Resumen por diapositivas de reported speech

En estas diapositivas vais a encontrar todo lo necesario para entender los modal verbs

1. ModalVerbs

2. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also known as helping verbs). Normally modal verbs cannot work alone and must work with the main verb.Modal Verbs are used with ordinary verbs to express meanings such as possibility, permission, ability, etc.

3. can could may might must shallshould ought towill would
be able to have to need to
•No –s with 3rdperson singular.
•Followed by infinitive without TO (only
exception ought to)
•No auxiliaries to form interrogatives &
negatives.
am / is / are / was, etc. + able to
Followed by TO + INFINITIVE
Auxiliaries to form interrogatives and
negatives.

4. ABILITY (present)can / can’t / cannotHe can/ can’tspeak Chinese.
ABILITY (past)could / couldn’t
He could/ couldn’tspeak
French when he was 18.
To form other tenses, we use BE ABLE TO:
It’s usefulto be able toorder things by e-mail. (infinitive)
Soon, I’ll be able to speak Italian. (future)
Haveyou been able tospeak English for along time? (present perfect)
ABILITYUseModalExample

5. Asking for PERMISSION can / could / may
CanI borrow your pen?
CouldI borrow your pen?
MayI borrow your pen? (formal)
Giving PERMISSIONcan / may
You canborrow my pen.
You mayborrow my pen.
(formal)
MAYis more polite than could and could is more polite than can
PERMISSIONUseModalExample

6. Present / Future
POSSIBILITY
could / may / mightI’m not sure what language it is
–it could/ might/ maybe
Polish.
POSSIBILITYUseModalExample

7. Asking for and
giving ADVICE
should / ought to
shouldn’t / ought not to
You should/ ought toeat
healthier.
*HAD BETTER (‘d better): “You had better go to the dentist”
“you’d better go...” “You’d better not use the mobile phone...”
ADVICE
UseModalExample

8. Present / Future
OBLIGATION
NECESSITY
must
have to (has to)
need (s) to
I mustobey my parents.
You have to wear a seatbelt
when you drive.
He hasn’t got cash. He needs to
go to the bank.
Past OBLIGATIONhad toI had to obey my parents
yesterday.
In spoken English, have to is more common than must. Must is often used in written
notices and instructions.
✓'We have to pay the phone bill today, ' Rita said.
✓Passengers must turn off all mobile phones.
OBLIGATION / NECESSITYUseModalExample

9. Present / Future LACK
OF OBLIGATION
don’t / doesn’t have to
don’t / doesn’t need to
needn’t
You don't have to/ need to leave
now. (It's not necessary. You have
a choice.)
You needn’tleave now.
Past LACK OF
OBLIGATIONdidn’t have to
didn’t need to
I learnt a little Italian, but
everyone spoke English, so I
didn't have to/didn't need to use
it.
LACK OF OBLIGATIONUseModalExample

10. To describe
something which is
prohibited
mustn’t
You mustn'tleave now. (It's not
allowed. It's against the rules.)
Not be allowed to (no estarpermitido)
“Teachers aren’t allowed to smoke inside the school”
PROHIBITION
UseModalExample

11. Present
DEDUCTION
must
can’t
The phone is ringing. It mustbe
Simon.
That woman can’tbe my boss. She
is Paris on business.
DEDUCTION
UseModalExample

12. PerfectModals

13. We form perfect modals with have+ the past participle.
They are used to refer to the past.

14. Tosaythatsomeone
hadtheopportunityor
abilitytodosomething
butdidn’tdoit.
could have +
past
participle
We couldhavegoneto the
party, but we decided not to in
the end.
ABILITYUseModalExample

15. To say that
someone’s past
behaviour was bad
or wrong.
ought
should
ought not to
shouldn’t
You should have invitedCarol
to your party. (= You didn’t
invite Carol and that was
wrong.)
UseModalExample
CRITICISM

16. To make logical
deductions about past
actions.
must
can’t
They must have hada lovely
holiday! (= It’s almost certain that
they had a lovely holiday)
They can’t have hadany sleep! (=It’s
almost certain that they didn’t have
any sleep)
DEDUCTIONUseModalExample

17. To express possibility
or uncertainty about
past actions.
could
may
might
Helen might have founda new
house. (=It’s possible, but I’m not
certain)
POSSIBILITYUseModalExample

18. To show you did
something in the past
although it was
unnecessary.
needn’t
I needn’thavegoneto the doctor. (I
went to the doctor, but it wasn’t
necessary)
LACK OF PAST OBLIGATIONUseModalExample

19. To show certainty
that something did
not happen.
can’t
couldn’t
He can’t/ couldn’t have passed
because he hadn’t studied enough.
CERTAINTYUseModalExample