Respirators 2018

I added some silica in the presentation

1. Respirators John Newquist Draft 2 10 2018

2. Definitions Pretest High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter Immediately dangerous to life of health (IDLH) Negative pressure respirator Oxygen deficient atmosphere Positive pressure respirator Powered air-purifying respirator Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) Supplied-air respirator (SAR) Escape-only respirator Tight-fitting facepiece

3. Standard Overview Definitions Program Requirements Selection Medical Evaluation Fit Testing Maintenance/Use Training Recordkeeping

4. Dec 2017 Cal/OSHA Issues Advisory on Respiratory Protection for Harmful Exposure to Wildfire Smoke. When outdoor workers are exposed to air quality that is designated "Unhealthy", "Very Unhealthy" or "Hazardous" by local air quality management districts, employers are required to provide filtering respirators such as masks labeled N95 and certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

5. December 2014 Evanston IL $132,000 to six contractors OSHA's inspection found that onsite asbestos consultant directed the HVAC contractor to cut and remove 60 feet of piping that contained asbestos insulation without PPE. Typical asbestos pipe.

6. PPE Assessment Payment Training Audit Overview

7. Payment Employers pay for almost all personal protective equipment that is required by OSHA’s general industry standards. Metatarsal foot protection; Rubber boots with steel toes; Non-prescription eye protection; Hard hats/Bump Caps; Hearing Protection; Personal fall protection; and Reflective work vests. It does not require payment for uniforms, items worn to keep clean, or other items that are not PPE. Sturdy work shoes; Non-specialty slip-resistant, non-safety-toe footwear; Prescription Eye wear

8. Some Caveats PPE is used as a last resort The use of PPE signifies that the hazard could not be controlled by other methods, such as: administrative controls (i.e., shift rotation) engineering or industrial hygiene controls

9. Back to the caveats... The use of PPE signals that the hazard still exists in the workplace Unprotected individuals in the same area will be exposed Failure of PPE means that the worker will be exposed PPE can be combined with other controls

10. Clean Air Paradox Quality of Air 78.1% Nitrogen 20.9% Oxygen 0.9% Argon 0.03% Carbon Dioxide

11. Units Seem Small 1 % = 10,000 ppm PEL = Permissible Exposure Limits (OSHA) 5 Mg/M3 is very small 2 f/cc = 2,000,000f/M3

12. Health Effects Irritation Asphyxiation Organ Specific Effects Mutagen Teratogen Acute/Chronic Reversible vs. Nonreversible

13. Factors Genetics Age Health status Route of entry Frequency and duration of exposure

14. Exposure Limits Animal Studies Epidemiological studies Industrial Experience STEL – 15 minutes Ceiling – never exceeded Threshold Limit Value

15. Sampling Qualified person Appropriate instrument Duration of sampling Pre and post calibration

16. Hierarchy of Controls Engineering Administrative Personal Protective Equipment Training

17. Evaluation of Health Hazards

18. Lead Requires compliance with 1910.1025 Overexposure can occur in less than 5 minutes when torch cutting or painting

19. Lead effects Chronic overexposure - severe damage to the blood-forming, nervous, urinary, and reproductive systems High levels will require medical removal Bridge Painting/Removal continues to be ones of the consistent lead issues in construction

20. Residential Lead Lead can be 20% Cadmium and arsenic above 10 micrograms Written Program. L, C, A Training L, C, A Determination above AL Protective Clothing Change Areas Decon Sanitary Issues for lunch Can anyone comply?

21. Lead Vacuum equipment can be used

22. Children Lead – Work? 2014 greater than 5 ug / dL Cook – 29,547 w 821 Lake – 8,419 w 20 Dupage – 5,485 w 14 Kane – 13,120 w 77 Will – 9,555 w 20 Dekalb – 1448 w 2 McHenry – 1,762 w 5 Lake Co IN – 2001 w 10 http://www.vox.com/2016/1/21/10811004/lead-poisoning-cities-us

23. Silica Cutting, hammering, drilling, blasting can create high silica levels Use wet methods and wear respirators One of the oldest occupational diseases

24. Silica Ventilation

25. June 2014 If he has a respirator, is it safe?

26. Silica 150-200 deaths a year (2009) 1150-1200 deaths a year (1968) Yet….one company had 3 silicosis and 10x+ severe respiratory diseases Gauley Bridge in 1930’s had workers die in months.

27. Copper Fumes - Welding Copper is inhalation hazard affecting respiratory system Mild steel (red iron) and carbon steel contain manganese Manganese may cause Parkinson's disease What do you see?

28. Total Dust All the things not regulated. Good, bad, or indifferent? Air blowing!

29. Iron Oxide -Welding Metal fume fever Direct Draw or forced ventilation should be used Personal Protective Equipment should be used Bystanders should be protected as well

30. Carbon Monoxide Generators are most common problem of CO Heaters out of tune are another cause CO TWA is 50 ppm Others set levels 25 ppm

31. Carbon Monoxide 11/8/1991 A couple and their eight children were found dead late today, their bodies scattered throughout their small house on the city's Southwest Side. The police said it appeared that the family died of carbon monoxide poisoning.  "Apparently a spot weld in a flue pipe gave way, leaving a three-inch gap [ that ] caused byproducts of combustion, including carbon monoxide, to recirculate throughout the home.“  A neighbor said he saw repairmen working at the house last week

32. Carbon Monoxide April 7 2015 Princess Anne MD

33. Hex Chrome Stainless steel contains nickel and chromium Plating, grinding, welding are problems Some cements

34. Cadmium Overexposure to cutting cadmium bolts, coated poles Torch cutting should never be used Use hydraulic bolt cutters Comply with 1926.1127 Cadmium bolts are often found in sprinkler pipe use.

35. Methylene Chloride Paint stripping Parts cleaners Cancer causing

36. Asbestos Common Fireproofing material used pre- 1980s Found in pipe insulation, ceiling tiles, and floor tiles Must comply with 1926.1101 or 1910.1001

37. June 2014 The asbestos lawsuit that saw a $1 million award Richard Rost has Mesothelioma Defendants included Ford Motor Company (Ford), General Electric, Westinghouse and Ingersoll-Rand. However, the latter three defendants settled with the plaintiffs out of court, before the trial had an opportunity to begin. Overall, nearly 3,000 people are  diagnosed with mesothelioma   each year in the United States, which represents 0.02 percent of all U.S. cancer cases.

38. Examples of Asbestos Use Shingles Floor tiles Asbestos cement Roofing felts Insulation & acoustical products Steam pipes, boilers “Popcorn” ceilings Patching, joint compounds, textured paint, asbestos paper tape Brakes, clutch facings Plastics, fabrics, paints, paper

39. Asbestos 3000 die in the US Some are spouses or kids of asbestos workers  Stephanie Harper of the North Texas city of Bonham  Action Item #2 – CDC must continue to track asbestos deaths.

40. Jan 2016 Action Item #3 EPA should put clearance sample in 10,000 f/m3 EPA-recommended clearance criteria for reoccupancy into work area following asbestos abatement, often cited as 0.01 f/cc.

41. 2013 Franklin “Al” Bieri , 54, of Lebanon, Ill., was sentenced in federal court to five months in prison, followed by three months of home confinement. Disposed in dumpster with no bagged or labels Failed to notify Environmental Protection Agency at least 10 working days prior to beginning the asbestos work an offense punishable under the Clean Air Act.

42. 2015 $1.8 million dollar fine to IL Roofer for OSHA violations for asbestos. “This case stands out because of the outrageous behavior of Joseph Kehrer ,” said Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health David Michaels. Workers were threatened with firing if they spoke to investigators, Michaels said.

43. Case Study #1 Aurora White Powder from pipe Insulation Hires 3 Homeless people for $60 each to remove it Asbestos over the surfaces Cited 2 Willful Old Pipe insulation can contain asbestos

44. Case Study #2 Church notices tile in basement area peeling. One of the members offers to remove it. Mastic used to set it was source of an OSHA asbestos complaint. What should have been done? Example of tile type used.

45. Case Study #3 Middle School Employees on renovation job concerned about possible asbestos in dumper Hi-flow pumps used Asbestos abatement hired to clean it after notified High Flow Pump Asbestos on mastic, floor tile, and ceiling tiles.

46. Case Study #4 Metal Container

47. Paint Solvents Ventilation is required or overexposure can result Fire Hazard Electrical must be Class I if within 20 feet during open spraying with flammable paints Tank painting. What could go wrong?

48. Tank Coating What issues are needed if spraying a rust resistance coating?

49. Isocyanates Isocyanates in roof glues and paints in construction

50. Mold Stachybotrys chartarum (also known as Stachybotrys atra ) Aspergillus sp. Penicillium sp. Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp. Memnoniella sp. Cladosporum sp. Alternaria sp.

51. Legionella August 2015 7 dead, 87 sickened Transmission of Legionnaires’ disease occurs when microscopic airborne droplets of water that contains LDB are inhaled by an at-risk host Early symptoms can include low fever, headache, aching joints and muscles, fatigue and lack of energy, and loss of appetite.

52. Respiratory Protection 1910.134 Written program #2 Medical evaluation #1 Fit testing #3, #6 Selection, Evaluation of exposure #5 Maintenance, Storage, and Care #9 Annual Training #8 Program evaluation #10 Beards #7 Voluntary use App D - #4

53. Written Program Requirements Program Elements : Selection procedures Medical Evaluations Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting respirators Proper use procedures - routine & emergency Procedures & schedules for maintenance Supplied air quality & quantity Hazards Training - routine & emergency Respirator use training Program auditing

54. Selection of Respirators Employer must select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazards

55. Uses/Limitations Will only work with corresponding filters or cartridges Can protect you from hazardous levels of materials If worn properly and in the right atmosphere, respirators can save your life

56. Uses / Limitations Never use an air purifying respirator: If Oxygen level is below 19.5% or above 21% in an IDLH atmosphere; for ABRASIVE BLASTING ; for FIRE FIGHTING; which is not APPROVED for the contaminant of concern; with FACIAL HAIR.

57. October 2014

58. Ebola

59. Ebola

60. Silica 2017

61. Training Silica training needs to be done. The employer shall ensure that each employee covered by this section can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least the following: Specific tasks in the workplace that could result in exposure to respirable crystalline silica 1926.1153( i )(2)( i )(C)

62. Tasks

63. Tasks

64. Training Silica training needs to be done. The employer shall ensure that each employee covered by this section can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least the following: Specific control measures including engineering controls, work practices, and respirators to be used 1926.1153( i )(2)( i )(C)

65. OSHA sets out a hierarchy of controls for silica

66. What is the hierarchy of controls in silica exposure? Engineering and work practice controls (unless contractor shows NOT feasible) Substitution Isolation Ventilation Dust suppression Respiratory protection

67. Controlling exposures Table 1 lists 18 construction tasks Contractor must fully and properly implement engineering controls, work practices and respiratory protection listed for the task in Table 1 UNLESS contractor assesses the worker exposure to silica and limits it as the rule sets out Does it have silica?

68. Control Measures

69. Control Measures

70. Control Measures?

71. Handheld and stand-mounted drills (including impact and rotary hammer drills) Use drill equipped with commercially available shroud or cowling with HEPA dust collection system Operate and maintain tool in accordance with manufacturer's instructions to minimize dust emissions Use a HEPA-filtered vacuum when cleaning holes

72. Control Measures

73. Control Measures

74. Control Measures

75. Jackhammering Use tool with water delivery system that supplies a continuous stream or spray of water at the point of impact: When used outdoors None APF 10 When used indoors or in an enclosed area APF 10 APF 10

76. Control Measures

77. Training Silica training needs to be done. The employer shall ensure that each employee covered by this section can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least the following: The contents of the OSHA Silica Standard 1926.1153( i )(2)( i )(D)

78. Silica regulations Notice of proposed rulemaking issued in 2013; rules targeted to general industry (manufacturing) and construction Contains a more protective permissible exposure limit (PEL) Final rule in construction effective Sept. 23, 2017

79. Scope of rule Applies to all occupational exposures in construction to crystalline silica EXCEPT where worker exposure will remain below the action level of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of air as an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) under any foreseeable conditions

80. Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) Maximum amount or concentration of a chemical or physical agent a worker may be exposed to under OSHA regulations. PEL is set at 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air as an eight-hour TWA; a microgram is one-thousandth of a milligram or one-millionth of a gram.

81. Training Silica training needs to be done. The employer shall ensure that each employee covered by this section can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least the following: The identity of the competent person designated by the employer 1926.1153( i )(2)( i )(E)

82. Competent person The employer shall designate a competent person to make frequent and regular inspections of job sites, materials, and equipment to implement the written exposure control plan. 1926.1153(g)(4) Per OSHA:

83. Written exposure control plan Following elements: A description of the tasks A description of the engineering controls, work practices, and respiratory protection for each task; A description of the housekeeping measures A description of the procedures used to restrict access to work areas Review annually and update it as necessary. 1926.1153(g)(1)

84. Written exposure control plan Operation: Hand-held power saw (any blade diameter) Engineering control: Water delivery system to blade ( water must be applied at flow rate that minimizes release of visible dust) Respirator required: If four hours or less per day—none If more than four hours per day—APF 10 respirator

85. Training Silica training needs to be done. The employer shall ensure that each employee covered by this section can demonstrate knowledge and understanding of at least the following: The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program. 1926.1153( i )(2)( i )(F)

86. Medical surveillance program. Use of Table 1 triggers medical surveillance requirements on the 30th work day performing a task where respirator use is a listed requirement.

87. Medical surveillance Medical surveillance is needed for workers required by the new rule to wear a respirator for 30 or more days per year. The following medical exams should be conducted by a physician or other licensed health care professional: History and physical Chest X-rays by NIOSH-certified B Reader Pulmonary function test Latent TB test An exam within 30 days after the worker’s initial assignment must be done for medical and work history, pulmonary function, and other related issues. 1926.1153(h)

88. Notification Contractors must notify employees of the results of an exposure assessment within five days after results are complete. If there is exposure above the PEL, a description of the contractor’s corrective action must be included

89. … contractor has to make sure no worker is exposed to respirable silica in an amount exceeding the PEL. If tasks are not listed in Table 1 or the OSHA-mandated controls are not fully implemented …

90. Exposure assessment A contractor is required to assess the exposure of any worker who is exposed, or may reasonably be expected to be exposed, to crystalline silica at or above the action level of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of air (half the PEL). This can be accomplished by: (1) The performance option , defined as any combination of air monitoring (personal breathing zone [PBZ] sampling) or use of objective data .

91. (2) The scheduled monitoring option If below action level, monitoring can be discontinued If at or above action level but at or below PEL, periodic monitoring must be done every six months; if above PEL, monitoring must be done at least every three months Reassess in the case of new processes, practices or controls

92. Objective data Objective data is defined by OSHA as information, such as air-monitoring data from industry-wide surveys or calculations, that demonstrates worker exposure to RCS associated with a particular product or material or a specific process, task or activity. Such data must reflect workplace conditions resembling current operations or with a higher exposure potential than current processes, materials, control methods, work practices and environmental conditions.

93. Housekeeping Wet sweeping or HEPA vacuuming of RCS dust is preferred to dry sweeping or brushing unless infeasible. Compressed air may not be used to clean clothing or surfaces if it could contribute to worker exposure.

94. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) Under the GHS format of SDSs, Section 3 should contain the components of a product as in these examples.

95. SDSs SDSs may list quartz, sand or silica. Sometimes, none will be listed in Section 3 as the regulation requires, but you may find language elsewhere as the example here indicates. The callout below is found in the “Composition Notes” below the list of ingredients. This highlights the importance of both the contractor and workers being familiar with the contents of all SDSs.

96. Product labeling under OSHA HCS New products that have silica, quartz or sand listed as a component or ingredient in SDS Section 3, “Composition/information on ingredients,” should also have pictograms conveying a hazard, such as:

97. Protection Factors

98. Respiratory protective equipment Selection of suitable type by competent person Factors: nature of hazards measured concentrations period of exposure vision communications confined spaces personal suitability

99. Respiratory protective equipment Training in the use of equipment must be given Stored in a clean place with protective enclosure

100. Respiratory protective equipment Disposable face mask: light, comfortable, cheap one user only eight hour maximum use, but less if high dust levels dispose of after use May not be ok for silica Not for lead and asbestos

101. Respiratory protective equipment Half-mask dust respirator: easily maintained freedom of movement may have ‘shelf life’ colour coded cartridges

102. Anatomy of a half-mask respirator

103. Respiratory protective equipment High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) dust respirator: full face protection correct fitting and use beards, spectacles, etc. may lessen efficiency

104. Respiratory protective equipment Positive pressure powered respirator: for long periods of work pump and filter approximately seven hours use air leaks go outwards requires battery and filter maintenance

105. Respiratory protective equipment Helmet and visor respirator: battery-operated fan and filter comfortable not for all hazards requires maintenance schedules

106. Confined Space SAR

107. Self-contained Air Supply for Escape. Supplied air respirators are not to be used in an atmosphere which is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) unless it is equipped with a self-contained air supply for escape.

108. 2014

109. Air Created by an Oil Lubricated Compressor? For oil-lubricated compressors, the employer shall use a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both, to monitor carbon monoxide levels. If only high-temperature alarms are used, the air supply shall be monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide in the breathing air from exceeding 10ppm

110. Compressor Citation

111. Hose Length The total system length can be up to 350 ft. with 100 ft. maximum from the pump to the respirator and 250 ft. from the pump to the inlet filter.

112. Respiratory protective equipment Compressed airline breathing apparatus: mask or hood with compressed airline requires pure air at correct pressure, humidity and temperature air hose can restrict movement

113. Respiratory protective equipment Self-contained breathing apparatus: mask, air regulator and cylinder used only by a trained person selected by competent person cylinder duration is 20 – 30 minutes

114. Evaluation "The employer shall identify and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace; this evaluation shall include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant's chemical state and physical form Does not require air sampling but……

115. Training Requirements Training must be provided prior to use Retraining is required annually, and when: changes in the workplace or type of respirator render previous training obsolete there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary

116. IDLH Training

117. Voluntary Use Requirements ( other than filtering facepiece respirator ) Medical evaluations Maintenance, Cleaning, Storage Appendix D The basic advisory information in Appendix D must be provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not required by this standard or by the employer

118. Voluntary Use Requirements (Filtering facepiece only) Appendix D only: Read and Heed all instructions Use approved respirators Properly selected Keep track of your respirator

119. #1 1910.134(e)(1) The employer shall provide a medical evaluation to determine the employee's ability to use a respirator, before the employee is fit tested or required to use the respirator in the workplace. The employer may discontinue an employee's medical evaluations when the employee is no longer required to use a respirator

120. Medical Evaluation Requirements Evaluation completed prior to wearing respirator Annually thereafter Evaluation include information in Sections 1 and 2, Part 1 Of Appendix C Conducted by a physician or licensed health care professional

121. Medical Signs and Symptoms The following are signs or symptoms that may prevent the use of a respirator: Seizures Claustrophobia Asthma Emphysema Pneumonia Collapsed Lung Lung Cancer Broken Ribs Chest Injuries/Surgeries Any other lung problems Heart or Circulation problems Anxiety

122. Fit Testing Quantitative fit testing uses a machine to measure the actual amount of leakage into the face piece and does not rely upon your sense of taste, smell, or irritation in order to detect leakage The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol. Fit test not done before use. #6 Fit test not done annually #3

123. Fit Testing Qualitative fit testing is normally used for half-mask respirators - those that just cover your mouth and nose. Half-mask respirators can be filtering facepiece respirators - often called "N95s" - as well as elastomeric respirators.

124. TSI Qfit Qualitative respirator fit tester is the only OSHA-compliant (29CFR 1910.134) automated pump-driven nebulizer for Bitrex and Saccharin to qualitatively test the integrity of respirators to the specific users wearing them.

125. User Seal Check An action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face. Positive Pressure Check Negative Pressure Check

126. User Seal Check

127. Training Requirements Training must be provided prior to use, unless acceptable training has been provided by another employer within the past 12 months Retraining is required annually , and when: changes in the workplace or type of respirator render previous training obsolete there are inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary The basic advisory information in Appendix D must be provided to employees who wear respirators when use is not required by this standard or by the employer

128. Employee Responsibilities Dirty respirator Wear PPE when necessary and required Attend PPE training sessions annually Care for, clean, maintaining, and dispose of PPE properly. Report any damaged or defective PPE immediately.

129. Respirator Defective

130. Cleaning Protocol Dismantle Wash Rinse Drain Sanitize Rinse Dry Reassemble Test 1. Hypochlorite solution or 2. Aqueous solution of iodine or, 3. Other manufacturer cleansers

131. Maintenance and Care Clean and disinfect at the following intervals: as often as necessary when issued for exclusive use before being worn by different individuals when issued to more than one employee after each use for emergency respirators and those used in fit testing and training

132. Storage Protect Respirator from: Dust Sunlight Damaging chemicals Heat Extreme cold Excessive moisture

133. Inspection Dirt Cracks Tears Holes Distortion Broken parts Missing parts Elasticity Corrosion Valve test

134. Problems?

135. Questions?

136. Background Classes: OSHA 10/30 Hour, Incident Investigation, Confined Space, Excavation Safety, Cranes Signaling and Rigging, Fall Protection, Scaffold Safety, and many more Services: Mentoring new safety professionals, Mock OSHA Inspections, Site Safety Audits, OSHA Litigation Consultation, Expert Witness, Reducing Worker Compensation Risk, Improving Site safety 143 34 years working with top companies to achieve ZERO injuries Certified Safety Professional OSHA 1983-2012 Founding Member of ANSI Z359 815-354-6853 [email protected]