Rococo & Neoclassicism In Early 18th Century

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1. Rococo and Neoclassicism
18th Century Europe
The Reader, Fragonard Death of Socrates, David

2. Europe and North America in the 18th Century - European Conquest

3. Early 18th Century Political Context
•Shift of power from French
royal court to aristocrats after
Louis XIV died
•Small middle class of
merchants, lawyers, doctors,
artisans, etc.
•Baroque interest in royalty
shifts to aristocratic, Paris
townhouses (Rococo style
hotels)
•Began in architectural style,
spread to painting and
sculpture-all arts unified in
Rococo style
Salon de la Princesse, Hôtel de Soubise , 1732

4. Early 18th Century Political Context
•European conquests in the
Americas and world
•Landed aristocracy still has
most of power and wealth
•This will change in the middle
of the 18th century with the
Enlightenment and the
Revolutions -French &
America
•Cost of maintaining foreign
armies began to outweigh
benefits of colonies
•European colonists brought
styles to new World
•Neoclassicism will become
popular as aristocracy loses
power in the Revolutions
George Washington, 1788, Jean-Antoine Houdon

5. The Rococo - 1700-1750
•“Rococo” derived from
rocaille, (pebble or shell) and
barocco. Motifs in Rococo art
resemble ornate shell or pebble
work popular in gardens.
•Refined, fanciful, and often
playful style fashionable in
France at turn of century,
spread thru Europe in 18th
century
•Pastel colors, delicately curving
forms, dainty figures, light
hearted
•Reaction against rigidity and
solemnity of 17th century court
The Swing, Fragonard, 1766

6. Rococo Architecture
•Exterior: undulating forms in complex
curved shapes
•Unity with other arts.. Painting and
sculpture
•Dynamic and moving spatial
environment
•No empty spaces
•More is MORE

7. Church of the Vierzenheiligen
StaffelStein, Germany
Johann Balthasar Neumann
FLASHCARD TO
OOMPLETE

8. THIS PAINTING BY TIEPOLO,
VENETIAN PAINTER
DECORATED INSIDE OF
KAISERSALL IN WURZBURG
PAINTING WAS
INTEGRATED WITH
DECORATION
FRAME ACTUALLY
INTEGRATED INTO PIECE.
FRESCO INSPIRED BY
VERONESE AND OTHERS
PRESENTED AS IF THEATER
IMPERIAL WEDDING
DAZZLING LIGHT AND
PASTEL COLORS

9. Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera, Jean-Antoine Watteau, oil, 1717 - FLASHCARD
Know about fete galante paintings

10. Signboard of Gersaint, Jean Antoine Watteau, oil on canvas 5’4” x 10’, 1721

11. Triumph of Venus, Francois Boucher, Oil on canvas, 4’3” x 5’3”, 1740
Flashcard… Rococo style in Paris

12. The Meeting, Jean-Honore
Fragonard, oil on canvas,
10’ x 7’, 1771-73
Part of a series of paintings on
Rococo romantic adventures
Also did the Swing
Pastel colors, aristocracy at
play
FLASHCARD ADD MORE

13. CIODION, THE INVENTION OF THE
BALOON
TERRA COTTA MODEL FOR A
MONUMENT, 43” HIGH
1784
ROCOO STYLE SCULPTURE,
FIGURES EVERYWHERE, CURVING
UNDULATING FORMS
COMING OUT OF THE OBJECT

14. mid-18th Century Ideology
•Enlightenment rejected Royal
and artistocratic authority
•Jefferson, philosophes
•http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=hhgTc-PdHuE
&feature=related
•In sculpture Neoclassical styles
was like this one, contemporary
dress, but classical poses
•Recovery of ruins of Pompeii
led to fashion of all things
Greek/Roman..women wore
white muslin gowns, people
built mini replics of roman
ruins in their gardens
George Washington, 1788, Jean-Antoine Houdon

15. Cupid and Psyche, Antonio
Canova, 1787. Neoclassic
sculpture revived eroticism
of mythology

17. ROCOCO & ARTISTIC PATRONAGE: SALONS/ACADEMIES PLAYED A HUGE
ROLE
STUDENT PRESENT

18. Women portraitists break ground
in early 18th Century
•Rosalba Carriera in Italy leading portrait artist in
Venice.
•Honorary member of Rome’s St. Luke Academy;
eventually admitted to French
•Vigee-Lebrun as court painter; fled France afer
Revolution but lived abroad for years as portrait
painter
•Adelaide Labille-Guillard lobbied to allow women
painters in the French Academy… joined in 1783

19. Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of
Dorset, 1730, pastel on paper
Flashcard
Know about Rosalba Carriera’s role
with women and academies
Pastels are chalk-like crayons of
ground pigment mixed with a
binder, give beautiful radiant colors

20. Self-Portrait with Two Pupils
Adelaide Labille-Guiard
1785, 7’ x 5’
What is Labille-Guiard saying about
the role of women painters?
Enlightenment and the role of women
painters?
She was one of 2 women elected to
French Academy
What type of composition is shown?

21. Marie Antoinette with Her
Children
Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun
Oil on canvas, 1787
How does this painting try to give
a message?
Who was the patron of this
painting?
What kind of career did Vigee-
Lebrun have?
Allegory of abundance

22. Neoclassical Art
Social Influences
•Inspired by ruins of
Pompeii & ideas of
Winckelman
•Even when showing
current events or
contemporary portraits,
classical allusions
•Late 18th century
industrial & scientific
revolution

23. This painting, Parnassus, by Raphael Mengs, is often considered the first Neoclassical
painting… inspired by the writings of Johann Wincklemann’s The History of Ancient
Art, the 1st art history book. Wincklemann criticized Rococo as decadent; celebrated
ancients for purity of form and crispness of execution.

24. THE APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER
flashcard
WEDGWOOD VASE, white jasper body
with a mid blue dip and white relief 18”
1786
Wedgwood showed classical figures against
a pink or blue background
Recognize wedgwood, not necessarily this
specific piece
Neoclassicism in England-revival of
classical traditions
How did Josiah Wedgwood feel about
Enlightenment ideals?

25. Am I not a Man and a
Brother?
Black & white
Jasperware
Political message
Wedgwood supported
the idea of gradual
emancipation of slaves
1787
Enlightenment ideals

26. Lady Sarah Banbury Sacrificing to the
Graces, oil on canvas, Joshua Reynolds,
1765
Grand Manner portrait with style of classical
history painting combined with portraiture
Reynolds - 1st President of British Royal
Academy, wrote book on history painting as
highest form of art & preserving classical
traditions
Lady Banbury playing role of a Roman
priestess making sacrifice to the gods
flashcard

27. Blue Boy, Thomas Gainsborough
Oil on canvas, 2 m x 1.5 m, late 18th
century
Gainsborough studied portraits of Van
Eyck - painted over 700 portraits
Influenced by Watteau in feathery
landscapes
Son of a friend (ironmonger), legend
that he painted it in blue to prove
Reynolds wrong about the viability of
blue as a central color in a portait
Disagreed with Sir Reynolds about
having to do classical or history style in
portraits

28. The Marriage Contract, William Hogarth, 1743, from Marriage a la Mode series
Flashcard.. Know about satirical paintings & how this showed Hogarth’s views on society

29. Anteroom, Syon House,
Robert Adam (architect to King
George III)
Middlesex, England (Duke of
Northumberland’s home)
Flashcard
Developed style of interior
decoration based on applied
ornament; fit taste of wealthy
Aim: “to transform the beautiful
spirit of antiquity with novelty
and variety”
Used motifs from Pompeii and
rococo
Never accepted by British Royal
Academy
Unearthing of Pompeii ruins big
influence in Neoclassicism

30. Richard Boyle, Chiswick House. Gardens designed by landscape architect William Kent,
west London. Revised classical principles into modern framework; tailored with 18th
century living. Neoclassic architects studied Palladio and incorporated Greek columns
and pediments.

31. IRON - industrial revolution made technological advances in use of IRON.
First substantial structoure made of iron, in Coalbrookdale, England. Five parallel
metal Roman arches. Built by Abraham Darby
Economic and aesthetical. Soon builders adopted ironwork in buildings to replace
heavy and costly stonework.
Darby
and
IRON
POWER

32. Monticello, 1782, Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, Virginia
“Little mountain” in Italian
Brick building, octagonal dome, stucco applied to trim to give effect of marble
Tall French doors and windows to ease heat of VA summers
Balustrade hides 2nd floor, inspired by Palladio & Roman ruins

33. Georgian Silver Collection
Various women artists.. Elizabeth
Morley, and others
From National Museum of Women
in the Arts
Be aware of the role women
played and what these objects
were used for

34. An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump, Joseph Wright, oil on canvas, 1768
Showed Industrial Revolution in dramatic and entertaining way, attempted to popularize
science. Dramatic lighting influenced by WHO?????? (hint: Baroque). Science brings
light into a world of darkness

35. Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasure, Angelica Kaufmann. Neoclassical
moral history painting, illustrates story of Cornelia showing her children as her precious
jewels. Places her children above material possessions (Enlightenment reaction vs.
aristocratic love of finer things in life.)

36. Death of General Wolfe, Benjamin West, 1770.
The Death of General Wolfe, Benjamin West, 1770, Canada.
Battle of Quebec scene; tries to show entire battle in painting - French colors captured
and brought to Gen. before he died.. Sniper shots to wrist, groin, & side… surrounded by
friends and admirers… idealized his features. Triptych like High Renaissance
Bathed in pool of light like Deposition paintings, Native American sets scene.. Pieta

37. Samuel Adams, John Singleton
Copley, oil on canvas 50” x 40”,
1772
Neoclassic style in the colonies
What is Copley trying to say?
How does this reflect the
Enlightenment and what was
happening in England and the
colonies?
flashcard

38. The Drunken Cobbler, Jean-Baptiste Greuze. Oil on canvas, 1785. Neoclassic morality
painting, showing what happens when the dad is out drinking no money for kids and
family to eat. Inspired by the writing of Diderot, father of modern art criticism.. Who
wrote that art’s proper function was to improve virtue and purify manners… criticized
rococo “immoral” art… can you say INSTRUMENTALISM

39. Oath of the Horatii, Jacques-Louis David, oil on canvas, 11’ x 14’, Louvre, 1785
Exemplum virtuitis.. What story does this show? Neoclassical drapery and tripartite
composition, David was sympathizer with human rights, and did not want education by
the Church
Most famous
Neoclassical
painter
Part of series
of Royal
commissioned
history
paintings
Emblem of
French
revolution
Sacrifices for
good of state

40. Death of Marat, J. Louis David
1793, oil on canvas 5’5” x 4’2”
What event does this painting
show?
What influences/echoes are there
from Michelangelo and
Caravaggio?
flashcard

41. Napoleon Crossing the Saint
Bernard, David, 1800.
David after being in prison,
reestablished dominance in
French painting.
Napoleon used David as
propagandist as he abolished
aristocracy across Europe
Baroque style composition

42. David (dav-eed) trained and
influenced other painters, such as
Anne Louis Girodet-Trioson
Portrait of an emancipated Haitian
slave…
…who led the legislative campaign in
France to abolish slavery and grant
black people full citizenship in the
colonies
Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley.

43. Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa, 1804, Antoine Gros (Student of David)
Shows Napoleon visiting sick & dying during Turkish campaign, shallow stage with
classical references, exotic locale- Christlike figure of Napoleon helping the sick.
(2 months after this was painted, Napoleon ordered all the plague victims poisoned)

44. Neoclassicism continues
•Continues through
early 19th century
•Romanticism
supplants it, though
some art historians
argue that they are
subsections of the
same movement
•Turkey and exotic
odalisques become
fashionable in art
and clothing

45. Jean-Auguste Ingres became
famous portraitist.. Wanted to
be a history painter, but was
renowned for female nudes,
numerous representations of
Turkish harems, called the
odalisque, a female slave
Ingres followed some
Neoclassical traditions, but
some Romantic traditions…