RISK ALLOCATION AND MITIGATE RISK DISPUTE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.pdf

Manajemen resiko pengadaan

1. RISK ALLOCATION
AND MITIGATE
DISPUTES IN
CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
Jakarta,30 Agustus 2024
Oleh :
Heber Anggara Pandapotan
SH,LL.M,CLA,CAI,CRMP,CMC

2. 2
CONTENT
PENGADAAN
BARANG DAN
JASA (OVERVIEW)
RISK ALLOCATION
THEORY DAN
PENERAPANNYA
DALAM PBJ
DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT
IN BPKP

3. 3
Nama :Heber Anggara Pandapotan SH,LLM,CLA,CAI,CRMP,CMC
Instansi :BPKP-RI
Unit Kerja:Deputi Bidang Investigasi BPKP-RI
Gol/ Jab. :III D/ Auditor Muda
Email :[email protected]
Telp :0821-9817-8875
YEAR LEVEL INSTITUTION
2022-2023 Master
(S2)
Master of Law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne,
Australia (Construction Dispute Resolution Law)
(IPK 3.76/Cumlaude)
2009-2013 Sarjana
(S1)
Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
(Hukum Pidana dan Ekonomi) (IPK 3.72/Cumlaude)
CURRICULUM VITAE
Year Certification INSTITUTION
2024 Certified Fraud Examiner/ CFE Jimly Assidiqie School/
BNSP
2023 Certified Mediator and Conciliator/ CMC Jimly Assidiqie School/
BNSP
2021 Certified Risk Management Professional / CRMP LSPMR
2018 Certified Anticorruption Instructor /C.A.I KPK / BNSP
2016 Certified Legal Auditor / C.L.A Jimly Assidiqie School/
BNSP
2016 Certified Expert of Government Procurement LKPP
Formal Education
Certification

4. 4
Informal Education
Shortcourse
YEAR TRAINING INSTITUTION
2017 FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY MIS TRAINING INSTITUTE, LONDON, UK
Professional Training
YEAR TRAINING INSTITUTION
2024 TRAINING OF CERTIFIED FRAUD EXAMINER (CFE) JIMLY ASSHIDIQIE SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNMENT
2023 TRAINING OF FIDIC INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT FIDIC COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVE FOR INDONESIA
2023 TRAINING OF MEDIATOR AND CONCILIATOR JIMLY ASSHIDIQIE SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNMENT
2020 TRAINING OF FRAUD PREVENTION AND
INVESTIGATION AUDIT
PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2019 TRAINING OF FRAUD CONTROL PLAN (FCP) PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2019 TRAINING OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2018 TRAININGOFTRAINER(ToT)OFLAWMEDIATION PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2018 TRAININGOFINVESTIGATIONAUDIT PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2018 TRAININGOFTRAINER(ToT)OFLAW PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2017 TRAININGOFTEAMLEADEROFAUDITOR PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2016 TRAININGOFCOMPUTER FORENSIC PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2016 TRAININGOFGOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT LKPP
2016 TRAININGOFLEGALOPINION PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2015 TRAININGOFLEGISLATIVEDRAFTINGPART2 JIMLY ASSIDIQIE SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNMENT
2015 TRAININGOFLEGISLATIVEDRAFTINGPART1AND
CONTRACTANALYSIS
PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2014 TRAININGOFINTERNAUDITOR PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2014 TRAININGOFMATRICULATIONAUDITOR PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2014 TRAININGOFPRAJABATANGOLONGAN III PUSDIKLATWAS BPKP
2012-2013 ENGLISHCOURSE EEP, DAGO
2011-2013 PERSONALBRANDING DJARUM FOUNDATION
2011-2012 NATIONALBUILDING DJARUM FOUNDATION
2011-2012 LEADERSHIPTRAINING DJARUM FOUNDATION
2011-2012 CHARACTERBUILDINGTRAINING DJARUM FOUNDATION
2008-2009 ENGLISHCOURSE LIA, JAKARTA
2005-2006 COMPUTER COURSE RAWAMANGUN KURSUS KOMPUTER, JAKARTA.

5. PENGADAAN
BARANG DAN JASA
(OVERVIEW)
1

6. DEFINISI PBJ
Sebuah Proses Dimana Kementerian/Lembaga/Pemerintah
Daerah menggunakan Keuangan Negara (APBN/APBD)
untuk memperoleh Barang/Konstruksi/Jasa
Konsultansi/Jasa Lainnya sesuai kebutuhan melalui/tanpa
melalui Penyedia Jasa dengan harga yang Wajar

7. Institusi Pengguna
Barang/Jasa
Anggaran belanja
yang digunakan
•Kementerian
•Lembaga
•Perangkat Daerah
•APBN/APBD
•Pinjaman DN dan/atau hibah
DN yang diterima
Pemerintah/Pemda
•Pinjaman LN atau hibah LN
Unsur-Unsur PBJ

8. PELAKU PBJ
PPK
PA/KPA
PP
Pokja
Penyedia
Konsultan
Perencana
Konsultan
Pengawas

9. RISK
9
FRAMEWORK
Government (Owner)
GOALS
Risk implies future uncertainty about deviation from expected earnings or expected outcome
Privat Sector
(Contractor)
Menghasilkan
Barang/Konstruksi
yang tepat kualitas,
kuantitas, waktu,
biaya, dll
PBJ
VALUE FOR MONEY!!!

10. 10
RISIKO-RISIKO INTERNAL PROYEK
Project Management Institute (2012)

11. 11
RISIKO-RISIKO EKSTERNAL PROYEK
Project Management Institute (2012)

12. 12
PBJ MELALUI PENYEDIA JASA
OWNER CONTRACTOR
CONSTRUCTION RISKS
CONSTRUCTION RISKS
RISK ALLOCATION THEORY
RISK SHARING
RISK TRANSFER OR RISK SHARING??

13. 13
DEFINITION OF RISK ALLOCATION THEORY
Risk allocation is the distribution of risk
reserves from a total project or portfolio level
to individual constituent elements
Source:
Professor Collin F Duffield
Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Australia

14. 14
RISK ALLOCATION THEORY
risks can be borne by parties who:
1.able to control the risks;
2.can transfer the risks, such as with an
insurance scheme
3.receive greater economic benefits when
the risk does not occur
4.Based on the efficiency and long-term
soundness elements of a construction
project, the risk is more appropriately
assigned to it;
5.bear the loss first when the risk happens
and if it is impracticable, or there is no
reason based on the above criteria to
bear the uncertainties and costs by trying
to shift the loss with other parties.
Max W Abrahamson, ‘Risk Management’ [1983] The International Construction Law Review
241, 244
Whereas, Bunni believes that the principle of risk allocation
presented by Abrahamson needs to develop. Several reasons
support this statement, first, some risks cannot be controlled by
both contracting parties (like 'acts of God' or 'force majeure').

Nevertheless, these risks must still be assessed and anticipated
by both parties. Second, certain risks cannot be allocated or
transferred to other parties. Thus, Bunni offers four risk allocation
principles.
1.Which party best controls the level of risks’ likelihood and
impact?;
2.Which party can best speculate or foresee the risk?;
3.Which party can best bear the risk?
4.Which party will benefit or lose the most if the risk occurs?.
N G Bunni,’ The Four Criteria of Risk Allocation in Construction Contracts’ (2009)
20(1) International Construction Law Review 6

15. 15
Penentuan Jenis Kontrak oleh Owner
PENERAPAN/PEMAHAMAN RISK ALLOCATION THEORI DALAM MENENTUKAN JENIS KONTRAK
Pasal 27 ayat (1) Perpres 16/2018
Jenis Kontrak dalam Kontrak PBJ
diantaranya :
a.Lumpsump;
b.Harga Satuan;
c.Gabungan Lumsum dan Harga Satuan;
d.Terima Jadi (Turnkey); dan
e.Kontrak Payung
Pasal 64 ayat 1 Perpres 16/2018
PBJ untuk kegiatan yang pendanaanya
bersumber dari Pinjaman Luar Negeri
atau Hibah Luar Negeri berlaku
ketentuan sebagaimana diatur dalam
Peraturan Presiden ini, kecuali diatur
lain dalam perjanjian luar negeri/hibah
luar negeri.

18. 18
RISIKO KENAIKAN HARGA
RISIKO
UNFORESEEN CONDITION
PENYESUAIAN HARGA
CONTRACTOR’S CLAIM
CONTOH PENERAPAN RISK ALLOCATION DI KONTRAK UNIT PRICE

19. 19
CONTOH RISK ALLOCATION IN PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PP) CONTRACT

20. 20
CONTOH RISK ALLOCATION IN PPP

21. 21
Ketidakmampuan Owner/Contractor dalam mendeskripsikan
Goals (ditinjau dari Jenis Pekerjaan, Sumber Pembiayaan,
Output/Outcome, dll
PERMASALAHAN PENERAPAN/PEMAHAMAN RISK ALLOCATION THEORI DI INDONESIA
Ketidakmampuan Owner/Contractor dalam mendeskripsikan
risk allocation yang diatur dalam masing-masing jenis kontrak
Banyaknya Klausul “A Suboptimal Agreement Process” dalam
Kontrak.

22. 22
A suboptimal agreement process is a condition where
the project company can transfer the risks back to the
government or even transfer the risk handling cost to be
paid in the future.
Rui Sausa Monteiro, ‘Risk Management’ in Graeme A Hodge, Carsten Greve and Anthony E Boardman, International Handbook of PPPs, (Edward Elgar
Publishing Limited, 2010)
PERMASALAHAN PENERAPAN/PEMAHAMAN RISK ALLOCATION THEORI DI INDONESIA

23. 3
•Perlukah Owner mengarahkan semua unit Teknis mengadakan kontrak berpedoman
pada Perpres PBJ (Khususnya Proyek-Proyek yang bersumber dari Loan? Contoh
terkait Penyesuaian Harga
PH PERPRES PBJ
PRICE ADJUSTMENT FIDIC

24. 2
•Perlukah Owner mengevaluasi Risk Allocation Kontrak Konstruksi
dihubungan dengan Jenis Pembiayaan Pekerjaan tersebut? Khususnya
Loan Agreement?

25. 25
Contoh…..
Perusahaan A (bergerak dibidang pertambangan)
menunjuk PT B untuk membangunan fasilitas
eksplorasi pertambangan.
1.Ruang Lingkup Pekerjaan Fasilitas
Pertambangan (Pekerjaan diatas tanah 50%
dan dibawah tanah 50%);
2.Jenis Kontrak EPC Contract;
3.Harga Fix Priced Lumpsum (Tetap);
4.Pelaksanaan Kontrak 4 Tahun;
5.Tidak ada mekanisme Price Adjusment;
6.Approval Construction Design oleh Owner;
7.Ada struktur Konsultan Pengawas/ Engineer;
8.Serah terima pekerjaan berdasarkan
pendekatan output;
9.Proses lelang termasuk cepat sehingga ada
beberapa pengujian dipercepat
KASUS POSISI

26. 26
JENIS-JENIS KLAIM (BERDASARKAN PIHAK YANG MENGAJUKAN)
CONTRACTOR’S CLAIM OWNER’S CLAIM
“ifthecontractorsuffers
delay and/orincurs cost…..,
the contractor shallgive
notice….and shall be
entitled subjecttoclause
20.1…, to:
a)Anextensionof time……and
b)Paymentofanysuch
Cost[plusreasonable
profit]…..
“if the employer considers
himself to be entitled to any
paymentunderanyclauseof
theseconditionsorotherwisein
connection with the contract,
and/ or any extension of the
defects notification period, the
employer or the engineer shall
givenoticeandparticularstothe
contractor.………………’

27. CONTRACTOR’S CLAIM

28. Keputusan Deputi Bidang Pengembangan Strategi Dan Kebijakan Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang/Jasa
Pemerintah Nomor 3 Tahun 2018 Tentang Standar Dokumen Pemilihan Melalui Tender, Seleksi, Dan Tender
Cepat Untuk Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Lainnya/Jasa Konsultansi, bahwa Peristiwa kompensasi dapat diberikan
kepada Penyedia dalam hal sebagai berikut:
a.Pejabat Penandatangan Kontrak mengubah jadwal yang dapat mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pekerjaan;
b.Keterlambatan pembayaran kepada Penyedia;
c.Pejabat Penandatangan Kontrak menginstruksikan kepada pihak Penyedia untuk melakukan pengujian
tambahan yang setelah dilaksanakan pengujian ternyata tidak ditemukan kerusakan/kegagalan/penyimpangan;
d.Pejabat Penandatangan kontrak tidak memberikan gambar gambar, spefikasi dan/atau instruksi sesuai jadwal
yang dibutuhkan;
e.Penyedia belum bisa masuk ke lokasi sesuai jadwal dalam kontrak;
f.Pejabat Penandatangan Kontrak memerintahkan penundaaan pelaksanaan pekerjaan; atau
g.ketentuan lain yang diatur dalam SSKK.
PERISTIWA KOMPENSASI

29. CLAIMS BY CONTRACTOR BASED ON FIDIC - CONS
No. SubClause Groundand/orReason Entitlement
11.9DelayedDrawingsorInstructions Contractormayclaimextensionoftime,Costandreasonableprofitif
Engineerfailstoinstructwithinnotifiedreasonabletime
Time,Cost,
Profit
22.1 RightofAccesstotheSite Contractormayclaimextensionoftime,Costandreasonableprofitif
EmployerfailstogiverightofaccesstoSitewithintimestatedintheContract
Time,Cost,
Profit
34.7SettingOut
ContractorMayclaimextensionoftime,Costandreasonableprofitfor errors in
originalsetting-outpointsandlevelsofreference
Time,Cost,
Profit
44.12UnforeseeablePhysicalConditions ContractormayclaimextensionoftimeandCostif heencountersphysical
conditionswhichare Unforeseeable
Time,Cost
54.24Fossils Contractor may claim extension of time and Cost attributable to an instructionto
Contractortodeal withan encounteredarcheologicalfinding
Time,Cost
67.4Testing Contractormayclaimextensionoftime,Costandreasonableprofit iftesting is
delayedby(oronbehalfof)theEmployer
Time,Cost,
Profit
78.4ExtensionofTimeforCompletion Contractormayclaimextensionoftimeifcompletionisorwillbe delayedby a
listedcause
Time
88.5DelaysCausedbyAuthorities ContractormayclaimextensionoftimeifCountry'spublic authoritycauses
Unforeseeabledelay
Time
98.9 ConsequencesofSuspension ContractormayclaimextensionoftimeandCostifEngineer instructsa
suspensionofprogress
Time,Cost

30. CLAIMS BY CONTRACTOR BASED ON FIDIC - CONS
No. SubClause Groundand/orReason Entitlement
1010.2TakingOverofPartsofthe
Works
ContractormayclaimCostandreasonableprofitattributabletothetakingover ofapart ofthe
Work
Cost,Profit
1110.3Interferencewithtestsof
Completion
Contractormayclaimextensionoftime,CostandreasonableprofitifEmployerdelaysa
TestonCompletion
Time,Cost,Profit
1211.8ContractortoSearch
ContractormayclaimCostandreasonableprofitifinstructedtosearchfor cause ofa defect
forwhichheisnotresponsible
Cost,Profit
1312.3Evaluation Engineer evaluateseachitemofwork,applyingmeasurementandappropriaterateor
price
Cost,Profit
1412.4Omissions
Contractor may claim a Cost which, although it had been included in a BoQ item, he wouldnot
recoverbecausetheitemwasfor workwhichhasbeen omittedbyVariation
Cost
1513.2Value Engineering
Contractormayclaimhalfofthesavingin contractvalueofhisredesignedpost-contract
alternative proposal, which was approved without prior agreement of such contract valueand
ofhowsavingwouldbeshared
50%ofnetsaving
incontractvalue
1613.3VariationProcedure TheContractPriceshallbe adjustedasaresultofVariations Cost,Profit
1713.7Adjustmentsforchangesin
Legislation
ContractormayclaimextensionoftimeandCostattributabletoachange intheLawsof
theCountry
Time,Cost
1813.8 Adjustments for changes in
Cost
theamountspayabletotheContractorshallbeadjustedfor risesorfalls in thecostof labour,
Goods and other inputs to the Works, by the addition or deduction of the amountsdetermined
bytheformulaeprescribedinthisSub-Clause
Cost

31. CLAIMS BY CONTRACTOR BASED ON FIDIC - CONS
No. SubClause Groundand/orReason Entitlement
19 14.8DelayedPayment Contractormayclaimfinancingchargesif hedoesnotreceivepaymentin
accordancewithSub-Clause14.7
Cost
20 16.1Contractor'sEntitlementto
SuspendWork
Contractor may claim extension of time, Cost and reasonable profit if Engineer
fails tocertifyorif Employerfails topayamountcertifiedorfails toevidencehis
financialarrangements,andContractorsuspendswork
Time,Cost,Profit
21 16.4PaymentonTermination
ContractormayclaimlossesanddamagesafterterminatingContract
Cost
22 17.1Indemnities Contractormayclaimcostattributabletoamatteragainstwhichheis
indemnifiedbyEmployer
Cost
23 17.4ConsequencesofEmployer'sRisks
Contractor may claim extension of time, Cost and (in some cases) reasonable
profitif Works,GoodsorContractor'sDocumentsaredamaged byanEmployer's
riskaslistedinSub-Clause17.3
Time,Cost,Profit
24 19.4ConsequencesofForceMajeure
Contractormayclaimextensionoftimeand(insomecases)Costif Force
Majeurepreventshimfromperformingobligations
Time,Cost(except
natural catastrophic)
25 19.6 Optional Termination, Payment and
Release
ContractorworkandotherCostsare valuedafterprogressispreventedby
prolonged period of Force Majeure and either party then gives notice of
termination
ValueandCost
26 20.1Contractor'sClaim ProcedurewithwhichtheContractormustcomplywhenclaimingan extension
oftimeand/oradditionalpayment.
Time,Cost,Profit

32. CLAIMS BY OWNER BASED ON FIDIC - CONS
No. SubClause Groundand/orReason Remarks
14.2PerformanceSecurity Employermayclaimfullamountoftheperformancesecurityif the
Contractorfailtoextendthevalidity
Neednotification
24.19Electricity,WaterandGas Contractormustpayatagreedprice oftheuseofallpower,waterand other
servicesprovidedbyEmployer.
No need
notification
34.20Employer’sEquipmentandFree-
IssueMaterial
Contractormustpayatagreedprice ofequipmentwhichismadeavailable by
Employer,
No need
notification
45.4EvidenceofPaymenttonominated
Subcontractor
EmployermaymakepaymentsdirecttoNSC,thenContractorshallrepayto
Employer.
Neednotification
57.5Rejection IfrejectionandretestingcauseEmployerincurring additionalcost, Employer
mayclaimthesecosttocontractor
Neednotification
67.6RemedialWork Employermayclaimallcostsarisingfromcontractor’sfailuretocomplythe
instructiontocarrytheremedialworks
Neednotification
78.6RateofProgress
Employermayclaimiftheaccelerationmeasurescauseemployertoincur
additionalcosts
Neednotification
89.2DelayedTest If testoncompletionaredelayedbycontractorthentheengineermaygive notice
forthecontractortocarry outtestswithin21days,orthe
employer’spersonnelmayproceedwiththetestsatcontractor’scostand
risks
Neednotification

33. CLAIMS BY OWNER BASED ON FIDIC - CONS
No. SubClause Groundand/orReason Entitlement
910.2TakingOverofPartsoftheWorks EmployermayuseanypartoftheWorksbeforeissuanceofTOC, the
employerthenbe responsiblefor thecareofthatpart.
Neednotification
1011.3ExtensionofDefectsNotification
Period
Employermayclaimextensionofdefectsnotificationperiodifheconsidersthat
thewholeorasectionoftheWorksoramajoritemofplantcouldnotbeusedfor
thepurposeforwhichitwasintendedduetoadefect.
Neednotification
1111.4FailuretoRemedyDefects employermayclaimifcontractorhasfailedtoremedya defectdespite
beinggivenafirmdate.
Neednotification
1211.6FurtherTests Theengineermayrequiretherepetitionofanytestdescribedinthe contract
afterdefectisremedied.
Neednotification
1311.11ClearanceofSite
Employermayclaimcostincurredduetocontractor’sfailuretoclearthe
site.
Neednotification
1415.4PaymentafterTermination
Employermayrecovermoneyfromthecontractorwithregard tocontract
termination.
Neednotification

34. CLAIM SETTLEMENT
IN BPKP

35. CONNECTING THE DOTS: INSTRUMEN PENGAWASAN BIDANG INVESTIGASI BPKP

37. 37
AUDIT KLAIM DALAM MPBI

38. Audit Klaim
Audit Klaim adalah proses pengumpulan dan pengujian bukti-bukti terkait dengan pengajuan
klaim/tuntutan pihak ketiga pada suatu kegiatan untuk memperoleh simpulan sebagai bahan
pertimbangan bagi klien untuk mengambil keputusan penyelesaian klaim.
Latar Belakang
•Perbedaan kondisi riil dengan kontrak,
perintah/permintaan dari pengguna
barang/jasa, terjadinya sesuatu hal yang tidak
diperkirakan sebelumnya menimbulkan klaim
Maksud dan Tujuan
⚬Memberikan kesamaan pemahaman dan arah
yang jelas dalam audit klaim
⚬Menghasilkan laporan hasil audit berkualitas
dan memenuhi standar
Dasar Hukum
•PP 60 tahun 2008
•Perpres 192 tahun 2014
•Peraturan BPKP Nomor 2/2023 tentang MPP
Ruang Lingkup
•Dasar pengajuan klaim adalah klausul yang
tercantum dalam dokumen surat
perjanjian/kontrak yang mengatur ketentuan
mengenai klaim (aspek kontraktual).
•Terhadap permintaan audit klaim atas suatu
kegiatan yang belum ada dasar kontraktualnya
maka Unit Kerja BPKP harus memastikan bahwa
pekerjaan tersebut telah diaudit dan/atau telah ada
penetapan Pengadilan atau pihak berwenang yang
bertanggung jawab atas status klaim tersebut

39. 1
2
3
•Penilaian terhadap Aspek Legal
•Aspek Legalitas adalah segala hal yang mendasari dapat/tidaknya diberikan klaim dan pengaturan
mengenai tata cara pengajuan klaim sebagaimana tercantum dalam dokumen pemilihan,
dokumen kontrak dan/atau ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan
•Tim Audit harus meyakini bahwa pengajuan klaim didasarkan pada ketentuan-ketentuan yang
diatur dalam klausul perjanjian kontrak serta memenuhi ketentuan yang berlaku dalam pengadaan
barang/jasa
•Penilaian terhadap Aspek Keuangan
•Tim harus meyakini bahwa dampak keuangan yang disebabkan oleh fakta perubahan kondisi,
belum diperhitungkan dalam harga kontrak. Penilaian aspek keuangan memerlukan pemahaman
mengenai struktur harga kontrak dan pengetahuan mengenai analisis harga satuan serta cara
perhitungannya
•Penilaian terhadap Aspek Teknis
•Tim Audit perlu meyakini adanya kondisi yang menjadi dasar pengajuan klaim. Hal ini dilakukan
dengan cara menganalisis dan menilai perubahan kondisi yang diajukan apakah telah sesuai
dengan fakta perubahan kondisi sebenarnya, serta berpedoman pada spesifikasi umum dan
teknis, gambar serta data lainnya yang tercantum dalam dokumen kontrak

40. THANK YOU
Telp: 0821-98178875
Email : [email protected]