Respiratory system

Respiratory System

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1

2. GROUP NO.O 3 BUSHRA SAFDER ATTIQA LARAIB SOMIA AL ZOHRA NOMAN HAFEEZ 2

3. WHAT IS A RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: The cells of the human body require a constant stream of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body’s cells while removing carbon dioxide. 3

4. Exhalation The process through which gases(carbon dioxide) are exited from lungs . Inhalation The process of intake of gases(oxygen) to the lungs . 4

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6. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT Nose Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx 6

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8. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT Trachea Lungs Airways(bronchi and bronchioles) Air sacs (alveoli) 8

9. LUNG VOLUMES & CAPACITIES 9

10.  Spirometry Assesses the mechanical properties of the respiratory system By measuring expiratory volumes and flow rates 10

11. Tidal volume (TV ): The volume of air moved in and out of the respiratory tract (breathed) during each ventilatory cycle. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV ): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration. It can be accessed simply by inspiring maximally, to the maximal inspiratory level. Expiratory reserve volume ( ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration. It can be accessed simply by expiring maximally to the maximal expiratory level . Vital capacity (VC): The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inspiration. VC = TV + IRV + ERV . 11

12. Residual volume (RV ): That volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. It cannot be expired no matter how vigorous or long the effort. RV = FRC - ERV. Functional residual capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. FRC = RV + ERV. Total lung capacity (TLC ): The volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. TLC = FRC + TV + IRV = VC + RV 12

13. Non respiratory air movements Do not involve only gas exchange i t include: Sneezing Coughing Laughing Singing Talking. 13

14. Non-respiratory Air Movements Airway epithelial cells can secrete a variety of molecules: Immunoglobulins (IgA) collectins (including Surfactant A and D), Defensins and chemokines Cytokines that recruit the traditional immune cells and others to site of infections. These secretions can act directly as antimicrobials to help keep the airway free of infection thereby aid in lung defense . 14

15. Gas exchange: In the lungs; between alveoli and blood plasma Throughout the body; between plasma and interstitial fluids. The following factors facilitate diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 at described sites : Partial pressures and solubilities Partial pressure gradients Surface area for gas exchange Diffusion distance 15

16. GAS EXCHANGE DALTON’S LAW: S tates that the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in a mixture is equal to the total pressure of the mixture. 16

17. Thank you 17

18. Question Session ? 18