Rope Techniques for survival using available resources

Care of Ropes
- inspect thoroughly before, during and after use for cuts, excessive fraying, abrasions, mildew, soft and worn spots.
- when wet, hand rope to drip dry at room temp.
- don’t step on the rope or drag on the ground unnecessarily.
- Avoid running ropes over sharp or rough edges
- keep rope away from oil, acids, and other corrosive materials.
- Avoid rubbing ropes together under high tension.
- Don’t leave rope knotted or tightly stretched longer than necessary.

1. ROPE TECHNIQUES “ Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride”. Honor. Patriotism. Duty H E A D Q U A R T E R S NCR REGIONAL COMMUNITY DEFENSE GROUP ARMY RESERVE COMMAND Fort Andres Bonifacio, Metro Manila

2. PARTS OF A ROPE KNOT TYING AND PRACTICAL USAGE RAPPELLING Learning Objectives

3. Parts of a Rope

4. Care of Ropes - inspect thoroughly before, during and after use for cuts, excessive fraying, abrasions, mildew, soft and worn spots. - when wet, hand rope to drip dry at room temp. - don’t step on the rope or drag on the ground unnecessarily. - Avoid running ropes over sharp or rough edges - keep rope away from oil, acids, and other corrosive materials. - Avoid rubbing ropes together under high tension. - Don’t leave rope knotted or tightly stretched longer than necessary. Ropes

5. Ropes Knot - interlacement of the parts of one or more flexible bodies, such as cordage rope, forming a lump. - it is also a tie or fastening formed with a rope, including bends, hitches and slices. - often used as a stopper to prevent a rope from passing through an opening. - a good knot must be easy to tie, must hold without slipping and must be easy to untie. Classification of Knots : 1. Knots at the end of a rope. 2. Knots for joining two ropes. 3. Knots for making loops.

6. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

7. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

8. Knots at the End of the Rope * Overhand knot * Figure-eight knot Overhand knot - to prevent the end of a rope from untwisting, to form knob at the end of a rope or to serve as a part of another knot. - reduces the strength of a rope by 55 percent. Types of Knots

9. Figure-eight knot - to form a larger knot by an overhand knot. - prevents the end of the rope from slipping through a fastening or loop in another rope. - easy to untie. Types of Knots

10. Knots for Joining Two (2) Ropes * Square-knot * Single-sheet bend * Double-sheet bend Square-knot - to tie two ropes of equal size together, so they will not slip. - the end and standing part of one rope come out on the same side of the bight formed by the outer rope. - the square knot will not hold , if the ropes are wet or if they are of different sizes. - it tightens under strain but can be untied by grasping the ends of the two bights and pulling the knot apart. NOTE: It makes no difference whether the first crossing is tied left-over-right or right-over-left as long as the second crossing is tied opposite to the first crossing. Types of Knots

11. Single-sheet bend - sometimes called weaver’s knot, has two major uses: a. Tying together two ropes of unequal size. b. Tying a rope to an eye. - fast and secure way of joining two ropes. - do not use these knots for climbing, the knot will draw tight but will loosen or slip when the lines are slackened. - stronger and unties easier than the square knot. Types of Knots

12. Double-sheet bend - an extra tuck in the sheet bend produces the double-sheet bend. - both knots will not slip even when the ropes are wet. - will draw tight under heavy loads, more secure than the single-sheet bend Types of Knots

13. Knots for Making Loops * Bowline * Double bowline * Running bowline * Bowline on a bight Bowline - most common, used for lowering of men and material - traditional knot for tying on a rope - it is the best knot for forming a single loop which will not tighten or slop under strain and can be untied easily if each running end is seized to its own standing part. Types of Knots

14. Double Bowline - forms three nonslipping loops, use this knot to sling a man. - as he sits on the sling, one loop supports his back and the remaining two loops supports his legs. Types of Knots

15. Running Bowline - forms a strong running loop - use it when tying a handline around an object at a point you cannot safely reach, such as the end of the limb. Types of Knots

16. Bowline on a Bight - forms two non slipping loops, the same purpose as a boatswain’s chair. - it does not leave both hands free, but its win nonslipping loops form a comfortable seat. - use it when you need to form a loop at some point in a rope other than at the end. - you do not have access to the end of a rope. Types of Knots

17. Knots for Tightening a Rope * Butterfly Knot - used for tying in the middle of a rope, where the strain will come from both sides of the knot. - using this knot provides the capability to tighten a fixed rope when mechanical means are not available. - it will not jam when a stick is placed between the two upper loops. Types of Knots

18. Hitches - a hitch is any of the various knots used to form a temporary noose in a rope or to secure a rope around a timber, pipe or post, so that it will hold temporarily and can be readily undone Types of Hitches Half-Hitch - to tie a rope to a timber or to a larger rope, it will hold against a steady pull on the standing part of the rope. - is the foundation of many knots. * Two Half-Hitch - useful for securing the running end of a rope to the standing part Types of Knots

19. Sheepshank - a method of shortening a rope, but you can use it to take the load of a weak spot in the rope. - a temporary knot unless the eyes are fastened to the standing part of each end. Types of Knots

20. Clove Hitch - used to fasten a rope to a piece of timber, pipe or post. - used to make other knots. - this knot put very little strain on the fibers when the rope is put around an object in one continuous direction. Types of Knots

21. Round Turn and Two Half-Hitches - This can be tied under load, although it is not as strong as the fisherman’s bend. - The two half-hitches should form a clove hitch on the standing part of the rope. - this hitch does not jam. Types of Knots

22. Timber Hitch - used to move heavy timber or poles, excellent for securing a piece of lumber or similar objects. - the pressure of the coils, one over the other , holds the piece of timber, it will not slip but will readily loosen when the strain is relieved. Types of Knots

23. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

24. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

25. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

26. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

27. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

28. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

29. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

30. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

31. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

32. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

33. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

34. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

35. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

36. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

37. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

38. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

39. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

40. ROPE KNOT TYING TECHNIQUES COMMON TYPES OF KNOT

41. RAPPELLING Selecting the proper rappel point, observe the ff: a. Select proper rappel point, close to the edge, if possible. B.Test anchor for safety and retrievability of the rope. If possible tie a secondary anchor point. c. Remove loose rocks or other obstacles from the rappel point, as well as along the rappel route or lane. D. Avoid running rope over sharp edges, pad the edge, if necessary. E. Ensure that the rope reaches the bottom or a good unloading platform and further progress is possible. Tie the two ends of the rope together at the bottom of the rappel lane, if the length is doubtful. Rappeling

42. Belays Observe the following procedures when involved in all types of body belays: a. Tie a safety line ( bowline around the waist with an end-of-the-rope bowline with snaplink inserted) and hook the snaplink into an anchor point. b. Backfeed the climbing rope so it will run freely through the brake hand to the climber. C. Place the climbing rope through guide hand around to brake hand; make sure rope will slide freely. D. Never allow braking hand to go forward of guide hand when taking up rope, nor to release the grasp of the climbing rope. E. Anticipate the climbers needs. F. Don’t allow excessive slack to accumulate between the belayman and the climber. G. Prepare for the climbers fall by keeping the body braced and the head and eyes on the climber in the direction of the pull. The guide hand must be on the uphill side of the slope. Rappeling

43. Hasty Rappel - when carrying light loads and the slope is not as steep. - when there is a need for speed Procedure: a. Face sideways to anchor. B. Place rappel rope across the back. C. The hand nearest the anchor is the guide hand. The downhill hand is the brake hand. D. Descend sideways, full sole, body is almost perpendicular to rock. E. To stop, bring brake hand in front of body and turn facing anchor point. Types of Rappelling Techniques

44. Sit-Hip Rappel Stand on one side of the rope, so that the square knot faces the anchor point. Place doubled rope into snaplink . Pull an arms length of slack between the snaplink and the anchor point. Make round turn around the soild shaft of the snaplink (with the rope between anchor and the body). Rappel rope held with brake hand to the rear in the small of the back, guide hand on the rope with arm extended,in front of the snaplink . Legs straight, feet shoulder width apart; maintain L-shaped body position with the legs parallel to the ground and the back straight. In a walk down-down rappel, the brake hand is kept in the small of the back.Regulate descent by the opening and closing your fist. In a bounding rappel (always without equipment)the brake hand is moved out to the rear of the body during the descent.To brake,bend the elbow and gradually grasp the rope, while simultaneously moving the brake hand to the small of the back. Types of Rappelling Techniques

45. Run Down Rappel - used when going down a gradual incline, and you expect an enemy down below. - you only need one hand to run this type of rappel. allows you to hold on to your rifle and keep it pointed twds the suspected enemy psn . - you release the rope when you want to go down, pull the rope to your chest when you want to break. - don’t go too fast, you may not be able to control your speed. Types of Rappelling Techniques

46. Piggy Back - used for carrying along casualties. To prepare - belay rope is tied around casualty’s chest with a bowline, rappeller hooks-up for sit-hip rappel. To lash the casualty – casualty straddles rappeller’s back. -end of the rope is placed on the rappeller’s guide hand hip & passed under the casualty’s buttocks around to the front of the rappller & run diagonally across his chest over his guide-hand shoulder, under the patient’s armpit& horizontally across his back, under the armpit, over the rappeller’s shoulder & run diagonally across the rappeller’s chest to his guide hand hip. Tie the two ends together with a square knot & two-half hitches. The evacuation procedure – the rappeller’s braking hand goes over the casualty’s leg with a rope passing under the casualty’s leg. Rappeller backs over the edge and execute a nomal sit-hip rappel. The belayman regulates the descent by providing slack or braking, as required . Types of Rappelling Techniques

47. Bowline on a Coil - This is used by climbers when harnesses are not available. - Prepare the running end of the rope. - Make a loop followed by a Half-hitch - Make 3 rnd turns over the loop. - Insert the standing end to the loop. - Pull both ends. Types of Rappelling Techniques

48. Heli Rappel The rappeller is hooked-up while he sits on the platform just above the helicopter skid - on the rappell master’s command “Get Ready”, the rappeller looks over the edge of the tower to ensure the running ends of the ropes are on the ground. - On the command “Sit in the Door”, the rappeller rotates his feet & legs of the platform & places them on the skid. - on the command ”Position”, the rappeller turns around and assumes an L-shaped psn . - On the command “Go”, the rappeller bounds away from the helicopter skid and rappels to the ground. Types of Rappelling Techniques

49. Making a One-Rope Bridge 1 . Ask for a volunteer to swim across the opposite bank. 2. You are in charge of the near bank, then make two round turns, with two half -hitches and anchor knots 3. Then make a butterfly and get a snaplink , and put it into the loop. 4. Get a stick and insert it, make one turn over the post, and insert it inside the snaplink . 5. Start the tensioning process, have men pull the rope to tighten. 6. When satisfied with the tightening of the rope, fasten it by makingtwo round turns and two half-hitches. This should lock the anchor. Mountain Climbing River Crossing - determine if the river is fordable or not - a simple map scan cannot pinpoint which among the rivers you can negotiate, without having to use a rope bridge

50. SAFETY FIRST END OF PRESENTATION