Role of various international health agencies

Describing role of various health agencies

1. ROLE OF VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES

2. Roll No Topics 25 Early health organisations Bilateral health agencies 26 WHO 27 WHO 28 UNICEF 29 Other UN agencies except unicef 30 NGO and other agencies Plan of Presentation

3. Why is there any need of Health Organisations ? Roll No - 25

4. focus on primary health care to improve access to quality essential services improve access to essential medicines and health products. Ans :

5. EARLY HEALTH ORGANISATIONS BEFORE WHO Presented by Roll no -25

6. FIRST INTERNATIONAL SANITARY CONFERENCE ( 1851 ) Objective : to introduce some order and uniformity into quarantine measures . International sanitary code was formed dealing with cholera , plague ,and yellow fever . But it never came into force and hence ended in failure . Source : k Parks 27th Edition textbook

7. PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU (1902 ) The Pan American Sanitary Bureau was the World’s first international health agency. To coordinate quarantine procedures in the American States. In 1947, the Bureau was reorganized and the organization was called the Pan American Sanitary Organisations (PASO).

8. OFFICE INTERNATIONAL D’HYGIENE PUBLIQUE ( 1907 ) Generally known as Paris Office , created to disseminate information on communicable diseases and to supervise international quarantine measures . 60 other countries including British India joined it Later it’s responsibilities had been taken by the WHO .

9. THE HEALTH ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ( 1923 ) After 1 st world war , League of nations was established to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease Covered matters of nutrition , housing and the standardization of certain biological preparations Source : k Parks 27th Edition textbook

10. UNRRA - THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION (1943) For Recovery from 2 nd world war To care for millions of displaced persons, to restore and help services UNRRA prevented the spread of typhus and other diseases started campaign for eradication of malaria from Sardinia

11. World Health Organization Ro. Roll No 26 source - K.Park textbook(27th edition)

12. BIRTH OF WHO 1945, conference at Sans Francisco to set up UN 1946,WHO Constitution drafted by Technical Preparatory Committee. Established on 7th April 1948, celebrated as World Health Day every year

13. What is WHO ? Non-political health agency of the United Nations Headquarter is at Geneva (Switzerland) WHO has its Own constitution,Own governing bodies,Own membership and own budget. It is part of but not subordinate to the UN.

14. OBJECTIVE Attainment of highest level of health by all the people. People should be able to lead a socially and economically productive life. 2 major policies have influenced the WHO. The Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 on primary health care The Global Strategy of Health for all by 2000.

15. PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION Health is a state of complete physical,mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion,political belief, economical and social condition. The health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security.

16. The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all . Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and disease is a common danger. The extension to all people of the benefits of medical psychological and related knowledge is essential to fullest attainment of health. Government have a responsibility for health of their people which can be fulfilled only by provision of adequate health and social measures.

17. MEMBERSHIP Open to all countries. WHO has 194 member states and 2 associate members. Most countries are members of both WHO and UN Switzerland is a member of WHO but not of the UN

18. STRUCTURE OF WHO The WHO consists of 3 principal organs The World Health Assembly The Executive Board The Secretariat

19. The World Health Assembly Health Parliament of Nations and the supreme governing body of the organisation Meets Annually, usually in May Delegates represents the Member States Determines international health policies & programmes Reviews work of the past year Approves budget needed for the following year Elect member states & replace the retiring members.

20. The Executive Board Members are designed by member states There are currently 34 members Meets biannually, in January and May 1/3 rd of members are renewed annually It gives effect to the decisions and policies of the Assembly.

21. THE SECRETARIAT Headed by the Director General and 5 Assistant Director Generals Provides member states with technical and managerial support Comprised of 14 divisions which are as follows: Division of Epidemiological surveillance. Division of communicable & non communicable diseases.

22. Division of vector biology and control. Division of information systems support. Division of environmental, family and mental health. Division of public information and education for health. Division of strengthening of health services. Division of Budget and Finance. Division of diagnostic,therapeutic and rehabilitative technology. Division of personal and general services.

23. WHO REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS South East Asia- New Delhi (India) Africa- Congo The America’s- Washington DC (U.S.A) Europe- Copenhagen (Denmark) Western Pacific- Manilla (Philippines) Eastern Mediterranean- Alexandria(Egypt) source- www.who.int

24. ROLL NO.27

25. Functions of WHO The guiding principle – “All people should enjoy the highest standard of health, regardless of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition” Source-www.who.int Park’s textbook of community medicine (27th edition)

26. Prevention and control of specific diseases Development of comprehensive health services Family health Environmental health Health statistics Biomedical research Health literature and Information Cooperation with other organisations

27. 1 . Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases Communicable diseases :- Fighting killer infections smallpox, polio, diphtheria, HIV, tuberculosis,COVID19 Epidemiological surveillance on diseases subject to International Health Regulations

28. Expanded programme on Immunisation set up early 1970s with help of UNICEF, GAVI, Vaccine Alliance to prevent common diseases of childhood Prevention and control of tropical diseases (malaria ,zika ,filariasis) and neglected tropical diseases (Buruli ulcer, chagas disease ) Combat antimicrobial resistance

29. Current focus on integrated approach: Vector biology and control Setting global standards for air and water quality Safe and effective vaccines and medicines Training and guidance to health professionals Fighting antimicrobial resistance

30. Non Communicable Diseases: Cancer, diabetes, hypertension, lung diseases are prime killers 71% of global deaths Focus on reducing major risk factors –tobacco use ,physical inactivity, unhealthy diet,harmful use of alcohol Mental health promotion – LIVE LIFE Initiative

31. WHO Campaigns for Prevention and control of specific diseases

32. source-www.who.int

33. source-www.who.int

34. 2.Development of Comprehensive health services Promote and support national health policy development Focus on primary healthcare and development of manpower and utilisation Improve monitoring ,data and information

35. Health infrastructure development Appropriate Technology for Health to encorage self sufficiency in solving health problems

36. 3 .Family Health State of positive dynamic interaction between family members which enables each and every member to experience optimal physical, mental, social, and spiritual well being whether disease or infirmity is present or not source-www.who.int

37. One of the major programme activities of WHO since 1970 broadly subdivided into maternal and child health care, human reproduction, nutrition and health education Chief concern is improvement of the quality of life of the family as a unit

38. WHO focus on- Nursing and midwifery, reproductive health, nutrition and food safety ,women empowerment and income generation Capacity building of family physicians and health promotion Concept of family health nurse in Europe

39. 4. Environmental Health source-www.who.int

40. WHO Environmental Health and Criteria Program and WHO Health monitoring programs for environmental health Making available the monitoring data ( SDG indicators, exposure data, health impact estimates)

41. 5. Health statistics Interactive repository of health statistics from which data on specific health topics at country, regional and global levels can be viewed, downloaded and shared The data is published in weekly epidemiological record

42. World health statistics quarterly World health statistics annual International classification of diseases Collects and disseminates information to International Health Regulations and occasionally through an Automatic Telex Reply Service(ATRS) and Weekly Epidemiological Record(WER)

43. 6.Biomedical research Estabilished worldwide network of WHO collaborating centres Regional advisory commities on health research and Global advisory committee deals with research priorities and policy issues 6 tropical diseases (malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis and leprosy ) are the target of WHO special programme for research and training for tropical diseases

44. 7.Health literature and information The WHO library is one of the satellite centres of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) of the US National Library of Medicine

45. 8.Cooperation with other organisations WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other specialised agencies and maintains various degrees of working relationships Besides WHO has also established relations with a number of international governmental organisations

46. Four Strategic Priorities of WHO in India

47. Strategic priority 1: Accelerate progress on UHC Implementing Ayushman Bharat Monitoring and evaluation of health sector performance

48. Strategy2:Promote health and wellness by addressing determinants of health Non communicable diseases action plan roll out Environmental health, including air pollution Mental health promotion

49. Strategic priority3: Better protect the population against health emergencies Disease surveillance and outbreak detection response ,including International Health Regulation Roll out of integrated disease surveillance programme

50. Strategic priority 4:Enhance India’s global leadership in health Development and information sharing of innovations in health practices and technologies including IHIP

51. UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND Roll no-28

52. INTRODUCTION It was established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly In 1953, the General Assembly gave it a new name " U.N. Children's Fund " but retained the initials, UNICEF. UNICEF's regional office of south east Asia is in Kathmandu, Nepal UNICEF works in close collaboration with WHO, and the other specialized agencies of the United Nations like UNDP, FAO and UNESCO. Source:k.Park textbook (27th edition) www.unicef.org

53. ' Country health programming ' in which UNICEF is currently interested so as to meet the needs of children as an integral part of the country's development effort. It covers such fields as maternal and child health, nutrition, environmental sanitation , health centres and health education and programmes which would directly or indirectly, benefit child health.

54. STRUCTURE Headquarter- New York UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories . 7 regional offices and more than 150 country offices . It is governed by 36 nation executive board as in 2010. Executive Director : Catherine Russell (2021). Source:k.Park textbook (27th edition) www.unicef.org

55. The UNICEF is promoting a campaign known as GOBI FFF campaign. It encourage 6 strategies for women and child development : - G for growth charts - O for oral rehydration - B for breast feeding - I for immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus and tuberculosis . GOBI FFF

56. 3F denotes: - Family planning - Food supplements - Female education

57. GROWTH CHARTS In many developing nations, up to a quarter of all children are malnourished . Children's growth curve may be flattened and their growth permanently stunted. Range of normal growth is depicted by a different curve of six different growth bands. They are valuable source of standardized information which can paint a larger picture of community health.

58. WHO and IAP combined growth charts: www.iapindia.org

59. ORAL REHYDRATION SALT Diarrhoea is also a major factor in the causation or aggravation of malnutrition. ORT is a simple, inexpensive, and effective therapy, ensuring that it is widely available and widely used . About 90-95% of all patients with acute watery diarrhoea, including infants, can be treated with ORS alone. It has decreased the number of deaths from diarrhoea by as much as 50-60% over a one-year Period

60. BREAST FEEDING B reastmilk is a perfect infant food, providing babies with complete , balanced nutrition. The change towards bottle-feeding has serious economic disadvantages for the developing world . www.unicef.org

61. If mother becomes fully aware of the advantages of breastfeeding, she will voluntarily shift her priorities if she can. The programme also includes: rooming-in within half an hour after birth. Working mothers are given special attention by teaching them how to collect and store their own milk for their babies.

62. IMMUNIZATION The six killer diseases are the target of the Expanded Programme on Immunization(EPI). A world-wide enterprise in which WHO, UNICEF and many other organizations are collaborating . Immunization has reached a far smaller proportion of children. Immunization services alone Can be a good entry point for the development of other health services.

63. Immunization can help break the vicious cycle of infection and malnutrition. Reducing drop-out rates is obviously fundamental to the question of protecting all children by immunization. www.unicef.org

64. FAMILY PLANNING The spacing, timing and number of births a woman has are important to both her health and that of her children. For most women, the use of a modern means of family planning is probably the most practical. The total number of children in the family also significantly affects child survival and child health. Greatest contribution,family planning can make to women's health is through a reduction in the number of illegal abortions .

65. FOOD SUPPLEMENTS F ood supplementation of severely malnourished women alone, can decrease incidence of low birth weight significantly. UNICEF also provides food supplementation for malnourished children by the support of its partners. UNICEF procures and distributes 75-80% of world’s ready to use therapeutic food (RUFT) . Distribution of multiple micronutrients power is done to 42 countries .

66. FEMALE EDUCATION UNICEF works with communities, Governments and partners to remove barriers to girl’s education. If we invest in girl’s education: -National growth rates rise. -Child marriage rates decline. -Child mortality rates fall. -Maternal mortality rates fall.

67. Other International Organizations By Anooshi Gupta Roll number 29

68. Description UNDP ILO WORLD BANK UNFPA FAO Formation 22nd November 1966 October 1919 1944 1967 1945 HeadQuarters New York Geneva, Switzerland Washington, DC New York Rome, Italy Parent Organisation ECOSOC(United Nations Economic and Social Council) United Nations Agency United Nations United Nations and ECOSOC - for policy guidance United Nations Economic and Social Council Operates in 170 countries 187 member states 189 countries 156 countries 195 members Facts UNDP is the third highest ranking official of the United Nations played a significant role in promoting labour and human rights. India is currently the largest client of World bank UNFPA was later changed to United Nations Population Fund in 1987 Aims to achieve ‘ zero hunger’ by 2030

69. United Nations Development Programme

70. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. It is the main source of funds for technical assistance The basic objective of UNDP is to help poorer nations develop their human and natural resources more fully It works with Nations on their own solutions to global and national developmental challenges and offers help only if different Nations request it to do so. SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION AND OFFICIAL WEBSITE

71. Their work is concentrated on three main focus areas:- Sustainable development Democratic governance and peace building Climate and disaster resilience United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) SOURCE :- UNDP WEBSITE (HTTPS://WWW.UNDP.ORG/)

72. The UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary contributions from UN member states. It works internationally to help countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To accomplish the SDGs and encourage global development, UNDP focuses on poverty reduction, HIV/AIDS, democratic governance, energy and environment, social development, and crisis prevention and recovery. The UNDP Human Development Report Office also publishes an annual Human Development Report (since 1990) to measure and analyse developmental progress. SOURCE :- UNDP WEBSITE (HTTPS://WWW.UNDP.ORG/)

73. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals , were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 Considered a universal call , an action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. SOURCE :- UNDP WEBSITE (HTTPS://WWW.UNDP.ORG/)

74. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS The 17 SDGs are integrated-that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind , countries have committed to fast- track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are designed to bring the world to several life-changing 'zeros' , including zero poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls SOURCE :- UNDP WEBSITE (HTTPS://WWW.UNDP.ORG/)

75. 6 signature solutions 3 enablers 3 directions of change SOURCE :- UNDP WEBSITE (HTTPS://WWW.UNDP.ORG/)

76. International Labour Organization

77. International Labour Organization It was established as an affiliate of the league of nations to improve the working and living conditions of the working population all over the world It works in close collaboration with WHO in field of health and labour SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

78. THE PURPOSE OF ILO To contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting social justice To improve, through international action, labour conditions, and living standards To promote economic and social stability . The International Labour Code is a collection of international minimum standards related to health, welfare, living and working conditions of workers all over the world SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

79. The World Bank

80. WORLD BANK The World Bank is the specialized agency of United Nations. Purpose :- To help less developed countries in raising their living standards, by giving loans for projects that will lead to economic growth (E.g. India Population projects) The projects are usually concerned with electric power, roads, railways , agriculture, water supply, education , family planning etc. Health and enviro nmental components have been added to many projects. SOURCE:-HTTPS://WWW.WORLDBANK.ORG/EN/HOME

81. WORLD BANK GROUP It is one of world largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. SOURCE:-HTTPS://WWW.WORLDBANK.ORG/EN/HOME World Bank Group Five Institutions, One Group IBRD The international bank of Reconstruction and Development IDA The international Development Association IFC The international finance corporation ICSID The international centre for settlement of investment disputes MIGA The multilateral investment guarantee agency The complementary rules of these institutions give the World Bank Group, a unique ability to connect global financial resources

82. WORLD BANK AND INDIA IBRD lending to India commenced in 1949 with a loan to the Indian railways ; the first investment by the IFC in India took place in 1959 , and by IDA in 1961 (a highway construction project) During the 1950s, the IBRD was India's sole source of World Bank borrowings India is currently classified as a "blend" country defined as one in transition from lower middle-income to middle-income lending from both IDA and IBRD. SOURCE:-HTTPS://WWW.WORLDBANK.ORG/EN/HOME

83. UN Fund for Population Activities

84. UN Fund for Population Activities The UNFPA is the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency. Goals:- SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION Ending unmet need for family planning They are the world single largest provider of donated contraceptive to developing countries Ending preventable maternal death They helps strengthen health system , train and educate health workers and improve access to reproductive health services Ending gender based violence and harmful practices They work with policy makers, justice system and health system to advance gender equality. They also protect survivors of gender based violence

85. UN Fund for Population Activities The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) has been providing assistance to India since 1974. The UNFPA inputs are designed :- to develop national capability for the manufacture of contraceptives to develop population education programs to undertake organized sector projects to strengthen programs management and introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH care SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

86. Food And Agriculture Organization

87. Food And Agriculture Organization The chief aims of FAO are: to help nations raise living standards to improve nutrition of the people of all countries to increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries to better the condition of rural people to widen the opportunity of all people for productive work SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

88. Food And Agriculture Organization FAO's prime concern is the increased production of food to keep pace with the ever-growing world population. The most important aspect of FAO's work is towards ensuring that the food is consumed by the people who need it that the food in sufficient quantities that the food in right proportions Overall, Development and Maintenance of a better state of nutrition throughout the world SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

89. Freedom from Hunger Campaign Organized in 1960 Main objective of the Campaign is to raise awareness of the problem of hunger and malnutrition and to find the possible solutions to that problem. FHC was a vehicle for sharing of research information produced by FAO FFHC pioneered the kind of cooperation between NGO’s and Governmental agencies taken for granted today. It was launched with a five year mandate , but was renewed repeatedly. Discontinued in early 1980s SOURCE:-PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 27 EDITION

90. BILATERAL HEALTH AGENCIES The US government presently extended aid to India through three agencies : USAID United States Agency for international development (USAID) The Public Law 480 (food for peace) Programme The US Export - Import Bank . The USAID mission functions in New Delhi . The US has been assisting in a number of projects designed to improve the health of India,s people . Roll No -25

91. These are : Malaria eradication Medical education Nursing education Health education Water supply and sanitation Control of communicable diseases Nutrition Family planning Source:Parks Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine 27 Edition

92. NGOs and other agencies By- Anshika Aggarwal Roll No. 30

93. Rockefeller foundation It is a Philanthropic foundation It established All India Institute of hygiene and public health (AIIPM), Kolkata in 1913 by Mr. John D Rockefeller Headquarters are present in New York, US Source: k. Park (27th edition)

94. Foundation’s programme Training of competent teachers and research workers Training abroad of candidates from India through fellowships Providing grants-in-aid to selected institutions Development of medical college libraries Source: k. Park (27th edition)

95. Population studies It support in improvement of agriculture, family planning and rural training centres as well as medical education Setting up of a field demonstration area in ballabhgarh in connection with department of Preventive and social medicine at AIIMS Major assistance in projects and institutes like- - National Institute of Virology, Pune All India Medical Institute of Medical Science Source: k. Park (27th edition)

96. Ford Foundation Ford foundation has been active in development of rural health services and family planning Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh, New Delhi was set up as health unit in 1937 with the financial support and guidance of Ford Foundation at Najafgarh   Source: k. Park (27th edition)

97. In 1961 a decision was taken at the level of Directorate General of Health Services, Govt. of India to declare PHC, Najafgarh as a centre for imparting community health training for Medical Interns of Lady Hardinge Medical College under Re Orientation of Medical Education (ROME) Scheme. Under this- National Institute of Health Administration and Education, Delhi was formulated Source: k. Park (27th edition)

98. Projects by Ford foundation Orientation training centres- These centre provide training courses in public health for medical and paramedical personnel from all over India Research cum action projects- It aimed at solving some of the basic problems in environmental sanitations Source: k. Park (27th edition)

99. 3 . Pilot project in rural health- It helped in development and operation of a coordinated type of health service which provide a useful model for health administrators in the country 4 . Establishment of NIHAE- NIHAE provides a senior staff college type training for health administrators 5. Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme 6. Family planning programme- It supports research in reproductive biology

100. CARE- Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere It was started in North America in 1945 during second world war It’s office are located in Atlanta, Georgia, US It is one of the world’s largest independent, non-profit, non-sectarian international relief and developmental organization It provides emergency aid an long term development assistance

101. Projects by CARE - INDIA Began in 1950 By the end of 1980, it focused on food for children- food supply in ICDS programme Currently it has projects in various states- Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odissa, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal Source: k. Park (27th edition)

102. Other Projects by CARE Integrated Nutrition and health project Better health and Nutrition project Anaemia control project Improving women’s health project Improved health care for adolescent girl’s project Child survival project Family spacing project Source: k. Park (27th edition)

103. International Red cross It was founded by Henry Dunant, Swiss businessman in 1859

104. S ervices to armed forces, service to war veterans, disaster service, first aid and nursing, health education and maternity and child welfare services Programmes were made to Prevent human sufferings Help humans during natural disasters and help among nations “as good neighbors” Role of Red Cross Humanitarian service on behalf of the victims of war

105. Indian Red Cross Established by an Act of the Indian Legislature in 1920 3 objectives are- Improvement of health Prevention of Disease Mitigation of suffering Source: k. Park (27th edition)

106. Services provided by Indian Red Cross Provides military hospitals with amenities as newspapers, periodicals, musical instruments Red cross Home at Bangalore for disabled Disaster services comprise- distribution of milk, medicines, vitamin tablets, cod liver oil The society has done pioneering work in development of maternity and child welfare services and has functioned as an auxiliary of the country’s health services Source: k. Park (27th edition)

107. 7 Fundamental principles of Red Cross Humanity Impartiality Neutrality Independence Voluntary service Unity Universality Source: k. Park (27th edition)

108. Junior Red Cross It gives opportunity to lakhs of boys and girls all over India to be associated with activities like- Village uplift First aid Anti epidemic work Building up of an international fraternity of youth Promoting international friendliness Understanding and cooperation Source: k. Park (27th edition)

109. OTHER NGOs Oxfam Save the children fund International planned Parenthood federation The population Council Voluntary Health association of India International Leprosy association etc Source: k. Park (27th edition)

110. QUIZ TIME

111. THANK YOU