichols. HBO Films,
2003. Brilliant film adaptation of Tony Kushner’s play set in
the midst of the rise of the AIDS crisis.
Pandemic: Facing AIDS. Directed by Rory Kennedy. HBO
Films, 2005. Documentary series in five half-hour segments that
examines worldwide AIDS epidemic in both personal and broad
social terms.
Websites
ACT UP. Geoffrey W. Bateman. Brief analytic history for a
GLBT Encyclopedia.
ACT UP Documents. A particularly valuable part of the ACT
UP New York site.
ACT UP New York. Great site that includes both much history
and current issues.
AIDS. Comprehensive list of resources from the Queer
Directory.
AIDS Activism in the Arts. Craig Kaczorowsk. Online essay
briefly covering Gran Fury, the NAMES Quilt, Red Ribbon
Project, and Day Without Art, from GLBT Encyclopedia.
AIDS: Making Art and Raising Hell. Robert Atkins. Survey of
AIDS art activism from an ACT UP perspective.
The AIDS Memorial Quilt. NAMES Project home page. Site for
information about the largest-scale AIDS art project, the
NAMES Quilt, documenting the lives of untold numbers lost to
the disease.
Art and AIDS: A Selective Bibliography. Includes books and
essays on all aspects of visual art concerned with the HIV/AIDS
pandemic.
Avert.org. AIDS posters from around the world.
Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies. Fine general resource site
from CUNY.
Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). The
key media watchdog group of queer activists.

33. GLBTT IMC. Independent Media Center for worldwide queer
activism.
Lesbian Avengers Chicago. Explosive site of this key lesbian
activist direct action group
Masami Teraoka. Terrific site from one of the great visual
artists to address the AIDS pandemic.
National Gay and Lesbian Taskforce. Excellent activist and
educational site from one of the key national queer activist
organizations.
Queer Theory. Site from the United Kingdom that provides
background on many of the theorists and theories that have
greatly influenced ACT UP and other postmodern activists.
“So Many Alternatives: The Alternative AIDS Video
Movement.” Introduction from Cineaste magazine, via ACT UP
New York.
Treatment Action Group (TAG). Key ACT UP spin-off focusing
on medical breakthroughs.
Visual AIDS. Site exploring and supporting visual art dealing
with the HIV/AIDS.
Chapter 8. Environmental Justice Ecocriticism: Race, Class,
Gender, and Literary Ecologies
Books and Articles
Adamson, Joni. American Indian Literature, Environmental
Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place. Tucson: University
of Arizona Press, 2003. Best, most sustained example of
environmental justice ecocriticism. Brings together literature,
Native environmental racism issues, and cultural pedagogy for
justice.
Bennett, Michael, and David W. Teague, eds. The Nature of
Cities: Ecocriticism and Urban Environments. Tucson:
University of Arizona Press, 1999. Important collection that
helps undermine the notion that nature somehow stops at the
edge of cities. See especially essays by Wallace, Teague, and
Bennett.
Carr, Glynis, ed. New Essays in Ecofeminist Literary Criticism.
Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2000. See especially

34. the essays by Sze on Karen Yamashita, Blend on Chicana
writers, and Gaard on Linda Hogan and Alice Walker.
Demonstrates the strong tendency in much recent ecofeminist
criticism to align itself with environmental justice concerns.
Comer, Krista. Landscapes of the New West: Gender and
Geography in Contemporary Women’s Writing. Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Works to lessen the
grip of the “wilderness plot” and other elements of frontier
mythology surrounding writers from the western United States,
raising new questions about gender, race, and environment.
Cronon, William, ed. Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing
Nature. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995. Sophisticated
anthology treating environmental rhetorics in popular culture,
science, the arts, and movements. See especially pieces by
Cronon, White, Haraway, Spirn, Di Chiro, and Davis.
Deming, Alson, and Laurel E. Savoy, eds. The Colors of Nature:
Culture, Identity, and the Natural World. Minneapolis:
Milkweed Editions, 2002. A rich anthology of writing from
African Americans, Latino/as, Asian Americans, Native
Americans, mixed race writers, and others who challenge the
assumption that nature writing is white writing.
Faber, Daniel, ed. The Struggle for Ecological Democracy.
Guilford, CT: Guilford Press, 1998. Excellent, important
collection of essays rooting environmental cultural studies in
political economy and the search for substantive democracy.
Gaard, Greta, and Patrick D. Murphy, eds. Ecofeminist Literary
Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy. Champagne:
University of Illinois Press, 1998. Wide-ranging collection that
at its best brings questions of race, class, gender, colonialism,
and nature to bear on key literary texts and literary critical
questions. See especially pieces by Alaimo and Platt.
Gottlieb, Robert. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the
American Environmental Movement. Washington, DC: Earth
Island Press, 1993. First book to fully weave worker safety
issues and environmental justice concerns into a general history
of U.S. environmentalism.

35. Guha, Ramachanda. “Radical American Environmentalism and
Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique.”
Environmental Ethics 11, no. 1 (1989): 71–84. Classic statement
of the dangers of wilderness purism when looked at from the
perspective of Third World economic, political, and ecological
realities.
Harvey, David. Justice, Nature, and the Geography of
Difference. London: Basil Blackwell, 1999. Harvey offers a
reframing of historical-geographical materialism in light of
issues of environmental justice and postmodern sociocultural
conditions on a global scale.
Kollin, Susan. Nature’s State: Imagining Alaska as the Last
Frontier. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Uses postcolonial and environmental justice theory to explore
the gendered and racialized nature of eco-imperialism and
social anxieties about nature, ethnicity, and national identity in
the context of the Northern “frontier” of the United States.
Kuletz, Valerie. Tainted Desert. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Excellent study of the environmental impact of nuclear testing
and uranium mining on the cultures, peoples, and landscape of
the U.S. Southwest.
O’Meara, Bridget. “The Ecological Politics of Leslie Silko’s
Almanac of the Dead.”Wicazo Sa Review 15, no. 2 (2000): 63–
73. Online. Insightful study of the links between environmental
and social justice in Silko’s monumental novel.
Peet, Richard, and Michael Watts, eds. Liberation Ecologies:
Environment, Development, Social Movements. New York:
Routledge, 1996. Collection of strong essays articulating
complex Third and Fourth World critiques of and social
movements against Western, capitalist, environmentally and
socially destructive forms of so-called development.
Pellow, David, and Lisa Sun-Hee Park. The Silicon Valley of
Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the
High-Tech Economy. New York: New York University Press,
2002. Important study extending analysis of the impact of
environmental racism and injustice to immigrant workers of

36. color in the high-tech industries of places like Silicon Valley.
Peña, Devon, ed. Chicano Culture, Ecology, Politics:
Subversive Kin. Tempe: University of Arizona Press, 1999.
Essays detailing interrelations between Chicano
cultural/political struggles and environmental struggles around
pesticides, pollution, toxics, land stewardship, and other
concerns.
Pulido, Laura. Environmentalism and Economic Justice. Tempe:
University of Arizona Press, 1996. Rich reading of Chicano and
Hispano environmental/economic justice movements in terms of
material processes and culture.
Stein, Rachel. Shifting the Ground: American Women Writers’
Revision of Nature, Gender, and Race. Charlottesville:
University Press of Virginia, 1997. Excellent study focusing on
ways in which Emily Dickinson, Zora Neale Hurston, Alice
Walker, and Leslie Silko negotiate the intersections of race,
gender, and notions of nature.
Sturgeon, Noël. Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist
Theory, and Political Action. New York: Routledge, 1997. Best
study of ecofeminist movements in United States in terms of
their racial dynamic; offers an alternative racial and gender
politics and a concept of “direct theorizing” of use for cultural
environmental analysis and social movement action.
———, ed. “Intersections of Feminisms and
Environmentalisms.” Special issue, Frontiers 18, no. 2 (1997).
Essays by Comer, Kirk, Kollin, Platt, Sandilands, and Di Chiro.
Multimedia
Fresh Kill. Directed by Shu Lea Cheang. Airwaves Project,
1997. Experimental fiction film with rich environmental and
social justice themes woven into a “lethal comedy swimming
through a torrent of [transnational] toxic treachery.”
The Golf War. Directed by Jen Schradie and Matt DeVries.
Anthill Productions, 2000. Powerful film on a struggle over a
Philippine golf course as a symbol of globalization destroying
indigenous culture and land use practices.
Llamado Para La Madre Tierra. Directed by Joseph Di Gangi

37. and Amon Giebel. Indigenous Environmental Network and
Greenpeace, 1999. Shows how toxic chemicals may well be the
greatest threat to the survival of indigenous peoples.
Websites
Association for the Study of Literature and Environment. The
main organization for ecocriticism, with many useful links,
bibliographies, and syllabi.
Bullfrog Films. Major production and support center for
environmentalist films. Links to many great films for kids and
adults.
Cultural Environmental Studies. Site rich in resources for
environmental justice cultural criticism, including annotated
bibliography and dozens of links.
Environmental Justice Resource Center. Founded by Robert
Bullard, one of the most important scholars of environmental
justice, this site includes annotated bibliographies, news items
and research articles, and links to many other environmental
justice websites.
Environmental Justice Video Archive. Many other films and
videos to learn from.
Global Justice Ecology Project. Group linking environmental
and social justice issues worldwide.
Native Americans and the Environment. An extremely rich
source of information on environmental racism as a set of issues
facing Native peoples.
Rainforest Action Network. Organization working with Native
peoples to resist deforestation and cultural genocide.
Chapter 9. Will the Revolution Be Cybercast? New Media, the
Battle of Seattle, and Global Justice
Books and Articles
Appelbaum, Richard. P., and William I. Robinson, eds. Critical
Globalization Studies. New York: Routledge, 2005. Collects
many of the best essays focused on globalization theory and
practice, including some from the perspective of grassroots
activists.
Aronowitz, Stanley, et al. Implicating Empire: Globalization

38. and Resistance in the 21st Century World Order. New York:
Basic Books, 2003. Surveys a range of issues in the cultures of
globalization and resistance to neoliberal globalization.
Bandy, Joe, and Jackie Smith, eds. Coalitions across Borders:
Transnational Protest and the Neoliberal Order. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. Collection of case study essays
examining the possibilities and difficulties of organizing
movements across national boundaries.
Brecher, Jeremy, et al., eds. Globalization from Below: The
Power of Solidarity. Boston: South End Press, 2000. Best
general introduction to the forces of globalization and the
movements arrayed against them. Especially good on practical
organizing.
Fisher, William, and Thomas Ponniah, eds. Another World Is
Possible: Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World
Social Forum. London: Zed Books, 2003. Excellent set of
documents exemplifying some of the many alternatives to
neoliberal globalization arising out of the World Social Forum
meetings.
Kidd, Dorothy, and Bernadette Barker-Plummer, eds. “Social
Justice Movements and the Internet.” Special issue, Peace
Review 13, no. 3 (September 2001). Collects a number of fine
studies of how the Internet has been used for and against global
justice movements.
Mertes, Tom, ed. A Movement of Movements: Is Another World
Really Possible? London and New York: Verso, 2004.
Collection of articles by grassroots activists dealing with
practice and theory of the movement for global justice.
Opel, Andy, and Donnalyn Pompper, eds. Representing
Resistance: Media, Civil Disobedience, and the Global Justice
Movement. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. Various essays
assessing the pros and cons of mainstream media coverage of
the global movement and the alternative media work done by
the movement itself.
Shepard, Benjamin, and Ronald Hayduk, eds. From ACT UP to
the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of

39. Globalization. London: Verso, 2002. Excellent essays by
grassroots activists tracing the coalescence of progressive
groups in the United States from the 1980s to the early twenty-
first century.
Smith, Jackie, and Hank Johnston, eds. Globalization and
Resistance: Transnational Dimensions of Social Movements.
Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. Academic case
studies surveying global movements from the nineteenth to the
twenty-first century.
Veltmeyer, Henry, ed. Globalization and Antiglobalization:
Dynamics of Change in the New World Order. Aldershot, Hants,
UK; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004. Focused especially on Asia
and Latin America, this collection lays out the economic,
political, and cultural dimensions of the current global system
and its resisters.
Yuen, Eddie, et al., eds. The Battle of Seattle: The New
Challenge to Capitalist Globalization. New York: Soft Skull
Press, 2001. Collection of essays by activists debating issues
surrounding the Seattle demonstrations and subsequent ones in
Prague, Genoa, and elsewhere.
Multimedia
Another World Is Possible. Directed by Mark Dworkin and
Melissa Young. Moving Images, 2002. Short, lively
documentary on the World Social Forum 2002.
Fourth World War. Directed by Richard Rowley and Jacqueline
Soohan. Big Noise Films, 2003. Explores the global justice
movement at the grassroots on four continents.
Kilometer 0: The WTO in Cancun. A Global Indymedia
coproduction, 2003. Collectively directed and edited
documentary on the WTO protests in Cancun, Mexico, in
September 2003.
Showdown in Seattle. Big Noise Films, 1999. Five half-hour
films shot and edited on location in downtown Seattle during
the WTO protests; provides a day-by-day, street-level view of
the actions. Can be streamed online.
This Is What Democracy Looks Like. Directed by Richard

40. Rowley and Jacqueline Soohan. Big Noise Films, 2000. Battle
of Seattle coverage synthesized from the longer Showdown in
Seattle series.
Zapatista. Directed by Richard Rowley and Jacqueline Soohan.
Big Noise Films, 1998. Documentary on the rise and evolution
of the Zapatista rebellion and movement for indigenous rights in
Chiapas, Mexico, that did much to inspire the global justice
movement.
Websites
Art and Revolution. One of the key organizers of the Seattle
protests, this political art and puppetry collective is a cultural
force for direct action against neoliberal globalization and
related issues.
Battle of Seattle. New Social Movement Network site with
several articles analyzing the anti-WTO action.
CorpWatch. Resource center for tracking transnational
corporate injustices and resistance to them.
50 Years Is Enough. Site of one of the key debt relief and
egalitarian economic development alliances in the global justice
movement.
Focus on the Global South. Key resource site for NGOs and
direct action groups seeking justice for the southern
hemisphere’s people.
Global Exchange. One of the major “fair trade,” anti-sweatshop
organizations.
Independent Media Center. Links to Indymedia centers around
the world; major alternative source of news from grassroots.
Mobilization for Global Justice. Washington, DC–based direct
action support for global justice movement.
Peoples’ Global Action. One of the key groups coordinating
direct action and other work against corporate globalization.
Ruckus Society. Training group for many of the bold and
imaginative actions of the antiglobalization forces in the United
States.
Third World Network. Major networking structure for Asian
Pacific organizing against neoliberalism.

41. United for Peace and Justice. Key coalition of 1,300 U.S.-based
groups working for global justice and peace in the Middle East.
United Students Against Sweatshops. U.S. branch of the
important movement to stop exploitative labor in the global
south and at home.
World Social Forum. The main networking organization of the
movement against corporate globalization. The 2005 forum
drew more than 135,000 participants from all over the world.
WTO History Project. Excellent, comprehensive site on the
Battle of Seattle, including interviews, articles, documents, and
photographs.
Zapatistas in Cyberspace. A guide to documents, art, films,
analyses, and links about the Zapatistas who have done much to
inspire and shape the global justice movement.
Chapter 10. Reflections on the Cultural Study of Social
Movements
Books and Articles
Buechler, Steven. Social Movements in Advanced Capitalism.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Offers a rich
synthesizing theory of movements that explores at once the
“political economy and cultural construction of social
activism.”
d’Anjou, Leo. Social Movements and Cultural Change: The
First Abolition Campaign Revisited. New York: Aldine, 1996.
Uses the first British antislavery campaign in the eighteenth
century as a test case for explorations of the social construction
of meaning via social movements.
Darnovsky, Marcy, et al., eds. Cultural Politics and Social
Movements. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. See
especially introduction and essays by Esoffier, Sturgeon, Szasz,
Darnovsky, and Mayer and Roth.
Eyerman, Ron, and Andrew Jamison. Social Movements: A
Cognitive Approach. University Park: Pennsylvania State
University Press, 1991. Reconceptualizes both American and
European social movement theory via a sociology of knowledge
approach to “movement intellectuals” and collective actors

42. engaging in “cognitive praxis.”
Fantasia, Rick. Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action,
and Contemporary Workers. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1989. Takes an innovative look at the subcultures created
by workers in unions, on the shop floor, and outside the job. His
concept of cultures of solidarity connects in interesting ways to
the idea of movement cultures.
Gamson, William A. “Political Discourse and Collective
Action.” International Social Movement Research 1 (1988):
219–44.
Goodwyn, Lawrence. The Populist Moment. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1978. Contains one of the earliest and most
interesting elaborations of the concept of movement culture.
Johnston, Hank, and Bert Klandermans, eds. Social Movements
and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
The first anthology of theory dedicated fully to the topic of
cultural approaches to social movement theorizing. See
especially the editors’ introduction and essays by Swidler,
Melucci, Lofland, Gamson, Fine, Taylor and Whittier, and
Lofland.
Krasniewicz, Louise. Nuclear Summer: The Clash of
Communities at the Seneca Women’s Peace Encampment.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992. Uses postmodern
ethnographic techniques to contrast the movement culture of the
peace camp with the surrounding conservative upstate New
York community.
Laraña, Enrique, Hank Johnston, and Joseph Gusfield, eds. New
Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 1994. Offers theoretical overview of
social movements in terms of three broad dimensions: the
cultural roots of movements, the emergence and development of
movement cultures, and the cultural consequences and impacts
of movements. See especially essays by McAdam; Gusfield;
Melucci; and Hunt, Benford, and Snow.
McAdam, Doug, and Mayer Zald, eds. Comparative Perspectives
on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing

43. Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. Part III on framing is of greatest
relevance, and McAdams’s essay on CRM dramaturgy is
especially suggestive.
Melucci, Alberto. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the
Information Age. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
1996. Melucci, a key theorist of “new social movements” in
Europe, offers his most sustained analyses here of the symbolic-
semiotic nature of contemporary movements. Includes both
general theory and application to a number of recent
movements.
Morris, Aldon D., and Carol McClurg Mueller, eds. Frontiers in
Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1988. This collection is a key transitional volume
indicating the beginnings of a shift toward greater interest in
cultural matters in social movement theorizing. See Mueller’s
introduction and pieces by Gamson, Taylor and Whittier, Snow
and Benford, Friedman and McAdam, and Morris.
Young, Alison. Femininity in Dissent. New York: Routledge,
1990. Analyzes press coverage of the Greenham Common
women’s peace camp in England using a feminist
poststructuralist approach that has interesting implications for
issues of cultural framing of movements.
Young, Stacey. Changing the Wor(l)d: Discourse, Politics, and
the Feminist Movement. New York: Routledge, 1997. Analyzes
existing historiographies of second-wave U.S. feminism and
existing social movement theory, noting their inadequacy vis-à-
vis cultural-discursive dimensions. Then, drawing concepts
judiciously from postmodern theory, offers a case study of
cultural production within the movement. Website
Social Movements and Culture. Includes dozens of links to
movements and movement research, bibliographies, a glossary
of movement theory terms, course syllabi, and more.
Bonus Chapter. Peace Symbols: Poster Art in the Vietnam and
Iraq Antiwar Movements
Books and Articles

44. Bloom, Alexander, and Wini Breines, eds. Taking It to the
Streets: A Sixties Reader. New York: Oxford University Press,
1995.
Breines, Wini. Community and Organization in the New Left,
1962–1968. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press,
1989.
Calvert, Gregory. Democracy from the Heart: Spiritual Values,
Decentralism, and Democratic Idealism in the Movement of the
1960s. Eugene, OR: Communitas Press, 1991.
DeBenedetti, Charles. An American Ordeal: The Antiwar
Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press,1990
Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. New
York: Bantam Books,1987.
Kunzle, David, Nguyen Ngoc Dung, and Susan Martin,
eds.Decade of Protest: Political Posters from the United States,
Vietnam, Cuba, 1965–1975. Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press,
1996. See bibliography for other books.
Rawls, Walton. Wake Up, America! World War I and the
American Poster. New York: Abbeville Press, 1979.
Small, Melvin, and William Hoover, eds. Give Peace a Chance:
Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 1992.
Sontag, Susan. "Posters: Advertisement, Art, Political Artifact,
Commodity." In The Art of Revolution: 96 Posters from
Castro's Cuba, 1959–1970, ed. Dugald Stermer. New York:
McGraw Hill, 1970.
Sale, Kirkpatrick. SDS. New York: Random House,
1973.Multimedia
Berkeley in the ’60s.First Run Features, 1988. Directed by Mark
Kitchell. Traces interwoven strands of radical activity in
Berkeley, including the Free Speech Movement, the anti-draft
campaign to shut down the Oakland Induction Center, and the
Black Panthers.
Hearts and Minds. Criterion, 1974. Emotionally manipulative
academy award–winning documentary offering revealing

45. portrait of the Vietnam War from the contrasting points of view
of politicians, generals, soldiers, and vets against the war.
Rebels with a Cause. Shire Films, 2000. Directed by Helen
Garvy. Excellent history of Students for a Democratic Society
based on interviews with key members.
Underground. De Antonio, 1976. Directed by Emile de Antonio
and Mary Lampson. Based on clandestine interviews with
Weather Underground fugitives, this documentary makes an
excellent contrast to the 2003 film Weather Underground.
Vietnam: In the Year of the Pig. De Antonio, 1968. Directed by
Emile de Antonio. Widely considered to be the best
documentary film on the Vietnam War ever produced. Certainly
the best made while the war was still in progress, and best on
the French background to the war.
The War at Home. First Run Features, 1979. Directed by Gene
Silber and Barry Alexander Brown. Powerful documentary
about the antiwar movement in the United States through a
focus on one important site, Madison, Wisconsin.
The Weather Underground. New Video Group, 2003. Directed
by Sam Green. Superb film on the evolution of SDS from young
idealists to bomb-building revolutionists.Posters on the Web
Another Poster for PeaceAnti War PostersDesign Action
CollectiveDrawing ResistanceÉtapesFree Anti-war
PostersPeaceposters.orgPeace SignsProtest PostersProtest
RecordsStop Wars: Threads of ChangeWAR: Campaign on Iraq
Poster ExhibitionWebsites
ANSWER: Act Now to Stop War and End Racism. A major U.S.
and international progressive coalition of hundreds of groups
fighting the Iraq war and its roots in colonialism and racism.
Center for the Study of Political Graphics. A major resource
archive with over 50,000 posters and other political graphics,
on- and off-line exhibits, books, links, and a vast amount of
information.
CODEPINK Women for Peace. A creative, seriously humorous
women-centered peace and justice direct action group.
Decade of Protests: Political Posters from the United States,

46. Cuba, and Viet Nam, 1965–1975. Includes a historical essay and
a fascinating collection of images from the Sixties Project.
Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR). Since 1915, one of the
most influential radical pacifist and social justice organizations.
Lead Pipe Posters. A commercial site that includes a number of
political posters from the 1960s and 1970s.
MoveOn.org. The most successful Web-focused liberal group in
the battle against the war in Iraq and other issues.
Posters American Style. A broad-ranging exhibit that includes a
section on “Patriotic Persuasion” featuring military recruitment
and antiwar posters, among others. From the Smithsonian
American Art Museum.
Powers of Persuasion: Poster Art from World War II. Useful
historical archive of images from the National Archives.
Promotion, Persuasion, and Propaganda. Excellent media
studies course that includes work on “The Art of Protest: From
Vietnam to AIDS,” in the context of a wider look at advertising
and propaganda.
SDS. A good starting point for finding online resources about
Students for a Democratic Society.
Sixties Project/Vietnam Generation. Excellent site on the
Vietnam War and related sixties movements and experiences.
United for Peace and Justice. The largest U.S. progressive peace
and justice coalition fighting the Iraq occupation and
connecting it to other key social issues via some 1,300 coalition
group members.
Vintage Political Posters. A commercial site, but worth
checking out because it has a rich and varied collection from
around the world.
When I’m Out on the Street. Political comics and posters by
Mike Fluggenock.
Win Without War. One of the largest liberal coalitions against
the war and occupation of Iraq.
WILPF: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.
Since 1915, a major voice internationally and inside the United
States for peace based on structural changes for justice and

47. freedom.
Yo! What Happened to Peace? Posters about the Middle East
conflicts.
contexts:

Fig of Peace Symbol.org.
while pointing out how they differ in ways that may matter to
current and future organizing for peace.
efforts.

Figure 4. James - he finally ends up investigating himself.

Figure 7. Micah Wright. Courtesy of

Figure 8. Nowar, circa 2003. Courtesy of Miniature Gigantic.
Figure 9 of .
Another favorite source for poster inspiration is
American popular culture. In both the Vietnam and the Iraq
Figure 10. “
the selling of war to the selling of popular products, and the
passive war in Iraq.

Figure 12. “Chanel,” Violet Ray, 1969. Courtesy of Sixties
Project.
Figure 13. “Proud Sponsors of War,” n.d. Courtesy of
Cyberhumanisme.
While these and other parallels exist in the form and to some
degree in the content of antiwar posters, there are significant
differences in the two eras. Most important is the ability of
contemporary poster-style images to be spread much more
rapidly and fully via the World Wide Web. As we will see in
our discussion of the movement against the war and occupation
of Iraq, the Web has allowed peace movements to compete much
more fully with mainstream mass media as modes of widespread
dissemination of images. The Web has become both a “virtual
wall” on which posters are posted and a means of disseminating

48. images that can be downloaded and posted the old-fashioned
way on trees, walls, fences, billboards, or any other public
space.
1 Wright has created a vast collection of what he calls
“remixed” posters, based on World War I and World War II
propaganda posters but improved. He has gathered these images
in book form as You Back the Attack! We’ll Bomb Who We
Want (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003).


Student 1

Student Name
Date
English 1302
Dr. Scott Branks del Llano
Research essay proposal
1. Thesis- For this project, I decided to write over the first topic
choice of writing over a social movement. The social movement
I will be writing over will cover the NWSA National Women’s
Suffrage Association, whom they represented and advocated as
a group, and the accomplishments and sacrifices that they faced.
I will compare and evaluates several of Trodd’s “politics” such
as connection, form appropriation, and memory to reveal how
each contributed to the success of the movement and which
yielded more results for the cause.
2. Body paragraph 1- The NWSA connects to politics of
Connection, politics of Form, politics of Appropriation, and
politics of Memory in a series of events that showed connection
in the many protests and petitions that were made by the
women’s suffrage. In many occasions when there is an
unfortunate event or injustice that is where a group of people
unify and connect to one another to fight with a purpose. In this
section of writing in connection I will utilize some material
from Now We Can Begin (p.187) where one of the most
important feminist leader Crystal Eastman who from the early

49. 1920’s played a major role in connecting a large group of
women fighting with one purpose of equality and justice
amongst men. Where she mentioned “that women should now
dedicate their new political power… to riding the world of
war,”. Eastman established a platform for many women to feel
comfortable enough to go out in public to speak against the
injustices they faced.
3. Body Paragraph 2- From politics of form I will cover most of
this topic throughout Nineteenth Amendment and Equal Rights
Amendments (p.185) where Susan B. Anthony one of the most
important leaders of the Women’s Suffrage movement had a
connection with Nineteenth Amendment by which they also
referred to this Amendment as Anthony Amendment in her
honor of her long fight for the right of women to vote. From
Why Women Should Vote (p.175) in this passage politics is also
found within when it is mentioned how women were only
viewed very limited to homemakers. “For many generations it
has been believed that woman’s place is within the walls of her
own home”. Politics of form also will contain pieces of Now We
Can Begin (p.187) where Crystal Eastman who was an
influential leader for women but also a well-known writer,
whom with her writing caused revolts and pushed women to
believe in themselves in creating their own voice and
expression. “With its out-dated assumption that all women have
a common trade interest in the household arts”. Eastman shared
her thoughts of the traditional women homemakers as an old
worn out lifestyle.
4. Body Paragraph 3- Politics of Memory can be covered in the
Nineteenth Amendment and Equal Rights Amendments (p.185)
where a memorable life event occurred in the year of 1920,
where women where given the right to vote which was also
known as Susan B. Anthony Amendment. The Equal Rights
Amendment (Lucretia Mott Amendment), where men and
women were granted equal rights, and the New Equal Rights
Amendment (Alice Paul Amendment) that gave equality of
rights under law and could not be denied. From the 1920’s and

50. so on were the years of new beginnings for many American
women who were now able to become in one with the nation.
5. Body Paragraph 4 – Discuss all of the politics in a
comparative analysis, engage in counterarguments and close
evaluation of how each contributed more or less to the
movement. I will reveal if one or more tactics were privileged
or more effective and give evidence for why this was true using
examples from the literature.
6. Conclusion- These years left great memorable historic
moments in the political and justice world that could break old
habits and opened America for a new progression. I will cover
more into detail over these different topics of Politics
throughout my essay.
7. Tentative Bibliography:
Works cited
Adams, Jane. "From Why Women Should Vote." American
Protest Literature. By Zoe
Trodd. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2008.
175-80. Print.
Eastman, Crystal. "Now We Can Begin." American Protest
Literature. By Zoe Trodd.
Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2008. 187-91.
Print.
Kort, Carol. "Women and Literature." American Women
Writers, Third Edition. N.p.: Facts
On File, 2016. American History Online. Web. 18 Nov.
2016.
Kte'pi, Bill, and Elizabeth Purdy. "Social Attitudes in
Contemporary America." Social
Attitudes in Contemporary America. N.p.: Facts On File,
2016. American History Online.
Web. 18 Nov. 2016.
Trodd, Zoe. "Nineteenth Amendment and Equal Rights
Amendments." American Protest
Literature. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2008.
185-86. Print.

51. Peer Reviewers Name:_______________________ Author’s
Name:____________________
Peer Review for Literary Analysis Final Research Essay -
Please use the following template as a guide for your peer
review for your partners.
1. Title
Look at the title - is it interesting and catchy? Does it reveal
information about the actual content of the paper? Does the
reader know specifically what the topic is and does it provide a
sense of intrigue? Now make suggestions for how the title might
be improved.
2. MLA Formatting & Length
Is the essay 4-5 pages in length? Is the MLA formatting done
correctly? Check the headers, margins, page numbers, double
spacing, 12 point Times New Roman font, paragraphing and all
indentations.
3. Thesis Statement
Is the thesis clearly stated in the form of an argument and is
fully developed and qualified? Does it prepare the reader for the
paper’s organization? Does it follow one of the two options for
essay structure and organization?
4. Argument - Supporting Paragraphs
Is the author's purpose and claim clear to the reader? Does the
writer provide clear transition statements and does the evidence
strongly support the topic and further the overall claim and
argument? How could this be made stronger? What might
strengthen the supporting paragraphs?
If the author discusses an opposition's perspective, are any
naysayers addressed clearly and overcome?
Is there a clear sense of authority and credibility not only
within the supporting sources, but also in the author's own
voice? Is the argument convincing with ample reasons and
evidence, and is the reader not left with lingering doubts or
questions?

52. Does the author incorporate an ample amount of text and
relevant examples from the literature? Where is there a need for
more to clarify the stance the author is taking?
Write any comments to help the writer.
5. Coherence and Organization
Does the introduction gives an overview of the paper’s purpose
without pointless generalizations? Is it a road-map for the
reader? Are the body paragraphs organized logically? Are
specific examples appropriate and do they clearly develop the
thesis. Is textual support widely used to strengthen the
argument? Does each quote directly contribute to the argument?
A variety of quotes and paraphrases are used. Is the conclusion
clear and does it provide a sense of closure or application? Do
ideas flow together well? Are there effective transitions, and is
the paper well organized overall?
6. Ample use of quotes, summaries, and paraphrasing and
variety of evidence
Does the essay appear to have a good variety of relevant quotes,
summaries and paraphrases? Can you see these reflected in the
in-text citations? Are there places where a quote is left dangling
without introduction or explanation? Make comments where you
feel something is missing or not used well.
7. Tell, Show, Share method for paragraph development

Do paragraphs have three main parts: topic sentence, evidence,
and explanation?
Tell the claim or thesis statement, sometimes called a topic
sentence. Your claim should
invite discussion and be debatable.
Show the evidence (see examples above) to support your claim
Share the So what? Who cares? Why does it matter? Explain or
analyze how your evidence or quote relates back to your thesis.
Share your own ideas!

8. Conclusion
Does the writer sum up the essay with some closing summaries

53. and closing statements? Does the conclusion restate or in some
way reflect the thesis statement? The conclusion should not
introduce a new idea or offer solution. Does it inspire or bring
the essay to a meaningful close? Make suggestions for how to
strengthen the conclusion.
9. MLA Style – In text citations and Works Cited Page

Look at every in-text citation. Is it documented properly? Are
block quotes done correctly?

Look at the works cited page. Are the entries alphabetized by
author’s name? Check each entry for accuracy and format.

10. Any other comments

Are there any final encouraging thoughts or constructive
comments you can offer your peer to inspire and encourage
them in their writing?