Rice Cultivation

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1. 1 RICE CULTIVATION Guided by- Mr. Pramod Lawate Mrs. Savita Devangan Mr. Dev Naryan Singh Asst. Prof. BHU Speaker- Ravi Kumar Raman ID no. :-R-13036

2. Introduction….. Rice is 3 rd highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. world-wide- 158.8 mh (2015-2016), And production about 744.4 mt ( 2014) Asian farmers account 87% India is 2 nd largest producers  -20% In India – Area 46 mh and production 157.2 million tonns . ( 2014) 43% of total food grain production and 46% of total cereal production of the country and contribute about 24% of gross cropped area of the country. 2

3. Oryza includes 24 species in which 22 are wild and two are cultivated i.e Oryza sativa (found in Asia ,America and Europe) , Oryza glaberrima (found in West Africa) Oryza sativa grouped into three sub species – A. Indica B. Japonica C. Javanica Top five Producing State In India 2012-2013 Nutritional value of rice per 100 g S.N STATE Production In Thousand Tonnes 1. West Bengal 15023.68 2. Utter Pradesh 14416 3. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana 11510 4. Punjab 11374 5. Bihar 7529.3 Name Amount in brown rice Amount in white rice Calories 111 130 Total Fat 1g 0g Sodium 5 mg 1mg Total Carbohydrate 23g 28g Protein 3g 3g Calcium 1% 1% Iron 2% 7% 3

4. Highest productivity in Punjab 6000 kg/ha - 2013 . Egypt - 9.5 tonnes per hectare. India exported 40,45,796.25 MT of Basmati Rice of Rs . 22718.44 crores . Uttar Pradesh export 443957.16 MT of Rs . 2722.65 crore (2015-16) 63,66,585.53 MT of Non-Basmati Rice to the world for the worth of Rs . 15129.09 crores Uttar Pradesh export 3, 21,473.61 MT worth of Rs . 949.82 crores . (2015-16) 4

5. Climate And Soil Requirements Average temp.- 21 to 37º C, Blooming required tem. 26.5-29.5 C R ipening the tem. should be 20-25 C Clay loams soil most suited with P H range between 5.5-6.5 CROP SEASON LOCAL NAME SOWING TIME HARVEST TIME   Kharif   Rabi   Summer or Spring   Aus (West Bengal, Bihar) Aman or Aghani   Dalua (Orissa) Boro (west Bengal)   May-June   June-July   Nov-Dec.   Sept-Oct   Nov-Dec.   March-April 5

6. Varieties varieties depends to a great extent on agro-climatic conditions, the cropping system followed, grain quality and several other factors. Some example are- S.N State Rainfed Upland Irrigated Early Irrigated Mid-Early Irrigated Medium Deep water 1. Andhra Pradesh Ravi, Rajendra Etc. Abhaya , Satya etc.   Narsing , Kakatiya APHR-2 DRR-H1 Badava Mashuri 2. Bihar Birsa Dhan-201, Deepa etc. Prahlad Krian, Gautam etc. Sita, Birsa Dhan-202 Sudha, janki etc. 3. U.P Renu, VLDhan97 Pant Dhan 12, Narendra Dhan 359   Sarjoo 52, Pant Dhan 10 Jalnidhi, Jalpriya 4. W.B Panke, Bhupen Munal, Lakshmi Kunti, CHRH 3, Satabdi Jaladhi 1(T), Neeraja 6

7. Method Of Rice Cultivation 7

8. Aerobic rice c ultivation Aerobic rice varieties e.g PMK-3, CO47 Well drained Non puddled 4-6t/ha with 50% saving irrigation water TARGETED AREAS Uplands Undulating, rainfed lowlands Water-short irrigated low lands 8

9. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) C alled ‘ intermittent irrigation’ or ‘controlled irrigation ’ Save -15-30% water 9

10. Ground covered rice production system Mainly in mountainous regions. Soil is constantly kept very moist, but not flooded Plastic sheet or pre-composted straw Checks the ET Adds OM to soil 10

11. Deep water rice cultivation Grow where water more then 50 cm deep for at least a month Grow two type of rice floating rice and traditional talls Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at water depths of between 50 cm and 100   cm Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm eg .- Swarna 1 11

12. Drip irrigation system Very new system and under experiment in rice cultivation Experiment is doing different public and private sector e.g IARI, TNAU, Jain Irrigation Systems (world's 2 nd largest micro-irrigation company .) 12

13. System of r ice i ntensification (SRI) Developed in Madagascar early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003 Core principles of SRI 13 8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Wider spacing (25X25cm) Weeding with weeder Use of Organics

14. Advantage of SRI Saving of 30 – 40% irrigation water Saving of 85 % seed (2 kg / acre as against 25-30 kg/ acre in normal method) Saving of chemical inputs More healthy and tasty rice due to organic farming practices Better and higher yields with lower inputs Crop duration reduced by 7-10 days due to absence of transplanting shock 14

15. Up-land rice cultivation Also called direct – seeded rice Mainly early maturing variety of 100-115 days Seed are sown mainly two way- Behind the plough or drilling Broadcasting Field Preparation- After harvesting the Rabi crop in April-May, the field should be plough with soil turning plough. The field should be prepared and bunds should be made around the field just after the first shower of monsoon. 15

16. Seed rate- 60 kg in behind the plough or drilling and for broadcasting 100 kg seed /hectare. Fertilizer Application in Dry and Rainfed Upland cultivation 60 kg Nitrogen , 30 kg Phosphorus, 30 kg potash per hec . 25% N , total P & K applied at time of land preparation. After 35-40 days of sowing or tilering stage, top dress 50% of total N, The remaining 25% N should be top dressed at dressed at panicle initiation stage . Weeding and Howing In upland rice weeds are major problem. Apply Benthiocarb at the rate of 2 kg a.i per hectare 6-7 days after seedling of rice. O ne manual weeding 40-45 days after sowing. 16

17. Wet or low land rice cultivation 1. Transplanting in puddled fields. 2. Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields. For transplanting one hectare area about 500 square meter area is sufficient for nursery raising. In case of late sowing area should be 750-1000 square meter. Seed rate- 40-45 kg seed for bold grain varieties and 30-35 kg seed for fine grain varieties 17

18. Method of raising seedling 1. Wet bed nursery 2. Dry bed nursery 3. Dapog Wet bed nursery Most popular worldwide, Raised beds within the swamp, Apply 225g urea or 500g ammonium sulphate and 500g SSP per 10 square meter, Keep the seed beds saturated with water for five days, Seedling would be ready for transplanting at the age of 20-25 days . Dry bed nursery Practiced in areas where water is not sufficient, Use the same seed rate and fertilizer as in wet nurseries . B eds should be watered thoroughly immediately after planting and twice every day thereafter 18

19. Maintain a thin film of water if possible after 5days of sowing Seedlings on the dry bed should be ready for transplanting from 21 days Water the bed to saturation before uprooting 3. The Dapog Nursery Method introduced in India from Philippines Main merit of this method is that less area is needed to raise seedlings about 25-30 square meters S ave almost half of the time in seedling raising 1 Sq m of seed bed should be require for every 3 Kg of seed . S eedling would be ready for transplanting with in 11 to 14 days 19

20. Land preparation A . Brushing and Clearing B. Repairing Water Control Structures C. Plowings and Puddling 1 st plowing- 2-3 weeks before transplanting begins 2 nd take place 7-10 days after the first plowing Puddling - 10 days after the second plowing and one day before transplanting . If a basal application of fertilizer is intended, broadcast the fertilizer just before puddling 20

21. Transplanting Hand Transplanting M ost widely practiced method 1/2 " -1" deep transplanting is best Space the hills 8"X8" during the wet season, 6"X6" during the dry season but can be modified B. Broadling Method use where rice grown in extremely boggy, making it difficult to walk in them S eedlings are thrown randomly into a the puddled soil The technique requires smaller plots than are found ordinarily 21

22. 2.Broadcasting sprouted seed in puddle field Area where there is a shortage of labourers or otherwise labour is very extensive for transplanting . 100 kg seed are required for one hectare Seed should be shocked in water and pre-germinated before broadcast T he sprouted seed with radicle length one to two millimeter are uniformly broadcasted by hand Water Management Water requirement is high during in initial period about 10 days Tillering to flowering is most critical stage 22

23. Water allowed to stand in the field at deft of 2-5 cm Water drained out from field 7 -15 days before harvest encourage quick and uniform maturity of grain . Water saving method:- System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40% • Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30% • Aerobic rice: 40-50% • Direct seeded rice: 75% • Ground cover rice production system: 50-60% 23

24. Weed control Y ield reduce 20 to 40 percent M ost common weed are- Echinochloa coionum Echinochloa crusgallli Cyperus iria Eclipta iria Cyprus defformis Setaria glauca Scirpus spp. Ceiosia argentia etc. Weed should removed once at 20 days after transplanting and second at 50-60 days after transplanting Herbicide Used in paddy control for weed control are- Butachlor50 a.i (Machete) @1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting. Thiobencarp 30a.i (Saturn) @ 1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting. Pendimethalin 30a.i (stomp) 1 kg/ hec spray uniformly within 1-2 days of direct seeding of paddy. 24

25. Diseases of rice Blast Pathogen : Pyricularia oryzae ( fungus) Infection takes place at any stage of growth Lesions are typically oval or spindle-shaped, with a grayish center and a brown halo.   Disease Control Spray 0.1% Hinosan50EC Or spray Bavestin 10 kg seed with 5g Emisan , 1g streptocyclin in 10 litres of water for 24 hours before sowing . 2. Brown Spot Pathogen : Heliminthosporium oryzae kernels of infected spikelet become shriveled and discoloured . Brown spot starts as small, circular to oval, dark brown lesions with a light yellow halo around their outer edge Control Measured 3-4 sprays with 0.2% zineb or Mancozeb75WP 25

26. False Smut Pathogen: Ustinaginoidea virens (fungus) Transformation of the individual grains into greenish spore ball of velvety appearance . Balls are slightly flattened, smooth and yellow, and covered by a membrane Control - Spray the crop with 0.2% copper oxychloride ( Blitox ) at the time of 50% panical emerge 4. Sheath Blight Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solanii (fungus) G rayish-green lesions on the leaf sheath between the surface of irrigation water and the leaf blade . The lesions may also extend to the leaf blades Control- spray with 1.0 kg carbendazin ( Bavistin ) per hectare in 1000L of water. 26

27. Insect pests Stem Borer Damage caused by the larva They bore and feed inside the stem. They drying of growing, part form the base causing the plant die Control- A pply carbofuron ( Furadon ) @ 30 kg per hectare or Phorate ( Thimet ) 10% granules @10 kg hectare in 3-4 cm standing water in field. Gall Midge This is sucking type of insect R egular tillers are transformed into tubular galls resembling the leaf of onion Control - same as for the control of stem borer. 27

28. Gundhi Bug Both nymph and adult caused damage Suck the plant sap and particularly the milky juice of the development grains in early morning hours or at dusk grain are either empty or partly filled Control- apply 2% Methyl parathion or 5% Malathion dust @ 20-25 kg per hectare.   Rice- Hispa Adults of this insect scrap on upper surface of leaf blade, leaving only lower epidermis. Control- spray Phosphamidon 85 SL ( Dimecron ) @ 0.5milliliter in 1L of water of Monocrotophos 36EC @ 1ML in 1L of water or dust 2% Methyl parathion @ 20 kg per hectare. 28

29. Harvesting and threshing 85-90% of the panicles are ripe means 90% of the spikelets are golden and hard. D rain the plots 7-10 days before anticipated harvesting At the time of harvesting, moisture content - 20-26 % 12-14 % before milling or storage Yield A well-managed crop of mid duration (135-150) paddy, yields about 60-70 quintal paddy per hectare. Short duration varieties yield about 45-55quintals per hectare, Hybrid rice yield, about 60-70 quintals per hectare 29

30. Conclusion and future aspect About half of the world population depending upon the rice specific food. By 2025 about 15-20 mh of irrigated rice fields may suffer from water scarcity . To over come this water problem and supply sufficient amount of food to the people it is necessary that type of cultivation system who need less water but give more yield. Awareness about rice is not aquatic plant Standardization of AWD Weed management in aerobic and AWD Scope for sprinkler and drip irrigation 30

31. 31 Thank you