ROBOTICS. ppt for basics .its helpful for

this is basic material for

2. The term "robot" was first used in 1920
in a play called "R.U.R." Or "Rossum's
universal robots" by the Czech writer
Karel Capek. The word “Robot”comes

from the word “Robota”,meaning,in
Czech”,forced labour,drudgery.
HISTORY 2

3.  Robotics Terminology Robot - 
Mechanical device that performs
human tasks, either automatically or by
remote control. Robotics - Study and

application of robot technology.
Telerobotics - Robot that is operated

remotely.

4.  Definition What is the Definition of a
Robot? A reprogrammable

multifunctional manipulator designed
to move material, parts, tools or
specialized devices through various
programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of Tasks.
Robot Institute of America.

5.  Laws of Robotics  Asimov proposed t
hree “Laws of Robotics” Law 1: A robot

may not injure a human being or through
inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm. Law 2: A robot must obey orders

given to it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with the first
law. Law 3: A robot must protect its own

existence as long as such protection does
not conflict with the first law.

6. The robot control loop 6 Output information Move, Speech Text, Visuals
Wheels Legs Arms Tracks Speech, Vision Acceleration, Temperature
Position ,Distance Touch, Force Magnetic field ,Light Sound ,
PositionSense Task planning Plan Classification Learn Process data Path
planning Motion planning ThinkSense Act

7.  Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is
the intelligence exhibited by machines or
software, and the branch of computer science
that develops machines and software with
intelligence. Major AI researchers and
textbooks define the field as "the study and
design of intelligent agents",[where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize
its chances of success. John McCarthy, who
coined the term in 1955,defines it as "the
science and engineering of making intelligent
machines

8. . 8 How Do Robots Work? A robot is any
moving machine that can be
programmed to perform tasks and
gather information from its
surroundings. Robots work from a
central microprocessor that controls
their movements, they also have
sensors for examining the environment
and power sources.

9.  Types of Robots Industrial 
Robots – –materials handling –welding
–inspection –improving productivity –
Laboratory applications

10. Types of Robots Mobile 
Robots- –Robots that move around on
legs, tracks or wheels. Eg- In 1979 a
nuclear accident in the USA caused a
leak of radioactive material which led to
Production of special robot –which Can
handle the radioactive materials. 

11.  Types of Robots  Educational Robots
– Robotic kits Are used extensively in
education. Eg-Robolab , Lego and
RoboCupe Soccer Domestic Robots–2

types–those designed to perform
household tasks and modern toys
which are programmed to do things
like talking, walking and dancing , etc.

12.  Robot Components 1. Manipulator 
or Rover: Main body of robot (Links, Joints,
other structural element of the robot) 2.

End Effecter: The part that is connected to
the last joint hand) of a manipulator. 3.

Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators
(servomotor, stepper motor, pneumatic and
hydraulic cylinder). 4. Sensors: To collect

information about the internal state of the
robot or To communicate with the outside
environment.

13.  Robot Components… 13 
5. Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It
controls and coordinates the motion of
the actuators. 6. Processor: The brain

of the robot. It calculates the motions
and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc.
7. Software: Operating system,

robotic software and the collection of
routines

14.  SENSORS Sensors provide awareness 
of the environment by sensing things.
Sensors are the core of robots. It is the
system that alerts the robots.. Sensing

can be in different forms like- • Light •
Sound • Heat • Chemicals • Force • Object
proximity • Physical orientation/position •
Magnetic & Electric Fields • Resistance 

15.  Actuators Locomotion 
Manipulation

16. Actuators… 
Locomotion- • Legs • Wheels • 
Other exotic means

17.  Actuators…  Manipulations- • Degrees 
of freedom – independently controllable
components of motion • Arms – convenient
method to allow full movement in 3D – more
often used in fixed robots due to power &
weight – even more difficult to control! • due
to extra degrees of freedom • Grippers –
may be very simple (two rigid arms) to pick
up objects – may be complex device with
fingers on end of an arm – probably need
feedback to control grip force

18. . End Effectors In robotics, 
an end effectors is the device at the end
of a robotic arm, designed to interact
with the environment. End effectors

may consist of a gripper or a tool. The
gripper can be of two fingers, three
fingers or even five fingers

19. Degrees of Freedom Each plane in
which a robot can maneuver. • ROTATE
BASE OF ARM • PIVOT BASE OF ARM •
BEND ELBOW • WRIST UP AND DOWN •
WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT • ROTATE
WRIST

20.  The Purpose of Robots Robots are

also used for the following tasks: • Dirty
Tasks • Repetitive tasks • Dangerous
tasks • Impossible tasks • Robots
assisting the handicapped • Can
operate equipments at much higher
precision than humans. • Cheaper on a
long term basis

21.  Robotic Applications EXPLORATION-

– Space Missions – Robots in the Antarctic
– Exploring Volcanoes – Underwater
Exploration MEDICAL SCIENCE –

Surgical assistant ASSEMBLY- factories

Parts- - handling - Assembly - Painting -
Surveillance - Security (bomb disposal ,
etc) - Home help (grass cutting, nursing)

22.  22 Advantages.. Going to far 

away
planets. Going far down into the unknown

waters and mines where humans would be
crushed Giving us information that

humans can't get Working at places 24/7

without any salary and food. Plus they don't
get bored They can perform tasks faster

than humans and much more consistently
and accurately Most of them are automatic

so they can go around by themselves
without any human interference

23.  23 Disadvantages.. People can 

lose
jobs in factories It needs a supply of

power It needs maintenance to keep it

running . It costs money to make or

buy a robot