Rockets and missiles notes engineering ppt

Notes

1. How Rocket works….? Action and Reaction Thrust and Efficiency Staging

2. Action and Reaction Rockets produces the force that moves them forward by burning their fuel inside a chamber. Rocket, like the balloon, has an opening called a nozzle from which the exhaust gases exit.

3. Thrust and Efficiency Thrust is a measurement of the force of a rocket, or the amount of “push” exerted backward to move a rocket forward. Specific impulse measures the efficiency and power of rocket engines and propellants.

4. Staging In some rockets that use stages, the first stage has additional rockets attached to the outside, acting as boosters to further increase the thrust. The first and most powerful stage lifts the launch vehicle into the upper atmosphere. The second stage carries less weight than the first stage, because the first stage has dropped off of the rocket.

5. Thrusters Many spacecraft use small rockets called thrusters to move around in space. Thrusters can change the speed and direction of a spacecraft.

6. Types of launch vehicles Launch vehicles are broadly classified based on : By launch platform/launch pad location By size

7. By launch platform Launchpad's can be located On land ( Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh,  India) On a fixed ocean platform ( The Luigi Broglio Space Center (BSC) is an Italian owned spaceport near  Malindi , Kenya) On a mobile ocean platform ( Sea Launch S.A., Nyon, Switzerland ) On a submarine Air (Lockheed-L 1011 Stargazer launches Pegasus carrying the three Space Technology 5, France), Launcher one –Virgin galactic.

8. By size Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super-heavy lift vehicle

9. Sounding rockets A  sounding rocket , sometimes called a  research rocket , is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its  sub-orbital flight . The rockets are used to carry instruments from 48 to 145 km

10. India: India’s first bloom into space research came through the launch of a sounding rocket in 1963 from Thumba ( Thumba Equatorial rocket launching station-TERLS ). M-100 (70kg,85 km)-Russia, Centaure (30kg,150km) -France. 1975-Rohini- Indigenously Made RH-75,RH-100,RH-125,RH-200,RH-300, RH-300, RH-300 MK-II, RH 560 MK-II

11. A  Small-lift Launch Vehicle (SLV)  is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting up to 2,000 kg of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO).- SLV MLV - Capable of lifting between 2,000 to 20,000 kg of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO)- PSLV,GSLV A  heavy-lift launch vehicle ,  HLV  or  HLLV , is an orbital launch vehicle capable of lifting between 20,000 to 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO)- Ariane 5, the Proton-M and the Delta IV Heavy Angara A5, the Falcon 9 Full Thrust, the Falcon Heavy and the Long March 5

12. A  super heavy-lift launch vehicle  ( SHLLV ) is a  launch vehicle  capable of lifting more than 50 ton of payload into  low Earth orbit (LEO).

13. 15 WHAT IS A MISSILE ..?  Missile is a self propelled weapon system, often rocket powered, that has some kind of guidance system which steer to a target. Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or guidance, flight system, propulsion system and warhead.

14. Guided missile It is also called Tactical Missile, an aerodynamic guided missile, can be defined as an aerospace vehicle with varying guidance capabilities that is self propelled through the atmosphere for the purpose of inflicting damage Un-Guided missile It is also called Strategic Missile. This includes ballistic missiles, follows the natural laws of motion under the gravity to establish a ballistic trajectory

15. 17 The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send". They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only. Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected target. Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the form of an explosive warhead) upon a target. “INTRODUCTION”

16. Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first practical use for serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols . There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India) perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in war against British colonial armies. At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792 , Indian soldiers launched a huge barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of British forces. HISTORY OF MISSILES 18

17. Portrait of Tipu Sultan   Sultan of Mysore, Karnataka Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion chamber was made of wood (bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings that allowed greater pressure, thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km) . The British were greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron tubes. 19

18. After regaining independence in 1947, India focused all its energy in nation building, primarily on economic and industrial development fully understanding the key role of science and technology. Indian rocketry was reborn, thanks to the farsighted technological vision of Prime Minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru . Professor Vikram Sarabhai took the challenge of realizing this dream. MISSILES IN INDIA 20

19. 21 Hon. Former President of India Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in constructing the Indian SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni missiles. Initial missile programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project Valiant (an intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many issues. But the success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes up for the shelved old projects. Agni missile.

20. The major sub systems of a missile are: Airframe, Flight control section, guidance section, fuze, warhead, Propulsion section, data link, radome MISSILE COMPONENTS 22 A guided missile is one which is usually fired in a direction approximately towards the target and subsequently receives steering commands from the guidance system to improve its accuracy.

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22. The airframe is the framework that carries the missile components. The guidance and fuze sections are located at the forward end of the airframe. The Radome covers the guidance-section seeker head to protect it from aerodynamic forces. The warhead section is located behind the guidance section and in front of the propulsion section. The flight control section is positioned wherever the control surfaces are located. If a data link is required (as in command guided missiles, guided from the ground), the antenna and the receiver are located at the rear end of missile .

23. Airframe The airframe is the framework that carries the missile components to an intercept of the target. There are many types of airframes and they are usually categorized by their source of lift and control (that is, the location of control surfaces like wings, tail fins, and canards) Flight Control The function of the flight control system is to provide a stable, controlled and responsive missile . Such a stable and controlled flight is achieved by controlling the airframe motions using roll, pitch, and yaw autopilots . These are automatic feedback control systems .

24. Guidance The guidance section is the most important contributor to overall missile performance. This system provides steering commands to the lateral autopilots that will cause the missile to fly to a successful intercept of the target . To accomplish this task the guidance system needs to perform four functions : Seeker stabilization Target acquisition Tracking, Steering signal generation.

25. The sensor that receives the target signal is normally mounted in some type of gimbal system that is attached to the missile body . In order for the sensor to function properly it must be decoupled from the missile body motions . This is accomplished through the seeker head stabilization loop. Sensor motion is sensed with a rate gyroscope attached to the sensor platform. Signal from the rate gyroscope is used to generate the feedback which compensates for the body motions.

26. The output of the sensor is fed into the signal processor which processes the signal and provides the input to the tracking system which does the job of keeping the sensor boresight (or central axis ) on the target in order to maintain target track and generate steering signals. The steering commands are generated through guidance laws which use information (available from the signal processor) such as line-of-sight (LOS) rate, closing velocity, etc . The steering commands generated by the guidance system are fed to the lateral autopilots.

27. 32 GUIDANCE SYSTEM Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of radiation , such as infrared , lasers or radio waves , to guide the missile onto its target. There are two types of guidance system fire-and-forget   Another method is to use a TV camera—using either visible light or infra-red—in order to see the target.

28. 33 Some methods of target detection are:- Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology on Laser-guided bomb. The primary limitation on this device is that it requires a  line of sight between the target and the designator.

29. Terrain contour matching (TERCOM)- This method uses a ground scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position. Used by cruise missiles such as the BGM-109 Tomahawk. Infrared homing  : This form of guidance is used exclusively for military munitions, specifically air-to air and surface-to-air missiles. The missile’s seeker head homes in on the infrared (heat) signature from the target’s engines (hence the term “heat-seeking missile”). 34

30. Global Positioning System (GPS)   GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4 Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well defined orbits and transmit highly accurate time information which can be used to triangulate position. 35

31. Fuze The function of the fuze is to detect the target’s presence in the missile’s vicinity and detonate the warhead. Tactical missiles usually have contact and proximity fuzes. The contact fuze becomes operative when the missile makes physical contact with the target. The proximity fuze is designed to detect the target when the missile passes close to the target without direct contact.

32. The fuze is designed to react to signal returns from targets within the lethal range of the warhead . Signal returns from targets beyond a specified range are rejected. Other kinds of modern proximity fuzes are laser fuzes . This provides very accurate operation and is immune to most conventional electronic counter-measures

33. Propulsion The propulsion system of the missile provides the required initial thrust to the missile to enable it to fly with sufficient velocity during the subsequent engagement period with the target. There are two phases in missile propulsion : boost and sustain The booster motor is typically a solid propellant motor while the sustainer motor could either be a solid propellant one or a jet engine . Some modern missiles nowadays use integrated rocket-ramjet propulsion .

34. Warhead The warhead is the payload of the missile and consists of a shell, explosives, and a detonator . The weight of the warhead depends on the size of the missile. The fuze pulse activates the detonator which in triggers the explosive. The shell breaks into numerous fragments which are propelled outward in a 60-90 degrees spread and achieves target kill by penetrating target components. Apart from the basic fragmentation type the other kinds of warheads are: continuous-rod warhead, annular blast fragmentation warhead, selectively aimable warhead .

35. MISSILE CLASSIFICATION Missiles are generally classified on the basis of their Type, Launch Mode, Range, Propulsion, Warhead and Guidance Systems . Based on Type Cruise Missile- A   cruise missile  is a guided  missile  used against terrestrial targets, that remains in the atmosphere and flies the major portion of its flight path at approximately constant speed .  Cruise missiles  are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high precision. Depending upon the speed such missiles are classified as: Subsonic cruise missile Supersonic cruise missile 3) Hypersonic cruise missile 40

36. Ballistic Missile: A ballistic missile is a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon-delivery vehicle. Ballistic missiles can be launched from ships and land based facilities. example, Prithvi I, Prithvi II, Agni I, Agni II and Dhanush ballistic missiles are currently operational in the Indian defence forces

37. Range: (Range Association, 1996) Short Range Missile ( 150-799 km) Medium Range Missile ( 800-2,399 km) Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile ( 2,400-5,499 km) Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ( + 5,500 km ) Propulsion: Solid Propulsion Liquid Propulsion Hybrid Propulsion Ramjet Scramjet Cryogenic Warhead: Conventional Strategic

38. Guidance Systems: Wire Guidance Command Guidance Terrain Comparison Guidance Terrestrial Guidance Inertial Guidance Beam Rider Guidance Laser Guidance RF and GPS Reference

39. Launch Mode: Surface-to-Surface Missile Surface-to-Air Missile Surface (Coast)-to-Sea Missile Air-to-Air Missile Air-to-Surface Missile Sea-to-Sea Missile Sea-to-Surface (Coast) Missile Anti-Tank Missile

40. Surface-to-Surface Missile A surface-to-surface missile is a guided projectile launched from a hand-held, vehicle mounted, trailer mounted or fixed installation. It is often powered by a rocket motor or sometimes fired by an explosive charge since the launch platform is stationary. (ii) Surface-to-Air Missile A surface-to-air missile is designed for launch from the ground to destroy aerial targets like aircrafts, helicopters and even ballistic missiles. These missiles are generally called air defence systems as they defend any aerial attacks by the enemy. (iii) Surface (Coast)-to-Sea Missile A surface (coast)-to-sea missile is designed to be launched from land to ship in the sea as targets.

41. (iv) Air-to-Air Missile An air-to-air missile is launched from an aircraft to destroy the enemy aircraft. The missile flies at a speed of 4 Mach. (v) Air-to-Surface Missile An air-to-surface missile is designed for launch from military aircraft and strikes ground targets on land, at sea or both. The missiles are basically guided via laser guidance, infrared guidance and optical guidance or via GPS signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target. (vi) Sea-to-Sea Missile: A sea-to-sea missile is designed for launch from one ship to another ship. (vii) Sea-to-Surface (Coast) Missile : A sea-to-surface missile is designed for launch from ship to land based targets. (viii) Anti-Tank Missile: An anti-tank missile is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-armoured tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. Anti-tank missiles could be launched from aircraft, helicopters, tanks and also from shoulder mounted launcher.

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43. An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft. F-22A Raptor Astra missile of Indian army 48

44. An  air-to-surface missile (ASM) Silkworm , US Storm Shadow by France 49

45. Anti-ballistic missile (ABM)  A Standard Missile Three (SM-3) ,U.S. Navy ballistic missile flight test. 50

46. 51 Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)

47. Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes. Currently, only the United States, the former Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China are known to have developed these weapons.  Standard Missile - 3 (SM-3) 52

48. Anti-ship missiles  are guided missiles that are designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea skimming  variety, and many use a combination of inertial guidance and radar homing. RGM-84 surface -to-surface Harpoon missile. 53

49. An  anti-submarine missile  is a standoff weapon including a rocket designed to rapidly deliver an explosive warhead or homing torpedo from the launch platform to the vicinity of a submarine. HMAS Stuart(DE-48) 54

50. An  anti-tank missile  ( ATM ),  anti-tank guided missile  ( ATGM ),  anti-tank guided weapon  ( ATGW ) or  anti-armor guided weapon , is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-armored military vehicles.  Nag missile and the Nag missile Carrier Vehicle (NAMICA),Anti-tank Guided missile developed by DRDO. 55

51. A  land-attack missile  is a naval surface-to-surface missile that is capable of effectively attacking targets ashore, unlike specialized anti-ship missiles, which are optimized for striking other ships. Some dual-role missiles are suitable for both missions. Cruise missile BrahMos shown on IMDS-2007, owned By India 56

52. A  surface-to-air missile  ( SAM ), or  ground-to-air missile  ( GTAM ), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weaponry, with the anti-aircraft cannon pushed into niche roles. Two SA-2 Guideline (S-75 Dvina) missiles in the National Museum of Military History in Sofia 57

53. A  surface-to-surface missile  ( SSM ) or  ground-to-ground missile  ( GGM ) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. RPG-7 with warhead detached BGM-71 TOW , variant M220, SABER. U.S. Army 58

54. A  wire-guided missile  is a missile that is guided by signals sent to it via thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism, which is located somewhere near the launch site .  A Stryker vehicle crew belonging to the 4th Brigade, 2 nd Infantry Division, fires a TOW missile during the brigade's E rotation through Fort Polk's, Joint Readiness Training Center 59

55. A  ballistic missile  is a missile that follows a ballistic flight path with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth's atmosphere, while longer range ones are designed to spend some of their flight time above the atmosphere and are thus considered sub-orbital. United States Trident II (D-5) missile underwater launch. 60

56. A  cruise missile  is a guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted at approximately constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for lift, and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. Shaurya missile (left) and Brahmos-II(model) (top) by Government of India . 61

57. Classification of missiles based on guidance and navigation

58. Homing guidance A missile system that can sense the target by some means and then guide itself to the target by sending commands to its control surfaces. Active homing Active homing uses a radar system on the missile to provide a guidance signal. Typically, electronics in the missile keep the radar pointed directly at the target, and the missile then looks at this "angle" of its centreline to guide itself. Radar resolution is based on the size of the antenna, so in a smaller missile, these systems are useful for attacking only large targets, ships or large bombers for instance. Active radar systems remain in widespread use in anti-shipping missiles, and in "fire-and-forget" air-to-air missile systems such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and R-77

59. Semi-active homing Semi-active homing systems combine a passive radar receiver on the missile with a separate  targeting radar  that "illuminates" the target. Since the missile is typically being launched after the target was detected using a powerful radar system, it makes sense to use that same radar system to track the target, thereby avoiding problems with resolution or power, and reducing the weight of the missile.  Semi-active radar homing  (SARH) is by far the most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft systems, both ground- and air-launched.

60. Passive Homing System Infrared homing  is a passive system that homes in on the heat generated by the target. Typically used in the  anti-aircraft  role to track the heat of jet engines, it has also been used in the anti-vehicle role with some success. This means of guidance is sometimes also referred to as “heat-seeking Re-transmission homing Retransmission homing, also called  Track Via Missile  or TVM, is a hybrid between  command guidance ,  semi-active radar homing  and  active radar homing . The missile picks up radiation broadcast by the tracking radar which bounces off the target and relays it to the tracking station, which relays commands back to the missile.

61. PROPULSION SYSTEM Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion. 68

62. ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSION SYSTEM There are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems—the turbojet, pulsejet, and ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used in Navy air-launched missiles. 69

63. Fig.-TURBOJET Fig.-RAMJET 70

64. RAMJET A ramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor. Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill . Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6. Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple mechanism for high-speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells. They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, as tip jets on the end of helicopter rotors. Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process. 71

65. PULSEJET - A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion occurs in pulses. Pulsejet engines can be made with few or no moving parts , and are capable of running statically. Pulse jet engines are a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor compression ratio , and hence give a low specific impulse. One notable line of research of pulsejet engines includes the pulse detonation engine which involves repeated detonations in the engine, and which can potentially give high compression and good efficiency. 72

66. ROCKET — Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined propellant systems. Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and that this fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before launching. A missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense or offense-it must be ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants have replaced liquid propellants in most of our missiles. 73

67. Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant rocket contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are of two basic types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning. 74

68. HYBRID PROPULSION – A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants. The liquid is the oxidizer and the solid is the propellant. Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is, spontaneous ignition takes place upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant. The combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel rocket; the liquid portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a liquid-fuel rocket. Combustion takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the liquid fuel is injected, and the combustion products are exhausted through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in other rockets 75 Liquid Propellant + Solid Propellant Engines = HYBRID PROPULSION

69. MISSION PROFILE

70. Thrust Profile A  thrust curve , sometimes known as a " performance curve " or " thrust profile " is a graph of the thrust of an engine or motor, (usually a rocket) with respect to time. Most engines do not produce linear thrust (thrust which increases at a constant rate with time). Instead, they produce a curve of some type, where thrust will slowly rise to a peak, and then fall, or "tail off".  Rocket engines, particularly solid-fuel rocket engines, produce very consistent thrust curves, making this a useful metric for judging their performance.

71. Staging of rocket or clustering of rocket Purpose: To increase the velocity Stage : It consists of complete propulsion unit(propellant, feed system, rocket motor) together with control equipment. A stage is thrown away when all the propellants are consumed.

72. A multi stage rocket is a rocket with two or more stages, each with its own engine and propellant, to travel through space. The result is two or more separate rockets, attached either on top or next two each other. The first stage is at the bottom and is usually the largest, the second stage and subsequent upper stages are above it, usually decreasing in size. Two stage rockets are quite common, but rockets with as many as five separate stages have been successfully launched. By jettisoning stages when they run out of propellant, the mass of the remaining rocket is decreased. This staging allows the thrust of the remaining stages to  more easily accelerate the rocket  to its final speed and height.

73. There are two  types of rocket staging , serial and parallel. In serial or tandem staging schemes, the first stage is at the bottom and is usually the largest, the second stage and subsequent upper stages are above it, usually decreasing in size.

74. In parallel staging schemes  solid  or  liquid  rocket boosters are used to assist with lift-off. These are sometimes referred to as ‘stage 0’. In the typical case, the first stage and booster engines fire to propel the entire rocket upwards. When the boosters run out of fuel, they are detached from the rest of the rocket (usually with some kind of small explosive charge) and fall away. The first stage then burns to completion and falls off. This leaves a smaller rocket, with the second stage on the bottom, which then fires. Known in rocketry circles as staging, this process is repeated until the final stage’s motor burns to completion. In some cases with serial staging, the upper stage ignites before the separation- the interstate ring is designed with this in mind, and the thrust is used to help positively separate the two vehicles.

75. Advantages: The main reason for multi-stage rockets and boosters is that once the fuel is exhausted, the space and structure which contained it and the motors themselves are useless and only add weight to the vehicle which slows down its future acceleration. By dropping the stages which are no longer useful, the rocket lightens itself. The thrust of future stages is able to provide more acceleration than if the earlier stage were still attached, or a single, large rocket would be capable of. When a stage drops off, the rest of the rocket is still traveling near the speed that the whole assembly reached at burn-out time. This means that it needs less total fuel to reach a given velocity and/or altitude. A further advantage is that each stage can use a different type of rocket motor each tuned for its particular operating conditions. Thus the lower stage motors are designed for use at atmospheric pressure, while the upper stages can use motors suited to near vacuum conditions. Lower stages tend to require more structure than upper as they need to bear their own weight plus that of the stages above them, optimizing the structure of each stage decreases the weight of the total vehicle and provides further advantage.

76. Disadvantage: On the downside, staging requires the vehicle to lift motors which are not being used until later, as well as making the entire rocket more complex and harder to build. In addition, each staging event is a significant point of failure during a launch, with the possibility of separation failure, ignition failure, and stage collision. Nevertheless the savings are so great that every rocket ever used to deliver a payload into  orbit  has had staging of some sort. In more recent times the usefulness of the technique has come into question due to developments in technology. In the case of the Space Shuttle the costs of space launches appear to be mostly composed of the operational costs of the people involved, as opposed to fuel or equipment. Reducing these costs appears to be the best way to lower the overall launch costs. New technology that is mainly in the theoretical and developmental stages is being looked at to lower the costs of launch vehicles. More information can be found on  single stage to orbit  designs that do not have separate stages.

77. Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation The  Tsiolkovsky rocket equation ,  classical rocket equation , or  ideal rocket equation  is a mathematical equation that describes the motion of vehicles that follow the basic principle of a rocket: a device that can apply acceleration to itself using thrust by expelling part of its mass with high velocity can thereby move due to the conservation of momentum. The equation relates the maximum change of velocity of the rocket if no other external forces act to the effective exhaust velocity and the initial and final mass of a rocket, or other reaction engine. For any such maneuver (or journey involving a sequence of such maneuvers): where: ∆v  – the maximum change of velocity of the vehicle (with no external forces acting). m - is the initial total mass, including propellant, also known as wet mass. m f- is the final total mass without propellant, also known as dry mass. is the effective exhaust velocity, where: - is the specific impulse in dimension of time.

78. Pegasus (Rocket) The  Pegasus  is an  air-launched   rocket  developed by  Orbital Sciences Corporation  Capable of carrying small payloads of up to 443 kilograms (977 lb) into  low Earth orbit . Pegasus first flew in 1990 and remains active as of 2019. The vehicle consists of three  solid propellant   stages  and an optional monopropellant  fourth stage. Pegasus is released from its carrier aircraft at approximately 40,000 ft (12,000 m), and its first stage has a wing and a tail to provide lift and attitude control while in the atmosphere. Orbital's Lockheed L-1011 Stargazer launches Pegasus carrying the three  Space Technology 5  satellites, 2006

79. Spacecraft A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space . A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including  communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo . All spacecraft cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket). Space Shuttle Discovery  rockets to orbital velocity, seen here just after booster separation Abandoned 1974 probe,  Pioneer H , on display in the  National Air and Space Museum

80. On a  sub-orbital spaceflight , a  space vehicle  enters  space  and then returns to the surface, without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full  orbit  of the Earth. For  orbital spaceflights , spacecraft enter closed orbits around the  Earth  or around other  celestial bodies . Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit ( space stations ) only, whereas those used for  robotic space missions  operate neither  autonomously  or  telerobotically .  Robotic spacecraft  which used to support scientific research are  space probes . Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial  satellites . To date, only a handful of  interstellar probes , such as  Pioneer 10  and  11 ,  Voyager 1  and  2 , and  New Horizons , are on trajectories that leave the  Solar System .

81. Humanity has achieved space flight but  only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches :  Russia  ( RSA  or " Roscosmos "), the  United States  ( NASA ), the member states of the  European Space Agency(ESA) , Japan ( JAXA ), China  ( CNSA ), India ( ISRO ),  Taiwan ( National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology ,  Taiwan National Space Organization (NSPO) ,   Israel ( ISA ),  Iran  ( ISA ), and  North Korea  ( NADA ).

82. Spacecraft types Crewed spacecraft Spaceplanes Unmanned spacecraft Manned spacecraft Semi-manned spacecraft Earth-orbit satellites Lunar probes Planetary probes deep space craft NASA spacecrafts Columbia  orbiter landing Hubble Space Telescope

83. THANK YOU 93 ANY QUESTIONS ? Reference :- www.google.com   GUIDED MISSILES , by - T V Karthikeyan & A K Kapoor , Scientists Defense Research & - Development Laboratory, Hyderabad , Defense Scientific Information & Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) , Ministry of Defense, DRDO   PRINCIPLES OF MISSILE FLIGHT AND JET PROPULSION   PRINCIPLES OF GUIDED MISSILES AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS, by BUREAU OF NAVAL PERSONNEL OF U.S NAVY ,Prepared and produced by the U. S. Navy Training Publications Center under direction of the Bureau of Naval Personnel