Revival styles in architecture

REVIVAL STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE

1. Revival styles in architecture
•Throughout history, architecture has been a way to reflect the lifestyle and the political and
religious climate of a certain epoch.
•With each new political or religious movement, new architectural styles appeared to reflect
the mood of that particular historic era.
•These new trends were often based on architectural styles of previous epochs as a way to
protest the reality or to re-introduce the values of the past. Such architectural styles are
called "revival" styles.
•Revivalism in architecture refers to using the details and trends of the architectural styles of
previous eras.
•There are many revival styles, some of which have had more influence and historic value
than others.

2. Palladianism is astylebased on the designs of the 16th-century Italian architect
AndreaPalladio(1508-1580).
Palladiowas inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome.
British designers drew onPalladio'swork to create a Classical Palladian architectureis a
European style ofarchitecturederived from and inspired by the designs of
theVenetianarchitectAndrea Palladio(1508–1580).
That which is recognized as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's original
concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values of the
formal classical temple architecture of theAncient GreeksandRomans.
From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was adapted as the
style known as Palladianism.
It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century.
Palladian building
character
•Proportion
•Symmetry
•Palladian window
(also known as the
Serlianaor Venetian
window)
•Temple front
•Use of Orders
(optional)
Palladianism be speaks rationality in its clarity, order, and symmetry, while it also pays homage to antiquity in its use of classical
forms and decorative motifs.
Palladio spent years researching the texts and designs of ancient architects, notably the Roman Vitruvius, and was part of a larger
movement in the Italian Renaissance committed to classical forms.
Palladio's style of classical traditions with the introduction of new Renaissance elements was calledPalladian architecture, and it
has influenced Western nations from France to England to the United States.
Palladian architecture was especially popular in the former British colonies, influencing nearly every one of our own national
government buildings and national monuments in the US.
The Palladian style, distinguished by the typical Serlianwindows, pillared façades resembling Roman temples, symmetrical floor
plans, and elevations, was imported to other European countries and became widely known; in Great Britain it was one the
important roots of 17th and 18th century architecture.
PALLADIAN REVIVAL

3. In the 19th century, American architecture heavily referred to the style.
A Palladian window is a large window which is divided into three parts. The center section is larger than the two side sections,and is
usually arched. Renaissance architecture and other buildings in classical styles often have Palladian windows.
Palladio used these themes is in the Villa Rotonda, a large home near Vicenza, Italy. The Villa Rotondais built as a perfect square, with
four identical entryways. The entryways are modeled after a Roman temple, with Ionic columns. Directly over the center of the
building is a dome, modeled on the Roman temple called the Pantheon. The entire structure is mathematically perfect, with each part
reflecting geometric ratios between other parts, exactly as the Romans would have done. This villa breathes a sense of order,reason,
and balance.
In the United States, Palladianism remained the prevailing style for public buildings until the 1930s and has never quite gone out of
fashion for domestic architecture. Even today, some contemporary architects are influenced by Palladio’s ideas on planning and
proportion, without the use of elements of classical architecture.
In the 18th century a revival of Palladianism in England spread to Italy and thence throughout most ofEuropeand the American
colonies. Among the notable architects of this movement were Francesco Maria Pretiin Italy
In the early 18th century, a new generation of architects, particularly ColenCampbell and Lord Burlington, encouraged a re-appraisal
of Palladio and Jones and set about reviving their architecture.
Active in England their ideas were manifested primarily in domestic architecture, especially the country house.
Anglo-Palladianism was then exported to the American colonies from the 1740s and back to Europe, particularly Germany and
Russia from the 1760s.

4. Plans of the cellar, attic and principal storeys for
Mereworth Castle, Kent
Mereworth Castle, Kent
PALLADIAN REVIVAL EXAMPLE:
Mereworth Castle, Kent
Mereworth by ColenCampell1720. based on Palladio's
Villa Rotonda-Mereworth Castle is a square building
flanked by four porticos, surmounted by a dome.

5. Mereworth castle -section

6. ELEVATION OF Chiswick House, London, completed
1729.
PLAN OF Chiswick House, London
CHISWICK HOUSE

7. Chiswick Villa is inspired in part by several buildings of the 16th-century Italian
architectsAndrea Palladioand his assistantVincenzo Scamozzi.
The house is often said to be directly inspired by Palladio'sVilla Capra"La
Rotonda" near Vicenza,as architectColenCampbellhad offered Lord Burlington a
design for a villa closely based on the Villa Capra for his use at Chiswick.
The brick-built Villa's facade is faced inPortland stone, with a small amount
ofstucco.
The finely carvedCorinthian capitalson the projecting six-column portico, carved
by John Boson, are derived from theTemple of Castor and Polluxin Rome.
The inset door, projecting plinth and 'v'-necked rusticated vermiculation were all
derived from the base ofTrajan's Column.
The short sections of crenellated wall with ball finials which extend out either side
of the villa were symbolic of medieval (or Roman) fortified town walls, and were
inspired by their use by Palladio at hischurch of San Giorgio Maggiorein Venice
and byInigo Jones
Three concentric relieving arches at rear of
the villa containingVenetian windows.
This arrangement derives directly from
drawings by Andrea Palladio in Lord
Burlington's collection

8. NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. Inits
purest form it is a style principally derived from the architecture of Classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles and the architecture of the
Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The
style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as
an outgrowth of some classicising features of Late Baroque. Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New
Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings
By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient
Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s.
International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel'sbuildings, especially the Old Museum in Berlin, Sir John
Soane'sBank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, DC of the nascent American Republic.
The style was international.
Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style
included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu("like cameos"), isolated medallions
or vases or busts or bucraniaor other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds,
perhaps, of "Pompeiianred" or pale tints, or stone colors. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goûtgrec("Greek style"),
not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI"
style to court..
However there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-
makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and
stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen ... seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifsfrom
one medium to another
Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond—a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic
revivals—although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern, or even reactionary, in influential critical circles.[

9. The Lincoln Memorial, an early 20th
century example of American
Renaissance neoclassical architecture
The Red Army Theatre in Moscow, Russia
The central courtyard of Sir William Chambers'
Somerset House in London
Neoclassical architecture examples
Very similar to Greek Revival but may
have more elaborate column work-
Corinthian columns rather than Doric,
always extending the full height of the
house and with front gable pediment.

10. GREEK REVIVAL
The Greek revival style, often seen as the final developmental stage of Neoclassical architecture,
emerged in the late 18th century after British architect James Stuart visited Greece and then
published the multi-volumeAntiquities of Athens.
While the style was introduced in many European countries and took a different course in each of
them, it held a special place in the architecture of the United States up to the mid-19th century. Greek
revival became a truly national architectural style that expressed the values of the whole nation,
associated with the classical traditions and democracy.
Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States of the time, owned a copy of the Antiquities of
Athens and played a fundamental role in introducing the Greek revival style into the United States.
Being a spokesman for democracy and having a keen interest in architecture, he favored classical
architectural styles as an expression of democratic traditions.
The first important public building in the US that incorporated the elements of the Greek revival style,
was theUS Capitol, partially designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe,aBritish-American architect, who
was appointed by Thomas Jefferson as surveyor of public buildings.
The Greek revival buildings spread all over the country and became a kind of a symbol of the United
States of that time.
The American Greek revival style, inspired by ancient Greek temples, incorporated some of the main
elements of the latter with adjustments to the modern life. The temple style was represented either by
a whole building being an actual temple or a pedimentedporch in front of the building. The four, six
or eight columns in an ancient Greek order (Doric, Ionic or Corinthian) supported anentablatureand
a pediment.
Square window and door heads were also characteristic for the Greek revival style. Greek revival
buildings were painted white to resemble the white marble of the ancient Greek temples.
Bold and simple moldings, plain friezes and heavy entablature are all characteristic elements of
the style.
For many years the Greek revival style became the style of choice not only for public buildings, but
also for residencies of wealthy Americans.
Today Greek revival style homes can be seen throughout North America in wealthy communities. It is
a representation of luxury and timeless beauty.
one of such luxurious homes of classic Greek
revival design which is situated in theHudson
Valleynear New York city and has a value of
almost 4 million dollars.
The Greek Revival style has much in common with the
Roman Classical Revival style in its reliance on the temple
form, front pediment, and classical order columns. There
is considerable variation in the public and private
buildings designed in this style. Some buildings appear to
be Greek temple replicas and others simply use the temple
shape and form with distinctive details. There are many
more surviving examples of the Greek Revival style in
Pennsylvania than theRomanClassical Revival style,
because the later Greek Revival style was far more popular
and wide spread

11. One of the most characteristic moldingsfound throughout Greek Revival houses is
a flat splay or bull-nose moldingthat is rounded under at the outer edge. This
moldingwas commonly used in the exterior cornice, interior doorway and window
trim, as well as to encase door panels. Corner blocks on interior door and window
frames are widespread throughout the town and were often decorated with bull’s
eyes, or in more elaborate buildings, acanthus leaves.
One of the most dramatic changes to occur during this period was the orientation
of the house. On many Greek Revival houses the gable end becomes the main
elevation and faces the street. This temple form was often emphasized by the use
of a protruding entablature or cornice that formed a pediment in the upper “attic”
story. In many cases, elaborate window shapes such as bull’s eye, lunette, or
elliptical-shaped lights were employed to give individuality to the house. In smaller
buildings, the entablature was removed and returns added. Second-floor windows
replaced the elaborate gable-end window at the peak. Pilasters were often found at
the corners of these houses for decoration and to emphasize the verticality of the
“Greek” temple.

12. TheYorkshire Museumdesigned by
architectWilliam Wilkinsand officially
opened in February 1830
Klenze'sPropyläen(Gateway)in
Munich, 1854–62.
MAIN CHARECTESTIC FEATURES OF
GREEK REVIVAL
•Pedimented gable
•Symmetrical shape
•Heavy cornice
•Wide, plain frieze
•Bold, simple moldings
•Entry porch with columns
•Narrow windows around front
door
British Museum
Brandenburg Gatein Berlin, Germany
EXAMPLES OF GREEK REVIVAL

13. St Pancras Churchis aGreek Revivalchurch inSt Pancras, London, built in 1819–22
to the designs of William and Henry William Inwood. It was historically often referred to
asSt Pancras New Church, in order to distinguish it fromSt Pancras Old Church, which
stands some way to the north.
The church is in a Greek revival style, usingtheIonic order. It is built from brick, faced
withPortland stone, except for the portico and the tower above the roof, which are
entirely of stone. All the external decoration, including the capitals of the columns is of
terracotta

14. Gothic Revival(neo gothic):1830 -1860
The Gothic Revival style is part of the mid-19th century picturesque and romantic movement in architecture, reflecting the public’s taste for
buildings inspired by medieval design.
This was a real departure from the previously popular styles that drew inspiration from the classical forms of ancient Greeceand Rome.
While distinctly different, both the Gothic Revival style and the Greek Revival style looked to the past, and both remained popular throughout
the mid 19th century.
The Gothic Revival style in America was advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and especially Andrew Jackson Downing,
This style was promoted as an appropriate design for rural settings, with its complex and irregular shapes and forms fitting well into the
natural landscape.
Thus, the Gothic Revival style was often chosen for country homes and houses in rural or small town settings.
Early Victorian houses drew inspiration mostly from Western Europe, usually reinterpreting medieval forms.
Multi-colored and textured walls, steeply pitched roofs and asymmetrical facades are traditional features.
Gothic Revival homes are most easily identified by the elaborate “gingerbread” trim below the gables, and the strong verticalemphasis of the
windows and rooflines
The most commonly identifiable feature of the Gothic Revival style is the pointed arch, used for windows, doors, and decorative elements like
porches, dormers, or roof gables.
Other characteristic details include steeply pitched roofs and front facing gables with delicate wooden trim called vergeboards or bargeboards.
This distinctive incised wooden trim is often referred to as “gingerbread” and is the feature most associated with this style.
Gothic Revival style buildings often have porches with decorative turned posts or slender columns, with flattened arches or sidebrackets
connecting the posts.
Gothic Revival style churches may have not just pointed arch windows and porticos, but often feature a Norman castle-like tower with a
crenellated parapet or a high spire

15. Identifiable Features
1. Pointed arches as
decorative element and
as window shape
2. Front facing gables
with decorative incised
trim (vergeboards or
bargeboards)
3. Porches with turned
posts or columns
4. Steeply pitched roof
5. Gables often topped
with finials or
crossbracing
6. Decorative crowns
(gable or drip mold)
over windows and doors
7. Castle-like towers
with parapets on some
high style buildings
8. Carpenter Gothic
buildings have
distinctive board and
batten vertical siding
•The style was especially popular
forchurchesandpublic buildings
•The two favoured building materials
werestoneandbrick
•Many Neogothic buildings featurecastellation:
crenellated walls and towers in imitation of
medieval castles
•Indeed, heavily castellated Neogothic buildings
are often referred to as "castles", even though
they never served a defensive purpose.
The foremost Gothic Revival monument of Britain
isWestminster Palace(aka the Houses of
Parliament), by Charles Barry
St Patrick's Cathedral
Hundreds of new churches were built, many in urban
situations using brick and stone.
After the excesses of High Victorian Gothic a more basic
form of Gothic design was often used for economic reasons
but not forgetting Pugin’sprinciples of the ‘True Style’ for
ecclesiastical use.
Major expansion in Stained Glass window production with
many new and restored churches requiring Stained Glass.
Architects working closely with glass designers and
manufacturers.
Pugindesigned stained glass both for his own buildings and
for other architects.
Stained glass Window in churches

16. Layout of the principal floor (north is to the right)The debating chambers of
the two Houses and their ante-rooms lie on opposite sides of theCentral
Lobbyandare part of the central spine of the Palace, which includes the
suite of ceremonial rooms to the south.
The Victoria Tower occupies the south-west corner and the Speaker's
House takes up the north-east corner; the Elizabeth Tower is at the far north
and Westminster Hall protrudes to the west.
ThePalace of Westminsteris the meeting place of
theHouse of Commonsand theHouse of Lords,
the two houses of theParliament of the United
Kingdom. Commonly known as theHouses of
Parliamentafter its occupants, it is also known as
the 'heart of British politics'. The Palace lies on the
northern bank of theRiver Thamesin theCity of
Westminster, in central London.
Westminster Hall with gothic arches