Respiratory movement

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1. RESPIRATORY MOVEMENT

2. Introduction The lungs expand during inspiration and retract during expiration. By following two movement Alterations in the capacity of the thorax are brought about by movement of thoracic wall chefliy at the costovertebral and menubriosternal joints. Elastic recoil of the pulmonary alveoli and of the thoracic wall expels air from the lung during expiration.

3. Principals of movement Each rib may be regarded as a lever, the function of which lies just lateral to the tubercle. The exterior end of the rib is lower than the posterior end. Therefore, during elevation of the rib,the anterior end also moves forwards(Mostly in vertebrosternal ribs). Along with up-down movement of ribs,the body 9f sternum also moves up and down called pump handle movements.

4. The middle of the shaft of the rib lies at a lower level than the plane passing through the two ends.Therefore, during elevation of the rib, the shaft also moves outwards causes increase in the transverse diameter of the thorax by vertebrochondral ribs and are called bucket-handle movement. Each rib is longer than the next higher rib. On elevation,the larger rib come to occupy the position of the smaller upper rib which pushes sternum forward. Vertical diameter increase by piston movement of the thoracoabdominal diaphragm.

5. Factors producing increse in Diameters of the thorax Anterioposterior diameter Pump-handle movement Elevation of the 2 nd to 6 th vertebrosternal ribs. Transverse diameter Bucket-handle movement 2 nd to 6 th vertebrosternal ribs. Vertical diameter Piston mechanism In female, respiration is thoracoabdominal and in males it is abdominothoracic type.

6. Respiratory muscle Inspiration Diaphragm,external intercostal muscle & intercondral part of the internal intercostal of contralateral side Deep inspiration Erector spinae,scalene muscles,pectoral muscle Expiration Passive process Forced expiration Muscle of anterior abdominal wall

7. Inspiration Quiet inspiration Anteroposterior by elevation of 2 nd to 6 th ribs Transverse by elevation of 7 th to 10 th ribs Vertical diameter descent of diaphragm Deep inspiration 1 st rib is elevated directly by scaleni, and indirectly by the sternocleidomastoid. Concavity of the thoracic spine is reduced by the erector spinae Forced Inspiration All the movements described are exaggerated The scapulae are elevated and fixed by the trapezius, the levator scapulae and the rhomboids, so that the serratus anterior and the pectoralis minor muscles may act on the ribs.. The action of the erector spinae is appreciably increased.

8. Expiration Quiet expiration Mainly by elastic recoil of the chest wall and pulmonary alveoli & partly by tone of the abdominal muscle Deep & Forced expiration By strong contraction of the abdominal muscle and of the latissimus dorsi