Respiratory system

Human respiratory system

1. Respiratory system
and control of Respiration
•Introduction
•Respiratory system organs
•Gas exchange
•Breathing mechanism
•Exchange of breathing gases
•Control of Respiration
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
T.Amani Alsharidah

2. Introduction: Respiration
•Respirationisanimportantphysiologicalprocessforlivingorganismsbywhichgasesare
transported,socellstakeoxygenandexpelexcesscarbondioxide.
•Oxygenisusedtoburnormetabolizesubstancesinsidecellsandreleaseenergy.
•TheCO2producefromcellareexpelbybreathing.

3. Cont.
Thebreathingprocessincludesthefollowingstages:
A-Breathingairorpulmonaryventilationandincludesthetwoprocessesof
energyandexhalationwheretheairentersthelungsandthereleaseofcarbon
dioxidefromthelungsforexternalair.
B-Externalbreathing:externalrespiration:Theexchangeofgasesonthe
respiratorysurfacessuch,lungs,skinandnostrils,asinsomeanimals,
C-Internalrespiration:alsocalledcellularrespiration,includesgasexchanges
between,bloodfluidsandtissuecells.Thedifferentbody,theoxidationprocesses
thatoccurwithinthecellsandresultinthereleaseofenergy.
D-Regulatingtheventilationandotherprocessesassociatedwithbreathing
throughtheautonomicnervoussystem.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof AlhimaidiAhmad R

4. Cont. Introduction of Respiration
•Intracellularrespirationoccurincytoplasmandinmitochondrial,whereoxygen
enterstobeconsumedduringthemetabolismofnutrientsinsideit,anditsthe
placewhereenergyisproducedincells,whereenergyisstoredintheformof
Adninetriphosphate(ATP),isproducedbytheoxidationofcarbondioxide(CO2)
thatisreleasedintotheblood.
•Sincetheamountofexcess(CO2)inthebloodleadstoacidityandistoxicto
cellsitisnecessarytogetridofexcessquantitiesquicklyandefficiently.
•Therearetwodevicesinthebodyresponsibleforsupplyingoxygenandgetting
ridofcarbondioxide
•Thecirculatorysystemtransfersgasesbetweencellsandlungs.andthe
respiratorysystemexchangesgasses.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

5. يولخلا سفنتلاو يوئرلا سفنتلا
Pulmonary and cellular respiration
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

6. Pulmonary or Lung Respiration
•Lungsarefoundinsomeinvertebratessuchasscorpions,snails,somespiders
andsomecrustaceanshavesimplepulmonarystructuresknownasbook
lungs. تائرلاةيباتكلا.
•However,lungsinvertebrates(exceptfish)areefficientinventilation.
•Thelungscontainseveralmillionalveoli,andeachofthesealveolivesiclesis
equippedwithacapillarynetwork.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

7. Respiratory system or organs
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory organs include
the following:
1-Nose
2-Pharynx
3-Larynx
4-Trachea
5-Bronchial
6-Lungs and alveoli
7-Pleura membranes
8-Diaphragm زجاحلا باجحلا

8. Respiratory system or organs
1-Nose:
Itisthefirstpartoftherespiratorysystemandischaracterizedbytheinternalcomposition
linedwithamucusmembranerichinbloodvessels.
Nasalfunctions:
a-Insertingairfromoutside,warmingit,moisturizingandpurifyingitfromimpuritiesand
germsstuckinitwiththehelpofnasalmucus.
b-ThenosemakessenseofsmellwhereitcanTheperceptionofharmfulgasesandthe
sensitivityisconcentratedintheolfactoryreceptorsinthemembraneliningtheupperpartof
thenasalcavity
c-Releaseandexcretethesecretionofthemucosa,sinusesandtearductoutsidethebody
bycilia.
d-Incaseofblockageorobstructionofthenasalfollicle,thepersonbreathesorally.
•Therearenosepocketsattachedtonose,twofrontnosepockets,andtwotendosthatare
fullofairtoreducetheweightoftheskull.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

9. •ThePharynexsometimescalledthroat,amuscletube13cmlong,connectedto
seveninternalopenings,themouth,theopeningofthebacknose,andthe
openingoftheestaciusandthelarynxopening.
•Pharyngealfunctions:
Anairpassagefromthenosetothetrachea,apassageoffoodfromthemouthto
theesophagusthatactsasaroomforresonatingchamber. )لمعيةفرغكةمغنل
توصلاهتيعونو
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
2-Pharynx
Respiratory system or organs

10. The pharynx parts
•The pharynx consists of three parts:
a-Upper part of the naso-pharynx
lining with pseudo-sratifiedciliated layer, helps cilia move mucus
down to the mouth. The estaxiuschannels are opened on the side
wall where the two channels exchange a small amount of air with
this part of the pharynx to maintain a balance of air pressure on
both sides of the middle ear and eardrum.
b-Oral pharyngeal part (Oropharynix)
is an air passage for food through, there is a pair of tonsils: the
jaw and tongue tonsils at the end of the tongue.
c -The lower part of the Laryngopharynix:
have two branches, first branch parts down to the esophagus and
2
nd
to the larynx
•The float, called glottis, is always open to the air, except when
swallowing food, it is closed by the epiglottis رامزملا ناسل
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

11. 3-Larynx
•Thelarynxiscalledavoicebox,ashortpassagewaythatconnectsthepharynxtothe
trachea.
•Ithasacartilagemuscularstructurethatsupportsitswallwithfourcartilage:
1-Thyroidcartilage2-Lowerringcartilage(Cricoidcartilage)3-andtwocartilageback
(Arytenoidcartilage).
•Larynxliningwithaciliatedmucousmembrane,togetridoftheairplanktoninsideand
moveittothemouth
•Themucousmembraneisarrangedinacoupleoffolds.
1.theupperpartisknownasabdominalfoldsorVentricularfoldsorfalsevocalcord,has
nothingtodowiththeoccurrenceofsound.
2.thelowerpairisknownasvocalfoldsorvocalcords,thesoundoccursasaresultof
vibratingcords.
•Therealsoundoccurwhentheairrushesbetweenthem.
•Thelarynxinmenismorepronouncedandstandsoutalittleonthefrontandiscalled
adam'sapple,andfromthelarynxtheairrushesintothetrachea.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory system or organs

12. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
The Larynx cartilage and the abdominal, vocal ligaments

13. •Itisarelativelylongandwidetube,12cmlongand2cmindiameter,
•Locatedinfrontoftheesophagusandextendsbetweenthelarynxandthefifth
pectoralvertebraeandthenbranchedintotwopneumaticdivisions(rightandleft).
•Itisalwaysopenbecauseofthepresenceofcartilageringssupportingthewall
formoftheletter(C)andtheopenpartoftheletter(C)consistsofsmooth
muscularfibers.
•Thetracheaislinedwithpseudo-columnarepitheliallayer,excretionofmucous
substancesthathelpmoisturizeandpurifytheair.
•Theciliaalsovibratefromthebottomtothetoptoreleasethemucoussecretions
andtakethemoutorally.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
4. Trachea
Respiratory system or organs

14. 5-Bronchi
•The bronchi endsup branching into two branches:
•The right and left primary bronchus, that enter the
lungs.
•Each division branched within the lung into
secondary bronchus, the composition of the bronchi
is similar to the composition of the trachea but its
cartilage is completely circle.
•Inside each lobe of the lung branch the secondary
branch into small branches, known as bronchial
tree, and replace the cartilage with a cartilage plate,
and in the smaller branches disappear these plates
disappear and are known as bronchiolesand there
are the walls of these bronchioles is smooth muscle
fibers and disappear Cartilage.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory system or organs

15. 6-The Lunges
•There is a pair of conical lungs located in the
thoracic cavity, separated by the heart and the
branches of the twoBronchi divisions.
•Each lung is divided into lobes by grooves. The
right lung is divided into three lobes and the left
lung into two lobes.
•Each part of the lobes is divided into a small lobes
known as lobules and encapsulates each lobe
with a rubber tissue containing lymph vessels,
vein and arteries.
•The lobes are branched into branches, known as
aerobic branches, whose walls are made up of
squamous cells that are spaced instead of cubic
cells.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory system or organs

16. •Fromthewallsofbronchiemergingasmall
cup-likecavitiesinshapeandarelinedby
squamouscells,supportedbythinrubber
membranesknownaspulmonaryalveoli,
•Thebronchishareanvesicleschannelknown
asalveolarsac,thenumberofthesealveoliin
thelungsisseveralmillion.
•Aroundeach aerobicalveoliaerobic
acapillarynetworkbranchedoutoftheartery
andvein.
•Wheregasexchangesarecarriedoutbythe
simplespreadbetweenthebloodandtheair
vesiclesthroughtheirwallsandcapillaries.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory system or organs
6-The Lunges

17. 7-Pleural membranes
•EachlungissurroundedbyaPleuralmembrane,abilayerserologicalfibrous
membranethatconsistsofeachlayerofonerowofinternalepithelialcells
attachedtothelungandtheexternalfacingtheribcage,andconfinedbetween
themthepleuralcavitycontainsserologicalfluid(Serousfluids)whichhelpsin
theworkofslidingsurfaceofthelungsinsidetheribcage.(fig,slide18).
•Lung ventilation:
Theamountofairthatentersthelungsperminuteanddependsontwofactors
1-thevolumeofair(depthofbreathing)
2-thenumberofbreathingtimesperminuteorrespiratoryrate(Respiration
rate).
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiratory system or organs

18. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

19. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

20. The Surrounding gasses around the living organisms
•Theoxygencontentintheairis21%anddecreasesaswerise
fromsealeveltomountaintops.
•Carbondioxide(0.03%)Nitrogengas(78.8%)Othergases,0.23%
•Otherfactorsplayintheoxygenpercentorratio:
1-Temperature:
Thehotaircontainslessoxygenthancoldair.
2-Degreeofsalinity:
wheredissolvedoxygeninthewaterdecreasesbyhighsalinity.
3-Watercurrents:
affectthespeedofthespreadofwaterandsaturateitwithgases
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

21. سفنتلا ةيلآ
Mechanics of Breathing or respiration
•Thelungsaresurroundedbytheribcage,whichconsistsof(12pairs)the
bonesoftheribsconnectedbythemusclesoftheribs,whichisconicalshape
withtheupperopeningsfromwhichthetrachea,esophagus,bloodvessels,
nervesandtheloweropeningareenclosedbythediaphragmmusclesthat
separatethethoraciccavityfromtheabdominalcavity.
•The mechanism of breathing is carried out during two successive operations:
1-Inspiration(Inhalation):
inwhichthediaphragmisheldupandtheribsrisetothetop,thusexpanding
thecavityoftheribcage,whichbringstheairintothelungsasaresultoflow
airpressureinsidethem.Itisapositiveprocessthatneedenergy.
2-Expiration(Exhalation):
Wherethemusclesoftheribsarerelaxedsotheribsmusclesanddiaphragm
returntoitsposition,sothesizeofthethoraciccavitydecreases,causingthe
lungstoexpeltheairout.Itisanegativeprocessthattakesplacewithoutany
muscleeffortanddoesnotrequireenergy(Fig,slide23).
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

22. سفنتلا ةيلآ : Mechanics of Breathing
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

23. نيتئرلا يف ةيوهتلا سايق
Measurement of ventilation
•Thevolumeofairthatentersandexitsthelungsinhumansinaresting
positionis500mmandcalledtidalvolume,butthehumancanincreaseitto
2500mmbydoingadeepinhalerafteranormalinhalercalledtheprotective
inhalervolume(InspirationvolumereserveIVR)andcanbeexpelleda
quantityofairwithastrongexhalationprocessafteranormalexhalation
processintheoutputof1500mmairisknownasexpiratoryreservevolume
ERV).
•AtexerciseorhardeffortscalledvitalcapacityVCremainsafterthedeepest
exhalationamountofairintheaerobicalovlioralvearisestimatedat1500
mmandthisiscalledresidualvolumeandbecausetheinsideairdoesnot
reachallthealveoliandandremainsintherespiratorytract,whichmakesit
notinvolvedinsupplyingbloodwithoxygensothisiscalleddeadspaceandis
estimatedtobeworth150ml.
•So during normal breathing, 350 ml of pulmonary vesicles air is replenished,
but during sports, more than 4 liters of 6 liters of vesicles air are replenished.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

24. نيتئرلا يف ةيوهتلا سايق عبات
Measurement of ventilation
•Themolecularpressureofoxygen(PO2)andcarbondioxide(PCO2)during
normalbreathingremainsconstantandallowsforgasexchangebetweenthe
wallofairvesiclesandblood,whichisestimatedinthealveoliofoxygenmicro-
pressure=100mmHg,andthemolecularpressureofcarbondioxide=40mm
Mercury(Hg)vs.195mmHgperoxygen,0.3forcarbondioxideintheairofthe
exhaling.
•Theamountofairfreshinthelungsduringoneminuteduringrestis6-7liters
andiscalledtheminutevolume,whichisthevolumeofairenteringthrough
thenostrilstothelungs.
•Thenumberofrespiratorymovementsperminuteis12-14times.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

25. سفنتلا تازاغ لدابت
Exchange of respiratory Gases
•Whenthelungsarefull,oxygentravelsfromthealveolithroughthefluidsof
theinter-tissueandthentothebloodandfromtheretothetissuecells.
•Carbondioxideisareversefromcellstointer-fluidsandthentobloodandfrom
ittothealveoliofthelungs.
•Inthebloodcomingintothelungs,
•Theoxygenpressure(PO2)isabout40mmHgandthepressureofcarbon
dioxide(PCO2)54mmHg,andsincetheoxygenpressure(PO2)inthealveoliis
100mmHgandcarbondioxide(PCO2)40mmHg,thereisanincreasein
oxygenpressurefromairtoblood.(seethefigure,slide28)
•Andanincreaseincarbondioxidepressureinthevesiclesthanintheair,the
carbondioxideistransmittedfromthebloodtothealveolithroughsimple
diffusion.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

26. سفنتلا تازاغ لدابت عبات
Exchange of respiratory Gases
•The exchange of gases is rapid due to the large area of the surface of the
exchange thin cell membrane separating the air follicles and between the
blood does not exceed two cells where the operation takes less than a
second.
•and on this the arterial blood that leaves the lungs is oxygen pressure and
carbon dioxide 100, 40 mmHg, respectively.
•In tissues, the opposite occurs, i.e. oxygen is transmitted from the blood
to cellsbecause the oxygen pressure in the blood is higher than in the
tissues, while carbon dioxide is transmitted from cells to the blood because
carbon dioxide pressure is greater in the cells in the blood.(see the fig)
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

27. سفنتلا تازاغ لدابتةجسنلأا ايلاخو مدلاو ةيئاوهلا تلاصيوحلا نيب: Exchange of
respiratory Gases
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

28. Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

29. مدلا يف تازاغلا لاقتنا : Transport of Gases in Blood
1-Oxygentransferintheblood:
•Oxygenistransportedinthebloodbyitsassociationwiththehemoglobin
protein(Hb)toredbloodcells97%,whiletheamountoffreeoxygeninthe
bloodplasma(3%),oxygenpressureisequaltoairvesicles,makingitlow-
dissolvedinplasma.
•Inthepresenceofmolecularpressureofoxygeninhighalveoli,oxygenis
associatedwithhemoglobininerythrocytestobeoxy-hemoglobin:
HighPO2
•4Hb+4O2 4HbO2
LowPO2/HighH+
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

30. ءارمحلا مدلا ايلاخهميلسلا بيكرتو ةيلجنملاونيبولقويمهلااهب صاخلا
Healthy red blood cells, sickle cell and the synthesis of their hemoglobin.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

31. مدلا يف تازاغلا لاقتنا عبات : Transport of Gases in Blood
Transportingcarbondioxideintheblood:
•Carbondioxideistransportedinthreeways:
1.8%bydissolvingthebloodplasma.
2.isthat92%ofcarbondioxideistransportedbyerythrocytes(27%
combinedwithhemoglobins,thecompositionofHbCO2..
3.Thebulk(65%),Itcombineswithwaterandhascarbonicacid(H2CO3)
inredbloodcells,whichisionizingtohydrogenandbicarbonateionsto
actasablood-regulatingsolution(Buffersolution).
carbonichydrogenaes Ioniting
•CO2+H2O H2CO3 H
+
+HCO3
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

32. cont. Transport of Gases in Blood
•Hydrogenion(H+)actsasacatalystforreleasingoxygenfromhemoglobulin
tocells,whilebicarbonateionscombinewithpotassium,madeupof
potassiumbicarbonate,whichspreadfromredbloodcellstoplasma.
•CO2inplasmaalsocombineswithsodiumNa,formingsodiumbicarbonate.
•Whenbloodreachesthelungstheoppositeoccurswherethemolecular
pressureofoxygenincreases,causingthereplacementofcarbondioxide
unitedwithhemoglobinwithoxygen,andbicarbonatemoleculesbreakdown
andreleasecarbondioxide,whichItdissolvesinplasmaandthenspreadsin
thedirectionofthealveoliaccordingtothedifferenceinthemolecular
pressureofthesegaseswithinthealveoli.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

33. مدلا يف نوبركلا ديسكا يناث لاقتنا
Transport of CO2in Blood
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

34. سفنتلا ةيلمع يف مكحتلا ةيلا
Control of respiration
•Controlofthebreathingprocessoccursinvoluntarilyasthis:
•TheMedullaoblongata(rectangularmarrow)ofthebrainhasa
breathingcontrolcenter,whichreceivessignalsfromsensorynerves
aroundthecoronaryartery(orcarotid)andaortathatpredictsthe
concentrationofoxygenandcarbondioxide(CO2)comingoutofthe
heartandconcentrationofcarbonicacidintheblood,basedonthese
nervesignals,thecenterofbreathingcontrolinthebrainsendssignals
tothemusclesoftheribstoberelaxorcontractbyautoimmune
neurons.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

35. Control of respiration
by breathing control center at Medulla
oblongata and autoimmune neurons.
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

36. سفنتلا لدعم يف مكحتلا لماوع
Factor control of Respiration Rate (RR)
Thereareseveralfactorsthatcontrolthespeedofbreathinginlivingorganisms:
1.Theintensityofmetabolismprocesseswithincellsastheincreaseinthe
percentageofCO2inthebloodincreases,increasingtherespiratoryratetoget
ridofCO2intheblood.
2.Muscleormotorexertionastherateofbreathingincreases
3.Theproductivestateoftheanimal,theanimalsarehighproductionorhigh
metabolism,increasestherateofbreathing.
4.Theageoftheorganism,youngorganismsornewbornsarehigherthanadult
organismstoincreasetherateofgrowthandcellularreproductioninyoung
thanadults.
5.Externalenvironmentalfactorssuchasheat,relativehumidityintheatmosphere
andatmosphericpressurealsoplayaroleinincreasingorreducingthe
respiratoryrateoflivingorganisms.
6.BloodpHchangesasaresultofbloodaciditychanges,increasingtherateof
breathing.

37. Factor control of Respiration Rate (Metabolsimand pH)
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R

38. لمحلا ءانثا نينجلاو ملاا يف سفنتلا لدعم
Respiratory rate in the mother and fetus during pregnancy
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of respiration \Prof
Alhimaidi Ahmad R

39. يحلا نئاكلا عون
Type oforganism
ةقيقدلا يف ةرم سفنتلا لدعم
Breathing rateonce per minute
ناسنلإاHuman16-18 time/min
راقبلااCow 12-28 times/min
سوماجلاBovine10-30 times/min
لمجلاCamel5-20 times/min
مانغلأاSheep 12-20 times/min
زعاملاGaot10-18 times/min
Rabbit 100-140 times/min
Bio 314 Respiratory system and control of
respiration \Prof Alhimaidi Ahmad R
Respiration Rate in Human and some animals