REVIEW OF RIG COMPONENTS DRILLING SYSTEM.pdf

COMPONENTES DE EQUIPO DE PERFORACION

1. OPENCOURSEWARE 1

SKPP 3413 - DRILLING ENGINEERING

Ch. 1 - Review of Rig Components &
Drilling System

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail
Petroleum Engineering Dept.

Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Eng.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

LES
innovative e entrepreneurial e global

2. Contents

* Drilling history

+ Types of rotary rig

* Drilling companies

* Drilling crews

* Drilling systems & rig components
* Drilling operations

3. Say 3
Drilling History

« 347 AD - Earliest known oil wells are drilled in
China up to 800 feet deep using bits attached to
bamboo poles

* 1264 Mining of seep oil in medieval Persia witnessed
by Marco Polo on his travels through Baku.

« 1594 Oil wells are hand dug at Baku, Persia up to 35
meters (115 feet) deep.

« 1745 AD First oil well drilled in France

+ 1810 AD First salt drilling in Germany.

+ 1814 AD Cumberland Kentucky first USA oil well.

« 1825 AD First cable tool drilling in Europe.

4. Say 4

« 1854 First oil wells in Europe are drilled 30- to 50-
meters deep at Bóbrka, Poland by Ignacy
Lukasiewicz.

« 1858 AD In Ontario, Canada, James Miller William
— the first to drill oil well in North America

« 1859 First oil well in United States is drilled 69 feet
deep at Titusville, Pennsylvania by Colonel Edwin
Drake

+ 1901- Completion of the Spindletop, Texas

+ 1908 - First rock bit used.

« 1929 First horizontal well

« 1933 Tricone bit introduced & patented

« 1955 First drill ship

5. Traditional Chinese drilling

6. Pennsylvania by Colonel Edwin Drake

7. M4
Types of drilling rigs
DRILLING RIG

OFFSHORE

ONSHORE

PORTABLE J BARGE FLOATING

CONVENTIONAL

TENSION LEG
PLATFORM

CONVENTIONAL
FIXED PLATFORM

JACK-UP

BARGE/ SEMI-
TENDER SUBMERSIBLE
ASSISTED

COMPLIANT
TOWER

CONCRETE GRAVITY
STRUCTURE

8. TET
DUC

9. Offshore rigs

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

10. Types of drilling rigs

11. ocw.utm.my u

Deepwater Systems

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

12. Operator Supplier
company and service

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

14. M4
Example of drilling contractor

am [ess
Chevron

— dr Schlumberger

= NIPPON OIL EXPLORATION

Your Choice of Energy

pattie BEST IN CLASS

... and small (independence) companies and individual.

15. How many drilling crews involved?

» The number of people involved in the operation depends on:
— rigs size
— complexity of the environment and drilling program

+ A small, onshore drilling rig may have a crew of 5 — 6 people

» An offshore rig drilling a deep, exploratory well at a remote
location may have several crews and groups of specialists,
totaling 40 - 50 persons

+ Companies involved:
— Operating Company
— Drilling Contractor
— Drilling Service Companies

16. Typical relationships among the operator, contractor,
and service company personnel

Operation Oil Company

Drilling Contractor

Drilling Supervisor’ Bi

Service Com
Casing
Cementing
Testing

Mudlogging

Responsible to ——

Mud Engineering — — —
Directional Drilling
Fishing — — — —

Wireline Logging

panies

Derrickman
Roughnecks
Roustabouts

Liaison with — — —

16

17. 17

Drilling

Personnel

Company Man Drilling Contractor

(representative of the oil (company that Owns
company) and operates a drilling)

Crews:

Crews: - Tool Pusher

- Drilling Engineer - Driller

- Mud engineer - Mud Logger

- Wellsite Geologist - Derrickman

- Drilling Supervisor - Roughneck

- Drilling Representative - Roustabout
- Motorman
- Rig Mechanic
- Rig Electrician

18. Say 18

An overall view of the personnel involved in drilling operation:

19. Drilling Rig Components

Additional rig components not
illustrated at left:

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

20. Grown block
unatound
Jack knife derrick

le
Monkey board
Travoling block
Hook

‘Swivel bail

Hydromatic brake
‘Compound
Diesel engines
Shale shaker
Mud tanks

Pump drive
Substructure
Mud pumps
Darling line

Cal head

Draw works dnve

21. Say a
Rotary Drilling System

« Power system

¢ Hoisting system

+ Rotating system

° Circulation system

+ Well control system
° Auxiliary equipment

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Fuel Tank

Fuel storage tanks for the power generating system.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Engine Generator Sets

en

A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, or gasoline
engine, along with a mechanical transmission and generator for
producing power for the drilling rig. Newer rigs use electric

generators to power electric motors on the other parts of the rig.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

24. RER CROWN BLOCK

à"
TS

|

WIRE LINE Peso

(8 LINES ARE STRUNG)
“A

Mom

TRAVELING BLOCK

DRILLING HOOK
DEAD LINE

seri
none veuronveruomne/ EV
ne STORAGE uasren sven Leh ORV HEF

DRUM BRAKE REEL

Hoisting System Hoisting and Rotating System

25. MES,
4

CROWN
BLOCK

TRAVELING
BLOCK

NAST

Mast

A portable derrick capable of
being erected as a unit, as
distinguished from a standard
derrick, which cannot be raised to
a working position as a unit.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

26. y
Crown Block and Water Table

An assembly of sheaves or
pulleys mounted on beams at
the top of the derrick. The
drilling line is run over the
sheaves down to the hoisting
drum.

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Pipe Ramp Catwalk

1 a

An angled ramp for The ramp at the side of the
dragging drill pipe up to drilling rig where pipe is laid to
the drilling platform or be lifted to the derrick floor by
bringing pipe down off the the catline or by an air hoist.
drill platform.

‘Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

28. Rotating System

parame ion N
RELY) HOSE,

Top Drive System (do not use
: e. rotary table, kelly & swivel to
Conventional Rotary System rotate the drill stem)

29. Drill Pipe

Drill Collars

The heavy seamless tubing used
to rotate the bit and circulate the
drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30
feet long are coupled together
with tool joints.

A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually
steel, used between the drill pipe and
the bit in the drill stem. It is used to
put weight on the bit so that the bit
can drill.

30. Say
Drill Bit

The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas

wells. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller-cone bits.

The bit consists of the cutting elements and the circulating

element. The circulating element permits the passage of

drilling fluid and uses the hydraulic force of the fluid stream

to improve drilling rates.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

31. Core bits and drilling bits

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

32. y
Cathead

A spool-shaped attachment on a winch around which rope for
hoisting and pulling is wound.

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Traveling Block

An arrangement of pulleys or
sheaves through which
drilling cable is reeved,
which moves up or down in
the derrick or mast.

Hook

A large, hook-shaped device
from which the elevator bails or
the swivel is suspended. It is
designed to carry maximum
loads ranging from 100 to 650
tons and turns on bearings in its
en max supporting housing.

SPINNER

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

34. — key

TRAVELING
BLOCK

nia

The heavy square or hexagonal steel member suspended from
the swivel through the rotary table. It is connected to the

topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary
table turns.

E

BY)

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Kelly Bushing Kelly Spinner

A device fitted to the rotary table
through which the kelly passes. It
is the means by which the torque
of the rotary table is transmitted
to the kelly and to the drill stem.

Also called the drive bushing. A device for spinning the drill pipe.

Replaces the spinning chain.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Top Drive
DM

The top drive rotates the drill string end bit without the use of a kelly and
rotary table. The top drive is operated from a control console on the rig floor.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

37. ocw.utm.my

Drilling Line/Hoisting Line

Drawworks

Hoisting line

A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on The hoisting mechanism on a
sheaves of the crown block and traveling drilling rig. It is essentially a
block (in effect a block and tackle). Its large winch that spools off or
primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill takes in the drilling line and thus
pipe or casing from or into a well. Also, a raises or lowers the drill stem
wire rope used to support the drilling tools. and bit.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

38. 3 a q
The derrickman's working platform.
Double board, tribble board, fourable
board; a monkey board located at a height
in the derrick or mast equal to two, three,
or four lengths of pipe respectively.

Assoc, Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

39. Spinning Chain

{tet

A relatively short length of chain attached to the tong pull chain on the manual tongs used
to make up drill pipe. The spinning chain is attached to the pull chain so that a crew
member can wrap the spinning chain several times around the tool joint box of a joint of
drill pipe suspended in the rotary table. After crew members stab the pin of another tool
joint into the box end, one of them then grasps the end of the spinning chain and with a
rapid upward motion of the wrist "throws the spinning chain"—that is, causes it to unwrap
from the box and coil upward onto the body of the joint stabbed into the box. The driller
then actuates the makeup cathead to pull the chain off of the pipe body, which causes the
pipe to spin and thus the pin threads to spin into the box.

40. The principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to
turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a
beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an
opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the
drilling assembly.

Note the pipe spinner (in red) on the side of the swivel.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

41. Slips

Wedge-shaped pieces of metal with teeth
or other gripping elements that are used
to prevent pipe from slipping down into
the hole or to hold pipe in place. Rotary
slips fit around the drill pipe and wedge
against the master bushing to support the
pipe. Power slips are pneumatically or
hydraulically actuated devices that allow
the crew to dispense with the manual
handling of slips when making a
connection. Packers and other down hole
equipment are secured in position by slips
that engage the pipe by action directed at
the surface.

‘Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

42. M4
Hydraulic Slips

1

Hydraulic operated power slip which is equipped with replaceable slips and
insert carriers to handle various styles and sizes of tubular. They can handle
casing, drill pipe and drill collars and tubing. They are used in combination
with the Rotary Support Table (RST).

The centering device centres the pipe prior to setting the slips, when the pipe is
hard to one side due to rig movements (floaters) or heavy directional drilling.
In the centering device, a ram guide in each top cover half pushes the pipe to
the center. This happens before the slip cylinders are actuated. These centring
rams guides operate in an automatic sequence with the slips.

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Doghouse Driller’s Consol

{
À
Hite

DOG HOUSE =
rip

The control panel, located on the platform,

where the driller controls drilling operations.
= na =

A small enclosure on the rig floor used as

an office for the driller or as a storehouse

for small objects. Also, any small building

used as an office or for storage.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

44. Elevators

Fe ¡
*

A set of clamps that grips a stand, or column, of casing, tubing,
drill pipe, or sucker rods, so the stand can be raised or lowered
into the hole.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

45. ocw.utm.my

The large wrenches used for turning when making up or breaking
out drill pipe, casing, tubing, or other pipe; variously called casing
tongs, rotary tongs, and so forth according to the specific use. Power
tongs are pneumatically or hydraulically operated tools that spin the

pipe up and, in some instances, apply the final makeup torque.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

46. 7 smiver

KELLY

| Circulating

N coronilla (ewan System
EN N, un =

Gremien rank [222

oa

DAILY COLLAR

N

OCkEHOLE

A

E a

47. Say a
Solid control equipment

« Shale Shaker

¢ Mud cleaner

+ Desander

e Desilter

¢ Centrifuge

e Degasser

e Mud Gas Separator
¢ Centrifugal pump

48. M4
Standpipe

A vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast. It
joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary
hose and through which mud is pumped going into the hole.

49. Rotary Hose

IE The hose on a rotary drilling

rig that conducts the drilling
fluid from the mud pump and
standpipe to the swivel and
kelly; also called the mud hose
or the kelly hose.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

50. .

Swivel

A rotary tool that is hung from
the rotary hook and traveling
block to:

a. Supports/suspends the
weight of the kelly and
drill string

b. Permits free rotation of the
kelly and drill string

c. Provides a connection for
the rotary hose (pressure-
tight seal) and a
passageway for the
drilling fluid to be pumped
down inside the drill string

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Mud Return Line

Mud Return Line

A trough or pipe, placed between the surface connections at the well
bore and the shale shaker. Drilling mud flows through it upon its
return to the surface from the hole.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Water Tank

Is used to store water that is used for mud mixing,
cementing, and rig cleaning.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Bulk Mud Component Tanks

Bulk Mud Components Storage

A large reciprocating mé > a S|
pump used to circulate
the mud (drilling fluid)

on a drilling rig.

Hopper type tanks for storage of
drilling fluid components.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

54. Mud Tanks (Pits)

Reserve Pit

A series of open tanks, usually made of steel
plates, through which the drilling mud is
cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle
out. Additives are mixed with the mud in the
pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there
before being pumped back into the well.
Mud pit compartments are also called shaker
pits, settling pits, and suction pits, depending
on their main purpose.

A mud pit in which a supply of
drilling fluid has been stored.
Also, a waste pit, usually an
excavated, earthen-walled pit. It
may be lined with plastic to
prevent soil contamination.

55. ocw.utm.my

Shale Shakers

| : à,
[Er 10 2 N tame. Ne
A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to remove
cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The
size of the openings in the sieve is selected to match the size of
the solids in the drilling fluid and the anticipated size of cuttings.
Also called a shaker.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

56. Mud-Gas Separator

A device that removes gas from The equipment used to

the mud coming out of a well remove unwanted gas from a
when a kick is being circulated liquid, especially from

out. drilling fluid.

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Desander & Desilter

Desander: A centrifugal device for removing sand Desilter: A centrifugal device,
from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the similar to a desander, used to
pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a remove very fine particles, or silt,
fast-moving stream of fluid inside a special cone- from drilling fluid. This keeps the
shaped vessel, in which case it is sometimes amount of solids in the fluid to
called a hydrocyclone. the lowest possible level.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

58. ocw.utm.my

Well Control System

Injector head

= Stripper "4

— — Drill floor

Annular preventer

Wellhead, casing
or christmas tree __]
Ground

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

59. ~~ ocwutmmy

Blowout Preventer

ANNULAR BLOWOUT
PREVENTERS

HEAD N _ wear
a " PLATE
{ PACKING

UNIT

PISTON d Y OPENING
= y CHAMBER

rn Teer mr RAM BOF IN re im

A A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal
HYDRIL “GK” BOP IN OPEN POSITION off pressure on a hole that is with or
without pipe. It is also called a ram
preventer. Ram-type preventers have
interchangeable ram blocks to
accommodate different O.D. drill pipe,
casing, or tubing.

A large valve, usually installed above the
ram preventers, that forms a seal in the
annular space between the pipe and well
bore or, if no pipe is present, on the well
bore itself

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

60. DS
Accumulator

BLOWOUT PREVENTIVE
CONTROL SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC PUMP ACCUMULATOR UNIT

The storage device for nitrogen pressurized hydraulic fluid,
which is used in operating the blowout preventers.

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The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through
which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are
closed to control the pressures encountered during a kick.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

62. The space around a
pipe in a well bore,
the outer wall of
which may be the
wall of either the bore
hole or the casing;
sometimes termed the
annular space.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

63. ocw.utm.my

Casing Head

A heavy, flanged steel
fitting connected to the
first string of casing. It
provides a housing for
slips and packing
assemblies, allows
suspension of
intermediate and
production strings of
casing, and supplies the
means for the annulus to
be sealed off. Also called
a spool.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

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Conductor Pipe

The largest diameter
casing and the
topmost length of
casing. It is relatively
short and encases the
À! topmost string of

| casing.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

65. D: 4
Surface Casing

Usually the first casing to be run in
a well. This is done after spudding-
in so a blowout preventer can be
installed before drilling is started.

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Mousehole Rathole

a A hole in the rig floor 30 to 35 feet
MOUSEHOLE

. =” deep, lined with casing that projects
Shallow bores under the rig floor, above the floor. The kelly is placed in
usually lined with pipe, in which the rathole when hoisting operations
joints of drill pipe are temporarily are in progress.

suspended for later connection to
the drill string.
Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

67. D: 4
Drilling operation

° The two main tasks in drilling a well are:
— Connection
— Tripping

68. Say a

Connection

Adding fresh length (joint or stand) of pipe so that the
bit can drill deeper

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Tripping

ow:

Withdrawing the drillstring is known as tripping out and
the whole operation of extraction and re-insertion
(tripping in) of the drillstring is a round trip.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

70. =
y

NOV AUTOMATED DRILLING SYSTEM

¿sonal Comm
Pr) -

— Interface Sub

— Swivel Joint

— Downhole Dring
Dynamics Sub

Automated
Controls
Platform

— Mud Motor or RSS

visualisation

“Too! Communications

1

pos
DWOB, DTOR,
Pressure, VIB Top Drive
RPM, Stick
Slip

Pumps

Remote Comms,
‘Satelite to RTT

4. Surface Drling Optimizer
2 Realtime ADS

3, Wel Placement

$ Solids Control

6. Downhole Driling Optimizer

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Iron Roughneck

Iron roughnecks clamp the bottom pipe, providing torque, while a spinning or
rotary wrench turns the top pipe. Thirty-foot sections of drill pipe have one
female end (or tool joint) with inside threads, or a "box," and one male tool
joint with outside threads, or a "pin." Pipe is strung together by twisting the box
and pin pieces together.

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

72. ocw.utm.my

Drill Pipe Handling - Lis Automated

Assoc. Prof. Abdul Razak Ismail, UTM

73. D: 4
Comparison between Automated
and Manual Drilling Systems

Automated Drilling Manual Drilling
Systems Systems
Sustains high Increases the drilling rate
instantaneous drilling rate

Less workers are needed More workers are needed
Reduces costs Higher costs

More safe Risks the safety of the workers
and handling failures