Respiratory system; birds, frog and lizard

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

1. Stella Maris Polytechnic University Mother Patern College of Health Sciences UN Drive Monrovia, Liberia Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Presentation Topic: R ESPIRATION SYSTEM; BIRD/ PIGEON, FROG AND LIZARD. GROUP Five (5) MEMBERS: GIFTEE J. ROUMI-----ID #: 10453 BERNICE NYENPAN ---- ID#: 10557 AGNES P. BIATY ---- ID#: 10420 IMOLEAYO V. ODUWOLE ----- ID#: 10430 JESSE N. KODAH ------ID#: 10539 Pierre-yve C. Outland--------ID#10425 February. 3, 2023

2. L earn ing Outl ine The Respiratory system of Birds (Pigeon) The Respiratory system of Frog The Respiratory System of Lizards

3. Learning Objectives B y the end of this presentation, the s t u d e n t s should be able to known the follow: General Overview of vertebrate R e s p i r a t o r y system Associated Organs and basic pathways of the r e s p i r a t i o n Distinct features in some vertebrates r e s p i r a t o r y ystem Basic understanding on the r e s p i r a t o r y system of bird, frogs and lizards Comparative vertebrates anatomy of the vertebrates discussed

4. Introduction of Respiratory system The respiratory system is the organ system animals use to bring in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. Th e p r o c e s s t h a t brings oxygen into our bodies called inspiration or inhalation . T h e p r o c e s s t h a t send s carbon dioxide out called expiration o r exhalation . T h e h u m a n r e s p i ratory system h a s m a n y d i f f erent p a r t s that wor k t o g e t h e r t o he l p y o u b r e a t h e .

5. O v e r v i e w o f Respiratory system o f B i r d s / P i g e o n s , F r o g s a n d L iza r d s . Respiration of Birds AirSacs: When birds inhales, the air first travels to the posterior air sacs. Next, it travels to the lungs through a series of breathing tubes, Stale air travels to the anterior air sacs, which is then exhaled. Respiration of Frog Cutaneous Respiration: In addition to inhaling and exhaling air through their lungs, many amphibians rely on cutaneous respiration, where gas exchange occurs through the skin. In order for cutaneous respiration to be efficient, the skin must remain moist. Respiration of Lizard Lizard respire by using their lungs

6. Respiration of Birds

7. Respiration of Frog

8. R espiration of Lizard

9. Birds(Pigeon) In birds the type of respiration is pulmonary The respiratory system includes : tract, organs and air sacs. A true muscular diaphragm is absent The repiratory tract includes: Nares, nasal sacs, glottis, larynx, trachea and syrinx The organs are the lungs and air sacs.

10. C ont .

11. Pigeon’s Respiratory tract Larynx opens into the trachea and is supported by a series of closely set rings The Trachea divides into two bronchi- each of which divides into smaller branches, ultimately ending on fine air-capillaries which lies intermingled with the capillaries of pulmonary vessels

12. Pigeon’s respiratory organs Lungs are solid spongy organs; attached dorsally to the ribs. There are nine air sacs A single pair of cervical sacs at the base of the neck on each side A single median interclavicular air sac connected to both lungs Two pairs of thoracic air sacs and a pair of abdominal air sac .

13. ANATOMY OF THE NINE AIR SACS  Posterior Thoracic : A pair of small, posterior thoracic air sacs is found in the posterior part of the thoracic cavity just in front of abdominal sacs. Abdominal : From the distal end of each lung arises a large abdominal air sac. Each abdominal air sac lies along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, ventral to the kidneys, amongst the coils of the small intestine.  I nterclavicular :It is a median, unpaired, somewhat triangular air sac connected to the secondary bronchi of both lungs.

14. ANATOMY CONT.   Cervical : A pair of small cervical air sacs arises anteriorly, one from each lung. They lie at the base of the neck, dorsal to the interclavicular and alongside the vertebral column. Anterior Thoracic :From the side of each lung arises an anterior thoracic air sac which lies at ventral side of lung in the anterior portion of the thorax, in close contact with the ribs and the pericardium

15. Respiratory system [Frog] Respiration is the process of gaseous exchange. There are 3 types of respiration in adult frog Cutaneous respiration [skin] Buccal respiration [Mouth & Throat] Pulmonary respiration [Lungs] Branchial respiration [gills]

16. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Inhalation and exhalation of gases have 3 stages External respiration [breathing] Internal respiration [usage of gases] Transport of gases [To and From cell s]

17. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Cutaneous respiration occurs in aquatic habitat The skin of frogs is thin & richly supply with blood capillaries

18. Respiratory system [Frog] contd. Buccal Respiration occurs on terrestrial habitat The mucus lining is supply with blood capillaries Occurs by lowering and Raising the buccal floor The mouth and glottis remain closed

19. Respiratory system [Frog] contd.

20. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Pulmonary Respiration In frog lungs are poorly developed Respiratory tract [ External nostrils, nasal chambers, internal nostril, buccal, pharynx, glottis, larynx, bronchi Lungs are hydrostatic organ [Floating]

21. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . The Larynx is a small sac whose wall by cartilages 2 arytenoid and 1 cricoid cartilage The arytenoid are pair of semilunar valves Upper edge form lateral margin of the glottis Formed the Vocal cord Sound is produced by the expulsion of air from lungs

22. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . The lungs are pair and found on the anterior part They are ovoid Thin walls and elastic sac with internal folds Division of internal folds is called septa The lungs is cover with peritoneum

23. Respiratory system [Frog] contd. Pulmonary Respiration mechanism The force pump of gaseous exchange comes from the buccal cavity floor These force are brought together by 2 set of muscles Sternohyal muscles O: C oracoid and clavicle or sternum I: Hyoid apparatus in the mouth floor Petrohyal muscles I: S quamous bone and hyoid apparatus

24. Respiratory system [Frog] contd. The respiratory mechanism involves 2 phases Inspiration [Intake of oxygen to the lungs] Expiration [ Output of Carbon dioxide from lungs]

25. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Inspiration It begins with depression of the floor of the buccal cavity caused by lowering of hyoid by sternohyoid muscle. F ollowed by opening of external nares and breathing in air. As the air reaches the buccal cavity through internal nares, the floor of mouth is raised by upward movement of premaxilla causing the closure of nares and simultaneous opening of glottis. This forces the air into the larynx through glottis. From the larynx, the air reaches the lungs where transfer of gases takes place. The inspiration takes place for quite some time before expiration begins to maintain air in the lungs in between respirations.

26. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Expiration It begins with contraction of smooth muscles of lungs expelling air. It is followed by opening of glottis followed by its immediate closure. The air that reaches the buccal cavity is pushed out through the nares by upward movement of the floor of the mouth. Most of the air that reaches the buccal cavity during expiration is forced back to lungs in the next inspiration. When the frog swims in water, it keeps its snout above the water to perform pulmonary respiration

27. Respiratory system [Frog] contd . Tadpole has 2 gills External & Internal gills [ absorb and filter]

28. Respiratory system of Lizard Unlike frogs, Lizards have no auxiliary means of respiration They breath through their lungs

29. Respiratory system of Lizard Respiratory structures Trachea- divides into two bronchii which open into the lungs without bronchioles. Lungs- an elastic, elongated sac Have chambers called alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs

30. Respiratory structures of Lizard cont. Nares External and internal nares Leads into nasal passages or chambers. Glottis is located behind the tongue and it opens posteriorly into a short chamber, the larynx. Larynx – opens into a narrow, elongated cylindrical tube the trachea.

31. Respiration mechanism in lizards Pleural & peritoneal cavities communicate Inspiration is caused by the intercostal muscles Oxygen enters the bloods of the capillaries and CO2 of the blood enters the alveoli. Expiration is done by lowering the ribs

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