Role of Geography in Tourism

Geography is backbone of Tourism

1. Under the Aegis of Department of Higher Education
For Undergraduate Tourism (BTTM) Course
Subject: Geography of Tourism
Topic: Role of Geography in Tourism
1
st
Semester (BTTM) of Gurugram University, Gurugram
Resource Person:
Ravi Kumar Sheoran
Assistant Professor in Tourism Management
Govt. College, Sector-9, Gurugram

2. GEOGRAPHY
ThewordGeographyhasbeenderivedfromGreekword.Geo
(Earth)+GraphiaorGraphos(Description).Togetherknown
asdescriptionoftheearth.
•Thescientificstudyoftheearth’ssurfaceanditsphysical
features,climate,productsandpopulation.
•TherenownedGreekscholarEratosthenes(276-294B.C.),
whomeasuredthecircumferenceoftheearthandwasthe
firsttousetheword"geography,"iscommonlycalledthe
fatherofgeography.
•Aliteraltranslationwouldbe“todescribeorwriteabout
theEarth”.

3. •Studyofhumanecology;adjustmentofmantonatural
surroundings." -HarlandBarrows,1923
•"concernedwiththelocationorspatialvariationinboth
physicalandhumanphenomenaattheearth'ssurface“
-MartinKenzer,1989
"Geographyisthestudyofearthasthehomeofpeople"
-Yi-FuTuan,1991
BranchesofGeography
Having36branchesandGISisnewlyone.
1.PhysicalGeography
2.HumanGeography

4. Why is Geography Important?
•Geography is known as the “mother of all sciences”
because all other disciplines took root from its existence.
•Geography is a spatial science that deals with many
aspects of social science (e.g. history and anthropology),
physical science (e.g. weather and climate), and technical
science (e.g. GIS and remote sensing).
•Geography is fundamental to the study of tourism,
because tourism is geographical in nature. Tourism occurs
in places, it involves movement and activities between
places .

5. Importance of Geography in
Tourism
•Physical Geography: Attraction
•Transport Geography: Accessibility
•Latitudes & Longitudes: Climatic & Time Zones
•GMT & International Date Line: Flying Time
Calculation
•Map & Globe : Route Identification & Itinerary
Preparation
•Day Light Saving Time: Airlines
•Location of City, Country etc. : Travel Planning

6. Latitudes, Longitudes, GMT & International
Date Line
India’s Geographical Co-ordinates are:-
•8
0
4’ N –37
0
6’ N Latitudes
•68
0
7’ E –97
0
25’ E Longitudes

8. Latitude and Longitude
•Any location on Earth is described by two numbers--its
latitude and its longitude. If a pilot or a ship's captain wants to
specify position on a map, these are the "coordinates" they
would use.
•Actually, these are two angles, measured in degrees,
"minutes of arc" and "seconds of arc." These are denoted by
the symbols (°, ', " ) e.g. The Eiffel Tower has a latitude of
48°51' 29" means an angle of 48 degrees, 51 minutes and
29 seconds.
•A degree contains 60 minutes of arc and a minute contains
60 seconds of arc.

9. Latitude
•Latitude, usually denoted by the Greek
letter phi (φ) gives the location of a place
on Earth (or other planetary body) north
or south of the equator.
•Latitude measures the distance of a point
on the earth’s surface in relation to the
equator.
•Imaginary lines running horizontally
around the globe.
•Imaginary lines of latitude called parallels
run in an east –west direction around the
globe.

10. •Technically,latitudeisanangularmeasurementindegrees
(markedwith°)rangingfrom0°attheequator(low
latitude)to90°atthepoles(90°Nor+90°fortheNorth
Poleand90°Sor−90°fortheSouthPole).
•TheequatordividestheplanetintoaNorthernHemisphere
andaSouthernHemisphere,andhaslatitudeof0°.
•Besidestheequator,fourotherlinesoflatitudearenamed
becauseoftheroletheyplayinthegeometricalrelationship
withtheEarthandtheSun:
-ArcticCircle :66°33′39″N
-TropicofCancer :23°26′21″N
-Tropicofcapricon :23°26′21″S
-AntarticCircle :66°33′39″S

11. •Adegreeisdividedinto60minutes.Oneminutecanbe
furtherdividedinto60seconds.
•Eachdegreeoflatitudeisabout69miles(110kms)a
part.

12. Longitude
•LongitudesymbolizedbytheGreek
characterLambda(λ),isthegeographic
coordinatemostcommonlyusedin
cartographyandglobalnavigationfor
east-westmeasurement.
•Longitudemeasuresthedistanceofpoint
ontheearth’ssurfaceinrelationtowhere
itlieseastorwestoftheprimemeridian.
•Imaginarylinesoflongitudecalled
meridiansrunfrompoletopoleinnorth–
southdirectionaroundtheglobe.

13. 0°longitudeiscalledtheprimemeridian.Thedegreesof
longituderun180°eastand180°westfromtheprime
meridian.

14. Geography Co-ordinates
•LatitudeandLongitudetogetherareknownasGlobalCo-
ordinates/Geographicco-ordinates.
•Bycombininglongitudeandlatitudemeasurementsany
locationonearthcanbedetermined.
•Theunitofmeasurementforgeographicco-ordinatesare
degree(0°),minutes(′)andseconds(″).
•Adegreecontains60minutesandaminutecontains60
seconds.
•LongitudeandLatitudeco-ordinatesalsoincludecardinal
direction:northorsouthofequatorforlatitude,andeastor
westoftheprimemeridianforlongitude.

15. Equator
•ItisanimaginarylineontheEarth’ssurfaceapproximately
equidistantfromtheNorthPoleandSouthPolethatdivides
theEarthintoaNorthernHemisphereandSouthern
Hemisphere.
•Thelatitudeoftheequatoris0°.ThelengthofEarth’s
equatorisabout40,075kilometers(24,901.5mi).Thewidest
circumferenceoftheglobe.
•Thesunisdirectlyoverheadtheequatoratnoononthetwo
equinoxes(thetimeofyearwhennightanddayareofequal
length)March21
st
andSeptember23rd.

16. Prime Meridian
•0°Longitude.
•The PM runs trough the Royal Greenwich Observatory in
Greenwich, England (the location was established in 1884 by
International agreement).
•The Earth’s time zones are measured from the PM.
•The time at 0°is called Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT).
•With the Greenwich meridian as the starting point, each 15°
east and west marks a new time zone.

17. TropicofCancer
•Alineoflatitudelocatedat23°26′21″Noftheequator.
•ThesunisdirectlyoverheadtheTropicofcanceronthe
summersolstice(21June)intheNorthernHemisphere.
Marksthenorthernmostpointoftropic.
TropicofCapricorn
•Alineoflatitudelocatedat23°26′21″S.
•ThesunisdirectlyoverheadtheTropicofCapricornthe
summer(22Dec).
•Itmarksthesouthernmostpointofthetropic.

18. Arctic Circle
•A line of latitude located at 66°33′ 39″ N.
•Delineating the Northern Frigid zone of the Earth.
Antarctic Circle
•A line of latitude located at 66°33′ 39″ S.
•Delineating the Southern Frigid zone of the Earth.

21. Thetwoimportantconcepts,relatedtolatitudeand
(especially)longitudearelocaltime(LT)andUniversal
Time:
LocalTime
•Isactuallyameasureofthepositionofthesunrelativeto
alocality.
•Somewherearound6amitrises,andaround6pmitsets.
•LocaltimeiswhatyouandIusetoregulateourlives
locally,ourworktime,mealsandsleeptime.

22. UniversalTime
•Asingleagreedonclock,markingtimeworld
wide,nottiedtoourlocality.ThatisUniversal
Time,whichcanbedefinedasthelocaltimein
Greenwich,England,athezeromeridians.
•Thetravelindustryutilizesa24hrstimeclockto
eliminateconfusionovera.m.andp.m.
World Time Zones
•In 1884, the world’s major nation agreed to create a series of
standardized time zones in International Geographical
Congress held in London.

23. •Theworldisnowdividedinto24timezones,beginning
withtheprimemeridianinGreenwich,England.
•ThetimeatGreenwichandallothercountriesinthiszoneis
calledGreenwichMeanTime(GMT)andisalsoreferredto
asUniversalTimecoordinated(UTC).
GMT
•GMTwasestablishedin1675whenRoyalObservatorywas
built,asanaidtomarinerstodeterminelongitudeatsea.
•GMTissometimecalledGreenwichMeridianTime.
-Marksthestartingpointofeverytimezoneintheworld.
-LocatedattheeasternedgeofLondon.

24. -The observatory is now a public museum and a brass band
stretching across its yard marks the prime meridian.
-Tourists often get photographed as they straddle it. One
foot in the eastern hemisphere of the Earth, the other is the
western hemisphere.
-GMT is the mean time that the earth takes to rotate from
noon to noon.
-GMT’s longitude = 0°0′ 0″ and latitude = 51°28′ 38″N.

26. Thetimeinallotherzonescanbeexpressedbyreferringto
GMTorUTC.
•GMT+1(orUTC+1)=1houraheadofGMT/UTC.
•GMT–1(orUTC–1)=1hourbehindofGMT/UTC.
•UptoGMT+12andGMT–12.
TimeZone
•Atimezoneisaregionoftheearththathasuniform
standardtime,usuallyreferredtoasthelocaltime.
•LocaltimeisUTCplusthecurrenttimezoneoffsetforthe
consideredlocation.
•Timezonesaredividedintostandardanddaylightsaving
(orsummer).

27. •Inordertomaintainthesamelocaltimewithnational
boundariesorgroupofisland.Suchlocaltime,fixedbylaw,
iscalledStandardClockTimeorStandardTime.
•Certaincountriesmodifytheirstandardtimeduringthe
summerbyadvancingonehour.Thischangeiscalled
DaylightSavingTime(DST).Theclockisgeneral/shifted
onehourforwardbetweenAprilandOct.
-This“daylightsavingtime”allowpeopletotake
advantageofearliersunrises,withoutshiftingtheir
workinghour.
-Istheconventionofadvancingclockssothatafternoons
havemoredaylightandmorningshaveless.

28. Thetimedifferencebetweentwopointscanbedetermined
asfollows:-
-IfthelocaltimeatbothpointsisaheadofGMT(GMT+)
orbehindGMT(GMT-),deductthesmallerfromthe
largerfigure.E.g:GMT+2andGMT+10then10
minus2=8hourstimedifference.
-IfthelocaltimeisaheadofGMT(GMT+)atthepoint
andbehindGMT(GMT-)attheother,addbothfigure
together.E.g:GMT+2andGMT–5then2plus5=7
hourstimedifference.

30. InternationalDateLine
•Sitsonthe180°lineoflongitudeinthemiddleofthe
PacificOcean,andistheimaginarylinethatseparatestwo
consecutivecalendardays.
•Itisnotaperfectlystraightlineandhasbeenmoved
slightlyovertheyearstoaccommodateneedsofvaried
countriesinthePacificOcean.Notehowitbendtoinclude
allofKiribatiintheEasternHemisphere.
•IntheEasternHemisphere,leftoftheInternationalDate
Line(thedate)isalwaysaheadofthedate(orday)inthe
westernHemisphere.

31. •Theplanetisdividedinto24timezonesandtheremustbea
placewhereadaybegins,thustheInternationalDateLine.
Travelwestacrossit(gainaday),traveleastacrossit(losea
day).
•Whencalculatingthetimedifferencebetweenthesetwo
cities,theInternationalDateLinecannotbecrossed.The
calculationmustbedoneusingGMT/UTC orthe
InternationalDatelinemustbeconsideredasawallwhich
cannotbecrossedwhencalculatingtimedifference.
•Allcalculationmustalwaysbedonebyusingthe
GMT/UTCtimezone.

35. Thanks
for
Your Valuable Time