Respiratory conditions of the lungs diseases

Respiratory conditions encompass a wide array of disorders affecting the lungs and respiratory system, often causing difficulty breathing and impacting overall health and well-being. These conditions can range from mild, such as the common cold, to severe, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer.

A common respiratory condition is asthma, characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Triggers for asthma can vary from allergens like pollen or pet dander to exercise or stress.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which worsen over time and can significantly impair daily activities.

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Symptoms may include fever, chills, cough, and difficulty breathing, and severe cases can be life-threatening, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly or those with weakened immune systems.

Another significant respiratory condition is chronic bronchitis, characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to increased mucus production and coughing. It is often associated with smoking and can result in breathing difficulties and reduced lung function.

Emphysema is a type of COPD where the air sacs in the lungs are gradually destroyed, impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or other lung irritants and leads to shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs, usually due to smoking or exposure to carcinogens like asbestos or radon. Symptoms may include coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing, and treatment options vary depending on the stage and type of cancer.

Other respiratory conditions include bronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and sleep apnea, each with its own set of symptoms, causes, and treatments. Proper diagnosis and management are essential for improving quality of life and preventing complications associated with respiratory conditions.

1. RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS

2. ASTHMA DEFINITION Asthma is a condition in which airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. SYMPTOMS : SOB Chest tightness Wheezing Breathing through mouth Anxiety

3. CARDIOPULMONARY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Physical examination - Vital signs - Barrel chest - Cyanosis - Cough with sputum production Chest assessment findings - Wheezing - Crackles

4. PFT findings : - fev1/fvc < 70% - fev1 < 80% CXR - Flattened diaphragm - Dark lung fields DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Patient history Spirometry FeNO tests Peak expiratory flow rates

5. MANAGEMENT Oxygen therapy Antibiotics Bronchodilators IV fluids Aminophylline

6. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION DEFINITION . Condition in which BP increase within arteries of the lung. SYMPTOMS SOB Syncope Chest pain Swelling pain Tiredness Fatigue

7. MANAGEMENT INO Supplemental oxygen

8. BRONCHIECTASIS DEFINITION Abnormal, irreversible dilation of bronchi caused by obstructive and inflammatory changes in airway walls. SYMPTOMS Cough SOB Wheezing Sinusitis Fatigue

9. CARDIOPULMONARY CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Vital signs Physical examination - Use of accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration - Barrel chest - Cyanosis - Digital clubbing Chest assessment - Hyper resonant percussion note - Diminished breath sounds - Rhonchi and wheezing - Bronchial breathing sounds

10. DIAGNOSIS CXR CT MANAGEMENT General - Control pulmonary infections - Airway clearance by CPT, postural drainage - Cough maneur - Humidification

11. Pharmacological - Antibiotics - Inhaled fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) - Dry powder mannitol - Hypertonic saline ( limited saline)

12. EMPYEMA CONTENTS Defenition Etiology Stages Signs and symptoms Complications Management

13. EMPYEMA Empyema is the collection of pus In the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall Also known as pyothorax or purulent pleuritis

14. ETIOLOGY PARAPNEUMONIC ( most common ) POST TRAUMA POST SURGERY SUBPHERNIC ABCESS

15. STAGES OF EMPYEMA ACUTE (exudative) STAGE Approximately in 7 days Pleura fills with thin serous fluid that shows relatively low white cell count Visceral pluera and underlying lung remains mobile

16. TRANSITIONAL ( fibrino purulent) STAGE From day 7 to day 21 Higher white cell count Lung movement becomes increasingly restricted Empyema fluid now becomes more thicker and turbid

17. ORGANIZING (Chronic) STAGE After 21 days (usually 4 to 6 weeks) Inner layer shows inflammatory cells Draws the ribs together producing chest deformity later leads to fibrothorax RISK FACTORS Neoplasm Drug use HIV infection

18. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever Cough and expectorations Pleuritic chest pain Dyspnea Loss of weight Night sweating

19. COMPLICATIONS Rupture into the lungs : bronchopleural fistula Septicaemia and spetic shock Spread to the subcutaneous tissue

20. DIAGNOSIS LRTI –Possibility of complicating empyema History and physical findings may be suggestive CXR, CT, USG

21. GOALS OF TREATMENT Treat the infection Drain the purulent effusion adequately and completely Re-expand lung to refill the plueral space Anti-microbial : Clyndamycin + penicillin Pneumococcus Antibiotics are chosen based on culture results

22. PLUERAL EFFUSION Pleural effusion is the excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs ETIOLOGY Viral infection (such as flu) Fungal infection Lung cancer near plueral space Bacterial infection (such as pneumonia) Autoimmune disease (rhumatoid arthritis)

23. RISK FACTORS Chronic Heart failure Tuberculosis Pulmonary embolism Cancers – lung, breast, lymphoma Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy Connective tissue disease Liver disease

24. TYPES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION TRANSUDATIVE EFFUSIONS EXUDATIVE EFFUSIONS

25. TRANSUDATIVE EFFUSIONS They arise from CHF Nephrotic syndrome Peritineal dialysis Characteristics: Occurs primarily in non-inflammatory conditions Low protein, low cell count fluid pH 7.40-7.55

26. EXUDATIVE EFFUSIONS They arise from Tuberculosis Empyema Bacterial and fungal pneumonia Pancreatitis Characteristics : Often turbid or purulent pH< 7.30 High protein fluid

27. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pleuritic chest pain Fever, chills Dyspnea and coughing Decreased or absent breath sounds

28. COMPLICATIONS LARGE EFFUSIONS COULD LEAD TO RESPIRATORY FAILURE

29. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION CXR CT Chest Ultrasound

30. TREATMENT Chest tube Removal of fluid Diuretics Antibiotics

31. PULMONARY EDEMA Condition caused by excessive fluid in lungs This is usually caused by heart condition

32. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IMBALANCES OF STARLING FORCE Increase pulmonary capillary pressure Decrease plasma oncotic pressure Increase negative interstitial pressure Lymphatic obstruction

33. CLASSIFICATION Cardiogenic Non-Cardiogenic

34. CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA Pulmonary edema due to increased Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic Pressure secondary to elevated pulmonary venous pressure LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction LV volume overload Myocardial infarction Cariomyopathies

35. NON CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA Head trauma Overwhelming sepsis Overwhelming aspiration Smoke inhalation

36. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Dyspnea Wheezing Anxiety Restlessness Excessive sweating Cough – frothy and pink sputum

37. TREATMENT Diuretics Antianginal Drugs Supportive care : oxygen therapy