Respiratory Pigment(Girja Pd. Patel)

Invertebrate Zoology

1. Kirodimal government Art’s & Science college Raigarh (C.G.) DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTER SUBJECT – STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF INVERTEBRTE SEMINAR TOPIC- RESPIRATORY PIGMENT Guided by Dr. R. K. Tamboli Sir Submitted by Girja Prasad Patel M .sc. I sem. zoology

2. Synopsis Introduction Definition Characteristics of respiratory pigment Types of respiratory pigment General account of respiratory pigment Comparative account of respiratory pigment Function of respiratory pigment Conclusion Reference

3. Introduction Blood itself not carrier of the respiratory gases but contains a respiratory pigment which actually act as the carrier of the respiratory gases because this pigment has a special affinity for respiratory gases. The respiratory pigment in its nature varies in different animals. Respiratory pigment differ in their chemical constitution in different group of animals and even in the same phyla there may be several types of pigment. These pigment includes the cytochrome the flavoprotein and other colored molecules of protein called “ chromoprotein ” which are significance in the transport of respiratory gases and impart or definite color to the body fluid.

4. Definition – A respiratory pigment is a molecule such as haemoglobin in invertebrates and other vertebrates , that increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. or “ Respiratory pigment are coloured substance present in blood transporting the oxygen and carbon dioxide.” or “Respiratory pigment are circulatory pigment which mediate transfer of respiratory gases at the extracellular and intracellular level .”

5. Characteristics of respiratory pigment :- They are colored pigment . They have special affinities for respiratory gases . They are distributed either in the blood or in the blood or in the body fluid. They are colored proteins which contain a metallic ion. The combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide and play key role in the transportation .

6. Type of respiratory pigment – 1.Haemoglobin 2.Haemocyanin 3.Chlorocruorin 4.Haemerythrin 5.Pinnaglobin 6.Echinochrome 7.Molpadin 8.Vanadiun 9. Neuroglobins 10. Cytoglobins

7. General account of respiratory pigment HAEMOGLOBIN :- Haemoglobin occurs in the blood plasma of invertebrates . It is also called erythrocrurin . It is a chromoprotein (conjugated protein). It is found in few holothurians , several crustaceans , chironomous insect , planorbis , annelids , parasitic nematodes , flatworm etc. Molecular weight - 68000 kDa . It is red in color metallic group present is IRON.

8. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE :- 1. Haemoglobin is composed of two component namely a protein component called Globin & a non- protein component called Haem . 2. Globin formed of four polypeptide chains of the four two are identical and called α ( alfa )chain each α chain formed of 141 amino acids . The other two identical chains are called β chain which contain 146 amino acids . 3 . The heam is formed of iron and porphyrin . The iron is present in the ferrous from. 4. The porphyrin is the pigment and it gives red colour to the haemoglobin . 5. There are four haem molecules in one haemoglobin .

9. Haemoglobine :-

10. 6. When haemoglobin is treated with HCl , it is froms a brown colored pigment called “ acid haematin ” 7. When haemoglobin is treated with Glacial acitic acid it froms “ haemin crystal ” .

11. Function :- Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to from oxy- haemoglobin . This combination is loose. At low oxygen pressure it leaves oxygen and for reduced haemoglobin . At the high oxygen pressure it combines oxygen and form oxidised haemoglobin . one haemoglobin molecule can bind four oxygen molecule. Haemoglobin has the ability to combine reversibilty with oxygen . Hb + O 2 HbO 2 In invertebrates the function of haemoglobin is interesting In some invertebrates Hb transport oxygen at atmospheric pressure , where in other at low pressure. In some invertebrates the haemoglobin store oxygen during hyoxia

12. c) The properties of haemoglobin may vary between group & sometimes between species. HAEMOCYANIN :- Haemocyanin pigment is of wide occurrence and is a non- haem respiratory pigment . it is dispersed in the plasma and has never been found in the corpuscles. the metallic atom is copper which gives it a characteristic blue colour in addition to copper it is formed of protein also( haemocyanin = copper + protein). The molecule of haemocyanin is large and consisting of one

13. copper atom associated with a peptide chain of about 200 amino acid . 6. Its molecular weight 6650000 kDa differs in different animal . Like all proteins haemocyanin absorbs Uv rays . It is not able to transport equivalent volume of oxygen as the haemoglobin . Haemoglobin occur in plasma of * Arthopoda Palaemon Limulus Daphnia * Mollusca sepia , octopus , helix 10. In oxygenated from it is bright blue & deoxygenated from it is colourless .

14. Haemocynin

15. CHLOROCRUORIN :- It is green color respiratory pigment containing iron in ferric from. It is found in plasma only . The oxygen combining capacity is as great as that of haemoglobin Its distribution is restricted to four familes of polychacta ( Annelida ). a) Ampheretidae b) Chloraemidae c) Sabellidae d) Serpullidae 5. It is chemically closely related to haemoglobin & Cytocromes . 6. It is light green in deoxygenated form & dark green in oxygenated from . In high concentrated from it appears light red.

16. 7. Its molecular weight 30,00,000 kDa . Generally it function as oxygen carrier. This pigment was discovered by MILNE – EDWARDS 1938 in polychaetes later DUJARDAN & QUADRIFAGES confirmed its occurrence in other annelids . The respiratory properties was studied by LANKESTER and according to him the pigment exists in two forms – one is oxidised & other is reduced from CHLOROCRUORIN

17. HAEMERYTHRIN It is voilet – pink in oxygenated form & colourless in deoxygenated form It is found in corpuscles. It is formed of iron (Fe++) and protein . The iron is directly attached to the protein and there is no prophyrin . The molecular weight varies from 6,6000 kDa to 1,20,000 kDa . It has been found that three atoms of iron are necessary to combine with one molecule of oxygen 6. The oxygen carrying capacity is very low only ¼ as compared to haemoglobin . 7. eg :- poly chaete , magelona

18. HAEMERYTHRIN

19. COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENT :

20. A few other less common respiratory pigments are : PINNAGLOBIN Pigment name – Pinnaglobin Metal present – Manganes ( Mn ) Colour – Brown Features – Plasma of some molluscs ( pinna ) ECHIOCHROME Pigment name – Echiochrome Metal present – Iron (Fe) Colour – Red Features – Coelomic fluid of sea urchin (echinoderm)

21. MOLPADIN Pigment name – Molpadin Features – Pigment found in Holothurians( sea cucumber). ECHIOCHROME

22. VANADIUM CHROMOGEN Pigment name - Vanadium chromogen Metal present – Vanadium (V) Color – Unknown Features – Blood of many tunicates ( Urochordates ) NEUROGLOBINS Discover in 2000 Monomeric high oxygen affinity Present in brain & retina of humans Protection from hypoxia. CYTOGLOBINS Discovered in 2002 Appareantly present in all cells,also monomeric .

23. FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY PIGMENT : Provides specific colourd of body fluid or blood. Help in respiratory gases transduction and carry. Gas (O2) storage . PH buffers. Enhancing gradients for gas diffusion . Possible enzymatic function (e.g. NO)

24. CONCLUSION – From the above account we conclude the respiratory pigment are important role in gases transduction / carries on blood of the body fluid . Respiratory pigment also functioned by provide a specific color different animals respiratory pigments are different depend upon habitat and nature. REFERENCE : An introduction to animal physiology : Yapp W.B. Principal of animal physiology : Wood D.W. A text book of General physiology : Michell P.H. Comparative physiology of respiration : Jones J.D.

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