Respiration in vital signs, nursing foundation

respiration definition, physiology, factor affecting respiration, normal value according to age, alteration in respiration.

1. Topic presentation on Respiration PRESENTED BY MS NIDA FAREEN NURSING TUTOR

2. WHAT IS RESPIRATION? Respiration is the process of bringing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. Breathing of two phases, Inspiration and expiration.

3. Inspiration : it is an active process in which the diaphragm descends, the external intercostal muscles contract and the chest expands to allow air to move into the trachea. Expiration: it is a passive process in which air flows out of the respiratory rate.

4. Definition of Respiration Respiration is the act of breathing. It involves two involuntary processes, i.e. inspiration and expiration.

5. Physiology of Respiration Breathing is a normal involuntary process of the lungs. The respiration center is located in the brain stem which regulates the respiration. The normal respiratory rate of an adult is 16 to 20 breath per minute. Breathing is controlled by O 2 and CO 2 and hydrogen ion concentration in the arterial blood. Ventilation has two phases namely inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, the atmospheric O2 enters the lungs and fill the alveoli, when the pulmonary arterial blood comes to alveoli at the capillary end, due to change in the concentration gradient, the increased concentration of o2 in the alveolar space diffuses into the capillary bed and the increased co2 concentration in the pulmonary capillaries diffuse in to the alveoli.

6. Factors influencing the Respiration Pain Exercise Emotions Body posture Neurological injuries Medication Blood pressure

7. Characteristics and alterations of Respiration Rate A normal adult will breath at a steady rate. Normal: A patient’s breathing rate is said to be normal within the appropriate range. Rapid: if a patient’s breathing rate is higher than the normal range, then his breathing is rapid. It is also known as Hyperventilation. Slow: if a patient’s breathing rate is below the normal range, his breathing is slow.

8. Average Respiration Rate Age Rate New born 30-40 breaths/minute Infants 30-60 breaths/minute Toddler 26-32 breaths/minute Child 20-30 breaths/minute Adolescent 16-20 breaths/minute Adult 16-22 breaths/minute

9. Depth The depth of ventilation refers to the amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled. The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle is called the tidal volume.

10. Normal: Normal depth of the breathing is hard to determine. The chest will not expand to its full capacity with each other. Shallow: if patient’s chest and abdomen slightly rise and fall, the patient’s breathing is shallow. It is also called Hypoventilation. Deep: A patient’s breathing is deep when the chest cavity expands to almost its full capacity. If the respiration is rapid it can also called Hyperventilation.

11. Rhythm The rhythm includes the entire breathing (inhalation and exhalation) cycle. Regular: the normal breathing rhythm (pattern) is: inhalation, exhalation and pause. Irregular: a change from the normal breathing pattern is an irregular pattern. Irregular patterns are described as below: Eupnea : normal respiratory rate and rhythm. Tachypnea: increased respiratory rate. Bradypnea: slow but regular respiration.

12. d. Apnea: Absence of breathing. e. Hyperventilation: deeper respirations, normal rate. f. Cheyne stocks respirations: respiration becomes faster and deeper gradually

13. Quality Breathing can be normal or abnormal in quality. Normal: normal breathing does not requires conscious effort. Abnormal : it includes Pain Labored breathing Orthopnea Wheezing Noise