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1. Osiyo Xalqaro Universiteti Classification of Old English Vocabulary Prepaired by: Shomurodova Mexriniso Checked by: Bafoyeva

2. Abstract The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo- European family of languages. In this article here given the most important information based on old English vocabulary. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are Scots and Frisian. Frisian is a language spoken approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of Friesland, in nearby areas of Germany, and on a few islands in the North Sea. Old English Vocabulary .

3. The origin of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: 1. Old English (450-1100 AD); 2. Middle English (1100- 1500 AD) 3. Modern English (since 1500). Over the centuries, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages. The Anglo Saxon invasion. Early in the fifth century AD, the Roman Empire in northern Europe was in terminal decline. Gaul, now France, was conquered by tribes whose barbarian languages were Germanic in origin. As a result, Rome stopped sending its governors and administrators to its north most outposts in the British Isles. The Britons, who over the course of almost 500 years had become Romanised in behavior and attitude, but were still Celtic - speaking, now had to look after themselves. The Britons were in a weak position. Germanic tribes had also started attacking the south - east coast of the British Isles even before Roman rule came to an end. They seem to have come mainly from what is now Denmark and the north - east of Germany. In the 50 years after Roman administration ceased, three groups of these Germanic - speaking tribes Jutes, Angles and Saxons - invaded and settled the eastern lowlands of what is now England.

4. According to our classification, the Old English lexicon can be divided into three groups: 1 . Loanwords in Old English, which were really numerous and included words and expressions from Latin, Greek, Slavic, Baltic, Celtic and some unknown languages of ancient Europe. They all compose the group of substratum (aboriginal language) or substratum (neighboring languages) lexicon. The study of loanwords in Old English should begin with the period preceding the landing of Anglo-Saxons in Britain. Already when these tribes lived in Saxony and on the Jutland peninsula they acquired a lot of words from different tongues which later were brought to Britain..

5. So loanwords are not only those which appeared after leaving the continent, but also those which were taken in Germany before sailing to Britain. However, these both groups of words should be separated accurately from Common Germanic loanwords which happened to appear in the language of Germans when they lived together, before the Common Germanic language split into several branches

6. 2 . One of the latest groups of loanwords from Latin and Greek is called "scientific" lexicon - words denoting science and technology which came from Rome or from France in the 9-11th centuries. The earlier set of words borrowed from the Latin language include the so-called "popular" lexicon which was brought to Britain by Roman settlers and warriors beginning even from Caesar's expeditions to Gaul and Britain in the 1st century BC. Still, the majority of Latin words penetrated into Old English since the 5th century when ties between Germanic kingdoms and Rome became very dense. Anglo-Saxons partly acquired Latin terms on the continent from Roman traders and missionaries, partly took them from Latinized population of British towns

7. 3 . Finally , there are words in Old English the origin of which is for sure not Germanic and evidently not even Indo-European . This small group of words was borrowed from unknown languages , and a deep research is still needed to discover their true origins . Besides a rather long list of words which is known as the substratum lexicon in Germanic , which we will examine one day , there are Old English words which have more solid theories of origin

8. It is worthy of note that the present day English descends directly from the speech of the Anglo - Saxons . English has however , changed so much during the course of the past thousand years , that today Old English will seems like a foreign tongue to an Englishman . Indeed Old English was more like modern German than it is the modern English . " Old English is today only intelligible to specialists because of its intrinsic peculiarities and complexities , as compared to the modern English . Old English vocabulary was characteristically West German and most of its words are of this origin .

9. But though these constitute the nucleus of the language , there is already a considerable element of Latin , Celtic , Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian loanwords in the vocabulary of " Old English . On Celtic influence on the vocabulary of English , it should be noted that before the first century BC, England was inhabited by Celts . To buttress the fact of Celtic influence on the vocabulary of Modern English . A history of English language can conveniently be stated from the period of the Celts and the Celtic languages the words of the Celtic language have largely disappeared , although some names of rivers and towns have survived .

10. Prominent among the assets of the English language must be considered the mixed character of its vocabulary . English is classified as a Germanic language . That is to say , it belongs to the group of language to which German , Dutch , Flemish , Danish , Swedish , and Norwegian also belong . It shares with these languages similar grammatical structure and many common words . On the other hand , more than half of its vocabulary is derived from Latin . Some of these borrowings have been direct , a great many through French , some through the other Romance languages . As a result , English also shares a great member of words with those languages of Europe that are derived from Latin , notably French , Italian , Spanish , and Portuguese .

11. All of these mean that English presents a somewhat familiar appearance to anyone who speaks either a Germanic or a Romance language . There are parts of the language which one feels one does not have to learn , or learns with little effort . To a lesser extent , the English vocabulary contains borrowings from other languages . Instead of making new words chiefly by the combination of existing elements , as we are told German does , English has shown a marked tendency to go outside its own linguistic resources and borrow from other languages .