ROJoson PEP Talk: MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS - What and How

ROJoson PEP Talk: MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS - What and How

1. August 10, 2024 1400H - 1500H Via Zoom Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management.

2. August 10, 2024 1400H - 1500H Via Zoom Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. Welcome all! MUTE yourself but always show your video picture. Sign in your name, FB account, or email address in the Chat Box! Include names of companions attending. Use the Chat Box to ask questions and make comments while the PEP TALK is on. There will be group pictures at start and end of PEP TALK – show your face in video.

3. Reminder after the PEP Talk: Take the Online Learning cum Evaluation Test Exercise (OLETE) for mastery of learning and have a perfect score to get a Certificate. Link is in Chat Box.

4. Reminder: 25 OLETE Certificates = 1 Voucher for ROJoson Medical Consultation either Face-to-Face or Telemedical.

5. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. ROJOSON’S REQUEST: FEEDBACK TO THIS PEP TALK! Pls. type in your feedback in the chat box during the open forum and before we adjourn! Thank you!

6. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. LET’S NOW HAVE A GROUP PICTURE TAKING BEFORE WE START PEP TALK PROPER IN 2 MINUTES! Pls. turn on your video! Show your face!

7. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. ROJoson PEP Talk I have a Patient Empowerment Program in which I like to empower the lay people or patients to take control in the management of their health.

8. I started the PEP Talk on May 15, 2021 during the COVID19 Pandemic. There are 3 courses in the PEP Talk. I completed the Core Course on October 9, 2021.

9. From October 23, 2021 onwards, I have been tackling Health Disorder and Health Issue Courses. May 18, 2024 marks the start of YEAR 4 of ROJoson PEP Talk. How long the PEP Talk will last will depend on our enthusiasm , discipline and perseverance .

10. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. My PEP TALK today is entitled: Medical Diagnosis – What and How

11. Contents What is the meaning of DIAGNOSIS? What is the meaning of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS ? When is MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS being done ? What are the possible outcomes after a diagnostic process/ es ? What are the 3 basic methods in medical diagnosing ? What are the basic processes in making a diagnosis? Are all medical diagnosis always accurate and certain ? Does diagnosis always start with clinical diagnosis ? What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among laypeople? What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians? Disclaimer: ROJoson PEP Talk contains ROJoson’s Thoughts, Perceptions, Opinions and Recommendations (TPORs) culled from experiences of ROJoson and writings of other health professionals . Medical Diagnosis – What and How

12. What is the meaning of DIAGNOSIS? The word “diagnosis” is commonly used in the medical profession or field. However, it can be used in other professions or fields such as veterinary medicine, non-medical – such as diagnosis during engine troubles and diagnosis during human conflicts. So, use of the word “diagnosis” is not strictly confined to medicine. It can be used outside medicine. Medical Diagnosis – What and How

13. What is the meaning of DIAGNOSIS? The word “diagnosis” comes from the Greek “ gnosis ,” meaning KNOWLEDGE. Diagnosis, used as an action word, means investigation or analysis of the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or problem such as a diagnosis of engine trouble and diagnosis of a health concern. Diagnosis, used as a noun, means a statement or conclusion from such an investigation or analysis. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

14. What is the meaning of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – DIAGNOSIS IN FIELD OF MEDICINE. Medical diagnosis starts with the process of determining the nature of a disease or disorder and distinguishing it from other possible conditions. The process ends up with a conclusion or statement from the investigation or analysis. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

15. What is the meaning of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? Formerly, few diagnostic tests were available to assist the physicians, who depended on medical history, observation, and physical examination. In the 20th century, there occurred numerous technological advances in medicine, which resulted in the development of a wide variety of laboratory diagnostic tests and diagnostic procedures. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

16. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? Nowadays, DIAGNOSIS is classified or categorized into processes used in diagnosing a patient’s concern. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS – based on medical history, particularly symptoms of patients and physical examination findings (signs) of physicians. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

17. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS – based on results of laboratory diagnostic tests done. Results from Blood tests Urine tests Stool tests Other body fluid tests Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

18. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS – based on results of laboratory diagnostic tests done. Diagnosis from Biopsy (diagnosis derived from sample of body tissues examined) Cytologic Diagnosis – diagnosis from microscopic exam of cells Histopathologic Diagnosis – diagnosis from microscopic exam of tissues Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

19. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? RADIOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS – based on results of x-rays done. IMAGING PROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS – based on results of imaging procedures Examples: Ultrasound Diagnosis CT Scan Diagnosis MRI Diagnosis Nuclear Scan Diagnosis PET Scan Diagnosis Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

20. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? OPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS or PROCEDURE DIAGNOSIS based on findings and results of operations or procedures done. Intraoperative / Postoperative Diagnosis Exploratory Laparotomy Diagnosis Endoscopic Diagnosis – Gastroscopic, Colonoscopic , Bronchoscopic , Laryngoscopic Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

21. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? AUTOPSY DIAGNOSIS – based on results of autopsy done Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

22. What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? Primary Diagnosis – Most probable diagnosis – Number 1 suspect Secondary Diagnosis – Number 2 Suspect Differential Diagnosis – All possible diagnoses that may be present in a particular patient being investigated or analyzed FINAL DIAGNOSIS – last diagnosis Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

23. When is MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS being done? When there is a need to investigate for a particular medical condition or disease that may be present. Asymptomatic – screening for a possible disease usually because of high / higher risk (but no symptoms) Symptomatic - determining for a possible disease because of presence of symptoms and if present, identifying the specific disease and distinguishing it from other possible conditions. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

24. What are the possible outcomes after a diagnostic process/ es ? Normal Non-specific medical condition which will spontaneously resolve – just watchful waiting Disease which does not need treatment – just watchful waiting Disease which needs treatment as early as possible Disease which cannot be treated anymore because of advanced stage and high risk for complications and death Determination of extent of disease – severity or stage Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

25. What are the 3 basic methods in medical diagnosing? Interviewing patients for symptoms and doing physical examination >>>> clinical diagnosis Doing observation after initial clinical diagnosis and laboratory procedural diagnosis (if done) Doing laboratory and procedural diagnostic tests Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

26. What is OBSERVATION and its usefulness in medical diagnosing? OBSERVATION means continually monitoring the course of patient’s symptoms and signs after initial clinical diagnosis and after a laboratory procedural diagnostic test (if done). It can be done if there is uncertainty in the initial diagnosis. The observation can lead to a more certain diagnosis in a future date. Observation is also done to validate or correct an initial diagnosis. (There should be continuing observation after any diagnosis because of the ever-present possibility of errors.) Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

27. What are the basic processes in making a diagnosis? For those with description findings and results such as clinical diagnosis, radiologic and operative diagnosis: Pattern recognition and prevalence processes For those with numerical value results: use of reference range or intervals (within normal range, outside the normal range – high / low) Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

28. What are the basic processes in making a diagnosis? Pattern recognition or matching is the realization of the patient’s problem representation conforms to a previously learned picture or pattern of a disease.  The clinical diagnosis will be the disease that has a clinical presentation that matches that of the patient. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

29. What are the basic processes in making a diagnosis? Prevalence process means the choice of diagnosis is based on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in a certain locality, in a certain age and sex group, and in the affected organ and system. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

30. Are all medical diagnosis always accurate and certain? NO. There will always be a sincere try-best effort by the physicians to come out with an accurate and certain diagnosis. However, most of the time, there are a lot of uncertainties and inaccuracies in medical diagnosis. Physicians are constantly on the look-out for these. That is why multiple methods of diagnosis are used to complement each other (clinical diagnosis – observation – laboratory diagnostic tests). Erroneous diagnoses are corrected right away. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

31. Are all medical diagnosis always accurate and certain? There are a lot of subjectivity in the medical diagnosis. Thus, there are terms like probably, suspicious, suggestive, and consistent in the diagnosis. Also, terms like this or that is a suspect, cannot be ruled out, is a consideration, is a possibility, etc. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

32. Are all medical diagnosis always accurate and certain? Common practices by physicians in diagnosing: There is a tendency to overdiagnose than to underdiagnose. Preference: To err on the side of commission than on omission. Tendency to overread rather than underread laboratory diagnostic tests. There are such things as: False positive (not really present) False negative (not really absent) Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

33. Does diagnosis always start with clinical diagnosis? Ideally, yes. In clinical diagnosis, patient is interviewed first for symptoms of a disease and then examined physically. Laboratory diagnostic tests are done after clinical diagnosis. Doing laboratory diagnostic tests without a clinical diagnosis is discouraged or frowned upon. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

34. Does diagnosis always start with clinical diagnosis? As a rule, laboratory diagnostic tests are not done when there is high degree of certainty in the clinical diagnosis. Laboratory tests are done if there is high degree of uncertainty in the clinical diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis should be used as a guide in the selection of laboratory diagnostic tests when needed. Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

35. Does diagnosis always start with clinical diagnosis? To show the importance of clinical diagnosis, in almost every laboratory diagnostic tests, there is a statement on the need to correlate the test findings with the clinical diagnosis. “The abovementioned report is a subjective medical opinion only based on the objective radiographic findings and should be correlated with the clinical, biochemical, microbiological and other parameters before it can be used as a basis for management .” Medical Diagnosis – What and How DIAGNOSE DIAGNOSIS

36. What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among laypeople? They don’t know what a medical diagnosis is and its importance. They don’t insist on asking physicians to give them and explain to them the most probable or working clinical diagnosis prior to doing laboratory tests and prior to treatment. They are NOT empowered on this (MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS). Medical Diagnosis – What and How

37. What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among laypeople? If they are empowered on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, they will get these benefits: • Gaining greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health. • Improvement in quality in health care administered by physicians and other health care professionals because of patient-centered care. • Improvement in health outcomes because of patient participation leading to longevity and full and contented life. • Control of medical costs because of patient-centered care and patient participation . Medical Diagnosis – What and How

38. What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians? Commonly, physicians rely TOO MUCH on laboratory diagnostic tests, especially NOT doing physical examination for assessment, and forgetting the importance of clinical examination (history and physical examination and using symptoms and signs), one, in terms of NEED FOR CORRELATION and two, they have the thinking that laboratory test results have the final say or diagnosis. In reality, clinical diagnosis oftentimes overrules the laboratory diagnosis. Medical Diagnosis – What and How

39. e What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians? Commonly, physicians rely TOO MUCH on laboratory diagnostic tests, NOT making a definite or specific clinical diagnosis, which is oftentimes possible. Oftentimes, they do NOT do interviewing of patients and doing of physical examinations to get to a clinical diagnosis. They rely on laboratory diagnostic tests to give the medical diagnosis, thinking it is always more accurate than using history and physical examination. They usually use the shotgun approach of doing laboratory tests to get to a medical diagnosis. Medical Diagnosis – What and How

40. What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians? Commonly, physicians don’t spell out clearly to the patients the MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS prior to other actions like ordering laboratory diagnostic tests and prescribing treatment. They don’t explain well their MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS (including their bases for the diagnosis). Medical Diagnosis – What and How

41. What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians? Commonly, physicians have a mindset that clinical diagnosis (based on history and physical examination) cannot stand alone. There have to be complementary laboratory diagnostic tests done before they can give out the medical diagnosis. Oftentimes, clinical diagnosis with observation will suffice without need for laboratory diagnostic tests (which are done only when indicated). Medical Diagnosis – What and How

42. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Summary Take Away Contents What is the meaning of DIAGNOSIS? What is the meaning of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS? What are the different types or categories of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS ? When is MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS being done ? What are the possible outcomes after a diagnostic process/ es ? What are the 3 basic methods in medical diagnosing ? What are the basic processes in making a diagnosis? Are all medical diagnosis always accurate and certain ? Does diagnosis always start with clinical diagnosis ? What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among laypeople? What are the common issues and challenges in medical diagnosis among physicians?

43. Take Away in relation to Patient Empowerment Be always in touch with reliable medical information on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW. Knowledge is power; it gives power. Use the 4Ks of Patient Empowerment: Kaalaman , Kakayanan , Karapatan and Kapangyarihan to gain greater control over decisions / make better decisions on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of your health management. Medical Diagnosis – What and How

44. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. This ends m y PEP TALK today on: Medical Diagnosis – What and How

45. Reminder after the PEP Talk: Take the Online Learning cum Evaluation Test Exercise (OLETE) for mastery of learning and have a perfect score to get a Certificate. Link is in Chat Box.

46. Reminder: 25 OLETE Certificates = 1 Voucher for ROJoson Medical Consultation either Face-to-Face or Telemedical.

47. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. ROJOSON’S REQUEST: FEEDBACK TO THIS PEP TALK! Pls. type in your feedback in the chat box during the open forum and before we adjourn! Thank you!

48. Medical Diagnosis – What and How Empowerment objective - for laypeople to have an essential  understanding on MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS – WHAT and HOW as part of their health management. LET’S NOW HAVE A GROUP PICTURE TAKING BEFORE WE START Q&A AND INTERACTIONS! Pls. turn on your video! Show your face!