Rise and Spread of Islam

Rise and spread of Islam - AP Topics

1. The Rise and Spread of Islam Dar al-Islam

2. Islamic Community Today

3. Rise & Characteristics of Islam Rise and Nature of Islam Monotheistic faith – Allah Muhammad founds & organizes 1 st Muslim community – Medina & Mecca Beliefs & practices reflected interactions w/Jews, Christians, & Zoroastrians. One god Common prophets All were “People of the Book” Faith based on scripture Islamic holy book = Qur’an Hadith – collection of stories about sayings of Muhammad

4. Rise & Characteristics of Islam Basic tenets = Five Pillars Shari’a law , based on Qur’an & Hadith, governed Muslim societies Kaaba

5. Rise & Characteristics of Islam Religious Division between Sunni & Shi’a Dispute over leadership Source of tension & division today in Muslim world

6. Sunni Shi’a

7. Rise & Characteristics of Islam – Sunni Shi’a Division

8. Phases of Early Islamic Expansion

9. Rise & Characteristics of Islam II. Phases of Islamic Expansion A. Conditions aiding expansion Religion was becoming more of a unifying cultural & economic force Stronger feelings about religion than gov’t Arabs & Berbers adopted camel to travel across/around Sahara Desert Camel Saddle = Improved travel, trade, military Caravanserai - provided for safe travel, cultural & economic exchange

10. Berber Populations - Adopted Islam Arab Populations - Early leaders of Islam

11. It was the Arabs, however, who came to realize, and develop, the full potential of the camel . Indeed, without the camel the entire history of the Arab world might have been quite different. Domestication of the camel enabled early Arabs to explore and master the deserts of the Middle East, develop and monopolize the ancient trade routes between southern Arabia and the Mediterranean, establish mercantile networks and centers in northern and central Arabia, and later, after the rise of Islam, to carry their faith to the borders of China, North Africa and France ; because of the camel, Arab armies could move swiftly and unexpectedly across terrain thought impenetrable by distant foes. And though attacks were often made on horseback, once the camel saddle was developed to the point where riders could use lances effectively, camels became tactically important too.

12. Camel Saddle Improved travel, trade, & m ilitary expansion! Camel video Other camel video

13. Caravanserai provided for safe travel, cultural & economic exchange

14. Caravanserai provided for safe travel, cultural & economic exchange

15. Caravanserai provided for safe travel, cultural & economic exchange

16. Phases of Early Islamic Expansion

17. Rise & Characteristics of Islam B. Initial Phase from Arabian Peninsula Primarily military conquest against weakened Byzantine & Persian empires. Middle East to Iberian Peninsula (Spain) Rapid economic & territorial gain Creation of Dar al-Islam “abode/house of Islam”; Muslim territory

18. Rise & Characteristics of Islam C. Later Phase to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia Primarily due to merchant & missionary activity Mostly coastal regions of E Africa, India, SE Asia

19. Cultural and Technological Exchange III. Islamic Impact on Cultural & Technological Exchange A. Linguistic Unity Spread of Arabic throughout Dar al-Islam Qur’an written, recited in Arabic Spread of Turkic languages during later Turkic caliphates

20. Cultural and Technological Exchange III. Islamic Impact on Cultural & Technological Exchange B. New Forms of Monetization Bills of exchange Checks Banking houses All adopted in Europe

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22. Cultural and Technological Exchange Islamic Impact on Cultural & Technological Exchange C. Diffusion of Agriculture Spread of cotton, sugar, & citrus growing from S & SE Asia throughout Dar al-Islam to the west

23. Cultural and Technological Exchange Islamic Impact on Cultural & Technological Exchange Diffusion of Greek & Indian Knowledge Muslim scholars adopt Greek scientific & mathematical principles a. Advance & spread throughout Islamic lands 2. Indian number system adopted and spread westward (Arabic Numerals)

24. Cultural and Technological Exchange 3. Eventual return of Classical science & technology to Europe Al- Andelus in Iberia Cultural interaction through Crusades

25. Cultural and Technological Exchange 4. Chess originated in India; transmitted to Europe by the Islamic world

26. Critical Intro Compare the Golden Age of the Abbasid Dynasty with the Pax Romana of Rome.

27. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States A. Abbasid Caliphate Caliphate = Islamic state led by a supreme religious/political leader known as a caliph. Baghdad = capital city of Abbasid Caliphate Baghdad = center of Islamic Golden Age a. Major trade city

28. Fragmentation of Abbasid Empire

29. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States Muslim Iberia Al- Andalus or Moorish Iberia Moors = European term for Muslims Cordoba = cultural & economic center Cultural exchange between Muslims & Christians

30. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States C . Delhi Sultanate 1. Turkic Muslims gain control over much of India 2. Very little penetration of Indian/Hindu society 3. Converts among Buddhists + low-caste Hindus 4. Series of Turkic & Muslim regimes until British takeover in the 1700-1800s.

31. Delhi Sultanate

32. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States D. Synthesis of Local and Borrowed (Islamic) Culture 1. Persian traditions influenced Islamic states 2. Shi’a Persian states 3. Noticeable artistic impact = Shi’a-based Persian - colorful geometric designs

33. Geometric Art & Architecture

34. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States E . Economic Impacts of Dar al Islam 1. Persian expansion of textiles for export a. Benefit from trans-regional trade

35. Islamic States The Rise and Nature of Islamic States Economic Impacts of Dar al Islam 2. Increased demand for slaves a. Military & domestic purposes b. In E. Med., Eurasia & parts of Africa 3. Initiates external African slave trade

36. Spread of Islam to Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia Differed from early expansion 1. Unlike Arab conquest of Middle East & N. Africa & the Turkic military invasion of India; 2. SE Asia & Sub-Saharan/West Africa Islamized due to merchant activities & Sufi (Islamic holy men) activity. 3. C ontinued diffusion of lit., cult., art. traditions

37. Spread of Islam to Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia V. Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia A . Sub-Saharan Africa 1. “Sudanic Kingdoms” (from Arab word for black) of Ghana & Mali a. Southern rim of Sahara Des. 2. Extensive trade from Sudanic to N. Africa & M.E. a. Gold, salt, some slaves

38. V. Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia A. Sub-Saharan Africa 3. Contacts w/N. Africa = Awareness of Islam a. Sudanic kings converted & used Muslims as bureaucrats. - Valued their ed. & literacy 4. Kings of Mali established major Islamic education centers a. University at Timbuktu Mansa Musa – pilgrimage to Mecca

39. V. Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia A. Sub-Saharan Africa 5. Much of traditional African culture remains intact a. No mass conversions b. Political institutions, popular religion, art & gender roles remained intact

40. Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia B. S & SE Asia 1 . Islamic Diasporic Communities (dispersed/separated communities) emerge in Indian Ocean basin. a. Muslim merchant communities b. East coast of Africa ( Kilwa , Mombasa, Mogadishu) , coasts of India (Calicut), SE Asian islands (Malaccan Strait)

41. Islamic Diasporic Communities

42. Islam Spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa & SE Asia C . Interregional Travellers 1 . Ibn Battuta a. Moroccan (W. African) Muslim b. Travelled & chronicled Muslim world from Africa to China.

43. http:// content.time.com /time/interactive/0,31813,2084413,00.html

44. Region Extent of Islamitization Reason/s for Extent Synthesis Between Local & Islamic Culture Role of Sufis Muslim holy men; seeking/teaching direct relationship with god; no worldly possessions India Anatolia West Africa Spain Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison

45. Comparisons : Similarities between the four regions?__________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Differences? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why was Anatolia so much more thoroughly Islamized than India? _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ One-sentence analytical generalization about each region: India Anatolia West Africa Spain