RISHABHclass9pptofchemistry.ppt enjoying the story of you

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1. Plasma and Bose
Einstein Condensate

2. Introduction to Plasma
The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma
is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient
energy is provided to free electrons from
atoms or molecules and to allow both species,
ions and electrons, to coexist. In effect a
plasma is a cloud of protons, neutrons and
electrons where all the electrons have come
loose from their respective molecules and
atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act as a
whole rather than as a bunch of atoms.

3. Examples for Plasma
Sun Nebula
Lightning
Auroras

4. More About Plasma
Plasmas are the most common state of
matter in the universe comprising more
than 99% of our visible universe and most
of that not visible. Plasma occurs naturally
and makes up the stuff of our sun, the core
of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam
emitting pulsars, and supernovas.
On earth, plasma is naturally occurring in
flames, lightning and the auroras. Most
space plasmas have a very low density,
for example the Solar Wind which
averages only 10 particles per cubic-cm.
Inter-particle collisions are unlikely -
hence these plasmas are termed collision
less.

5. Introduction To Bose-Einstein
Condensate(BEC)
In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, finally
created this new state of matter. Two other
scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had
predicted it in the 1920. They didn't have the
equipment and facilities to make it happen in the
20s. If plasmas are super hot and super excited
atoms, the atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate
(BEC) are total opposites. They are super-unexcited
and super-cold atoms.

6. Bose-Einstein Condensate

7. More About BEC
Bose-Einstein condensation is an exotic quantum phenomenon
that was observed in dilute atomic gases for the first time in
1995, and is now the subject of intense theoretical and
experimental study.
"Condensates" are extremely low-temperature fluids which
contain properties and exhibit behaviours that are currently
not completely understood, such as spontaneously flowing
out of their containers. The effect is the consequence of
quantum mechanics, which states that since continuous
spectral regions can typically be neglected, systems can
almost always acquire energy only in discrete steps.

8. If a system is at such a low temperature that it is in the lowest energy state, it is no
longer possible for it to reduce its energy, not even by friction. Without friction,
the fluid will easily overcome gravity because of adhesion between the fluid and
the container wall, and it will take up the most favorable position, all around the
container.
This transition occurs below a critical temperature, which for a uniform three-
dimensional gas consisting of non-interacting particles with no apparent internal
degrees of freedom is given by:
where:
isthe critical temperature,
isthe particle density,
isthe mass per boson,
isthe reduced Planck constant,
isthe Boltzmann constant, and
isthe Riemann zeta function; (sequence A078434 in OEIS)

9. RISHABH Class
9